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Donovan MP, Wilf P, Iglesias A, Cúneo NR, Labandeira CC. Insect herbivore and fungal communities on Agathis (Araucariaceae) from the latest Cretaceous to Recent. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 226:109-158. [PMID: 37274755 PMCID: PMC10239022 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.226.99316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agathis (Araucariaceae) is a genus of broadleaved conifers that today inhabits lowland to upper montane rainforests of Australasia and Southeast Asia. A previous report showed that the earliest known fossils of the genus, from the early Paleogene and possibly latest Cretaceous of Patagonian Argentina, host diverse assemblages of insect and fungal associations, including distinctive leaf mines. Here, we provide complete documentation of the fossilized Agathis herbivore communities from Cretaceous to Recent, describing and comparing insect and fungal damage on Agathis across four latest Cretaceous to early Paleogene time slices in Patagonia with that on 15 extant species. Notable fossil associations include various types of external foliage feeding, leaf mines, galls, and a rust fungus. In addition, enigmatic structures, possibly armored scale insect (Diaspididae) covers or galls, occur on Agathis over a 16-million-year period in the early Paleogene. The extant Agathis species, throughout the range of the genus, are associated with a diverse array of mostly undescribed damage similar to the fossils, demonstrating the importance of Agathis as a host of diverse insect herbivores and pathogens and their little-known evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Donovan
- Geological Collections, Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
- Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106, USAGeological Collections, Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoUnited States of America
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USAPennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvaniaUnited States of America
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USACleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States of America
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USACleveland Museum of Natural HistoryClevelandUnited States of America
| | - Ari Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro 8400, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional del ComahueRío NegroArgentina
| | - N. Rubén Cúneo
- CONICET-Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut 9100, ArgentinaMuseo Paleontológico Egidio FeruglioTrelewArgentina
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USAPennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvaniaUnited States of America
- Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USAUniversity of MarylandMarylandUnited States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, ChinaCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
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Matel TP, Gandolfo MA, Hermsen EJ, Wilf P. Cunoniaceae infructescences from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco flora, Patagonia, Argentina. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:986-1003. [PMID: 35567490 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Two distinct types of fossil infructescences from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco flora, Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina, preserve features of the family Cunoniaceae. The goal of the study was to assess their affinities within Cunoniaceae and to interpret their evolutionary and biogeographical significance. METHODS Specimens were collected from the Tufolitas Laguna del Hunco, Huitrera Formation. They were prepared, photographed, and compared morphologically with similar extant and fossil fruits and infructescences using published literature and herbarium material. RESULTS The fruit and infructescence morphology place the fossil taxa within Cunoniaceae. They do not conform to any extant genus, supporting the erection of two new fossil genera. Racemofructus gen. nov. shares diagnostic features of the tribe Cunonieae, especially Weinmannia s.l., and exhibits two tribal morphological synapomorphies: a racemose inflorescence and a replum composed of a single column. Cunoniocarpa gen. nov. specimens are paniculate inflorescences with basipetally dehiscent, bicarpellate capsules that have persistent styles and calyces. Its replum morphology suggests an affinity to the tribe Caldcluvieae, particularly to the genus Ackama. CONCLUSIONS The new Patagonian fossils described herein constitute the oldest record of cunoniaceous capsules globally, supplementing a significant body of fossil evidence from pollen, wood, and reproductive structures from southern South America and Antarctica that suggests that the Cunoniaceae were diversified and widely distributed in the southern hemisphere by the early Eocene. Racemofructus and Cunoniocarpa are, respectively, the first fossil records from South America of reproductive structures with affinity to tribes Cunonieae and Caldcluvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Matel
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - María A Gandolfo
