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Poljak I, Vidaković A, Benić L, Tumpa K, Idžojtić M, Šatović Z. Patterns of Leaf and Fruit Morphological Variation in Marginal Populations of Acer tataricum L. subsp. tataricum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:320. [PMID: 38276777 PMCID: PMC10818317 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Marginal populations are usually smaller and more isolated and grow in less favourable conditions than those at the distribution centre. The variability of these populations is of high importance, as it can support the adaptations needed for the conditions that they grow in. In this research, the morphological variability of eight Tatar maple (Acer tataricum L. subsp. tataricum) populations was analysed. Tatar maple is an insect-pollinated and wind-dispersed shrub/tree, whose northwestern distribution edge is in southeastern Europe. Morphometric methods were used to analyse the variability of the populations using leaf and fruit morphology. The research revealed significant differences between and within populations. Furthermore, differences in the distribution of the total variability were noted, which suggest that different evolutionarily factors affect different plant traits. Correlation analysis confirmed a weak dependency between the vegetative and generative traits. In addition, no evidence was found for the presence of isolation by environment (IBE). However, the Mantel test for isolation by distance (IBD) was significant for the leaf morphometric traits and non-significant for the fruit morphometric traits. Being the marginal leading-edge populations, they are younger and were less likely to have had time for adaptation to local environments, which would have resulted in the development of IBE. Overall, edge populations of Tatar maple were characterised by great morphological variability, which helps these populations in their response to the intensive selective pressures they face in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Poljak
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 23, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (K.T.); (M.I.)
| | - Antonio Vidaković
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 23, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (K.T.); (M.I.)
| | - Luka Benić
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 23, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (K.T.); (M.I.)
| | - Katarina Tumpa
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 23, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (K.T.); (M.I.)
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 23, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (K.T.); (M.I.)
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Department for Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Guo X, Schrader J, Shi P, Jiao Y, Miao Q, Xue J, Niklas KJ. Leaf-age and petiole biomass play significant roles in leaf scaling theory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1322245. [PMID: 38179478 PMCID: PMC10764501 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Foliage leaves are essential for plant survival and growth, and how plants allocate biomass to their leaves reveals their economic and ecological strategies. Prior studies have shown that leaf-age significantly influences leaf biomass allocation patterns. However, unravelling the effects of ontogeny on partitioning biomass remains a challenge because it is confounded by the effects of environmental factors. Here, we aim to elucidate whether leaf-age affects the allocation to the lamina and petiole by examining leaves of known age growing in the same general environmental context. We sampled 2698 Photinia serratifolia leaves developing in the same environment from April to November 2021, representing eight leaf-ages (n > 300 for each leaf-age). Petiole and lamina biomass, and lamina area were measured to evaluate the scaling relationships using reduced major axis regression protocols. The bootstrap percentile method was used to determine the differences in scaling exponents among the different leaf-ages. ANOVA with Tukey's HSD was used to compare the ratios of petiole and lamina biomass to lamina area across the leaf-ages. Correlation tests were used to determine if exponents, intercepts, and ratios differed significantly across the different leaf-ages. The data indicated that (i) the ratio of petiole and lamina biomass to lamina area and the scaling exponent of lamina biomass versus lamina area correlate positively with leaf-age, and (ii) the scaling exponent of petiole biomass versus lamina area correlates negatively with leaf-age. Leaf maturation process involves an inverse proportional allocation between lamina and petiole biomass for expanding photosynthetic area. This phenomenon underscores the effect of leaf-age on biomass allocation and the importance of adopting an ontogenetic perspective when entertaining plant scaling theories and unravelling the principles governing shifts in biomass allocation throughout the leaf lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Guo
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Julian Schrader
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peijian Shi
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yabing Jiao
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinyue Miao
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhui Xue
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Zhou H, Wang L, Xu P, Zhang L, Huang R, Yang M, Wang K, Fan H. Deficit irrigation combined with nitrogen application in the early growth stage of sugar beet increases the production capacity of canopy and avoids yield loss. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7600-7611. [PMID: 37421337 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Properly reduced irrigation combined with nitrogen (N) application can be used to improve crop water use efficiency (WUE) in arid regions, but its effect on sugar beet is unknown at present. A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of N application (N0, 0; N1, 150; N2, 225 kg N ha-1 ) on the canopy production capacity (CPC), yield and WUE of sugar beet under normal irrigation (W1, 70% of field capacity (FC)) and deficit irrigation (DI) (W2, 50% FC) in the early growth stage (EGS). RESULTS The results showed that the W2 treatment reduced the CPC by reducing gas exchange, leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of sugar beet leaves compared to the W1 treatment. However, DI combined with N application increased these parameters. Specifically, N application increased the net photosynthetic rate by 40.7% by increased gas exchange, SPAD and LAI compared to the N0 treatment. In addition, N application increased WUE by 12.5% by increasing thickness of upper surface, stomatal aperture and cross-sectional area of petiole. This ultimately led to a significant increase in taproot yield (TY; 19.7%) and sugar yield (SY; 57.6%). Although the TY of the N2 treatment was higher than that of the N1 treatment, the SY and WUE did not increase significantly and the harvest index decreased significantly by 9.3%. CONCLUSION DI combined with 150 kg N ha-1 in the EGS of sugar beet increases the WUE in arid areas while avoiding yield loss by improving the CPC. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Le Wang
- College of Agriculture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjie Xu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ruimin Huang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Wulanwusu Agricultural Meteorological Experimental Station, Shihezi, China
| | - Kaiyong Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hua Fan
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Qiu J, Lin M, Tan D. Taxonomic implications of leaf morphology and epidermal anatomy for 14 species of Gagea (Liliaceae) from Xinjiang, China. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:33. [PMID: 38017242 PMCID: PMC10684841 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf morphology and epidermal characters are important for phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of many plants, but there is currently insufficient data to use them to help distinguish species of Gagea, which is a taxonomically difficult genus mainly due to polyploidy and hybridization. Therefore, leaf morphology and epidermal characters of Gagea were studied to assess the characters that can be used to elucidate the taxonomy and systematics of 14 species of Gagea collected in Xinjiang, China. Using light microscopy (LM), six qualitative and three quantitative leaf epidermal anatomical characters were examined for both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was employed to reveal the similarities based on leaf morphology and epidermal characters of the investigated species. RESULTS Basal leaf of these species can be terete or flat, and it is triangle, flat, or circular in transverse section. Anticlinal wall patterns of the leaf epidermal cells were straight and sinuous, and only three species had epidermal hairs. Shape of long cells varies, ranging from quadrangular to irregular. HCA revealed that the 14 species could be divided into two groups. Group A was arranged into three subgroups (A1, A2 and A3), based on the Euclidean distance of 6.96. Subgroup A1 consisted of three species with indumentum; subgroup A2 had four species with sinuous type anticlinal walls; and subgroup A3 comprised of two species with a fistulose basal leaf. Group B included five species with short cells. CONCLUSIONS Leaf morphology and epidermal characters did not differ significantly among populations of the same species in Gagea, whereas they differ significantly among species. Thus, leaf morphology and epidermal characters provide diagnostic information for differentiating G. nigra and G. filiformis; G. altaica, G. jensii and G. alberti, which are morphologically similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qiu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, China
| | - Musen Lin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, China
| | - Dunyan Tan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, China.
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Liu Y, Liu