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Hermsen
- L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Paleontological Research Institution, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Tang KK, Smith SY, Atkinson BA. Extending beyond Gondwana: Cretaceous Cunoniaceae from western North America. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:704-718. [PMID: 35043416 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cunoniaceae are important elements of rainforests across the Southern Hemisphere. Many of these flowering plants are considered Paleo-Antarctic Rainforest Lineages that had a Gondwanan distribution since the Paleocene. Fossils of several modern genera within the family, such as Ceratopetalum, have indicated biogeographical connections between South America and Australia in the Cenozoic. Here, we report a dramatic geographical range extension for Ceratopetalum, and Cunoniaceae as a whole, based on two exceptionally preserved fossil winged fruits from Campanian (c. 82-80 Ma old) deposits on Sucia Island, Washington, USA. The fossils were studied using physical sectioning, light microscopy, micro-computed tomography scanning and multiple phylogenetic analyses. The fossil fruits share diagnostic characters with Ceratopetalum such as the presence of four to five persistent calyx lobes, a prominent nectary disk, persistent stamens, a semi-inferior ovary and two persistent styles. Based on morphological comparisons with fruits of extant species and support from phylogenetic analyses, the fossils are assigned to a new species Ceratopetalum suciensis. These fossils are the first unequivocal evidence of crown Cunoniaceae from the Cretaceous of North America, indicating a more complicated biogeographical history for this important Gondwanan family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keana K Tang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Selena Y Smith
- Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brian A Atkinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Pillon Y, Hopkins HCF, Maurin O, Epitawalage N, Bradford J, Rogers ZS, Baker WJ, Forest F. Phylogenomics and biogeography of Cunoniaceae (Oxalidales) with complete generic sampling and taxonomic realignments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1181-1200. [PMID: 34278558 PMCID: PMC8361763 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Cunoniaceae are a family of shrubs and trees with 27 genera and ca. 335 species, mostly confined to tropical and wet temperate zones of the southern hemisphere. There are several known issues regarding generic limits, and the family also displays a number of intriguing long-range disjunctions. METHODS We performed a phylogenomic study using the universal Angiosperms353 probe set for targeted sequence capture. We sampled 37 species covering all genera in the Cunoniaceae, and those in the three closely related families of the crown Oxalidales (Brunelliaceae, Cephalotaceae, and Elaeocarpaceae). We also performed analyses for molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction. RESULTS We recovered the topology (Cunoniaceae, (Cephalotaceae, (Brunelliaceae, Elaeocarpaceae))) and a well-resolved genus-level phylogeny of Cunoniaceae with strongly supported clades corresponding to all previously recognized tribes. As previously suspected, the genera Ackama and Weinmannia were recovered as paraphyletic. Australasia was inferred as the likely ancestral area for the family. CONCLUSIONS The current distribution of Cunoniaceae is best explained by long-distance dispersal with a few possible cases of Australasian-American vicariance events. Extinctions may have been important in determining the mostly Oceanian distribution of this family while some genera in the tribe Cunonieae and in New Caledonia have undergone recent bursts of diversification. New generic diagnoses, 80 new combinations, and one new name are provided for a recircumscribed Ackama (including Spiraeopsis), a much smaller Weinmannia (mostly New World), and a resurrected Pterophylla to accommodate Old World taxa previously in Weinmannia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Pillon
- LSTMIRDINRAE, CIRADInstitut AgroUniv. MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | | | | | | | | | - Zachary S. Rogers
- New Mexico State UniversityBox 30003MSC 3‐ILas CrucesNM88003‐8003USA
| | | | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, RichmondSurreyTW9 3AEUK
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Carpenter RJ, Rozefelds AC. Gondwanan or global? A commentary on: 'Fossil evidence from South America for the diversification of Cunoniaceae by the earliest Palaeocene'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:iii-v. [PMID: 33274378 PMCID: PMC7872120 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Nathan A. Jud and Maria A. Gandolfo, Fossil evidence from South America for the diversification of Cunoniaceae by the earliest Palaeocene, Annals of Botany, Volume 127, Issue 3, 16 February 2021, Pages 305–315, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa154
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew C Rozefelds
- Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Qld Australia
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld, Australia
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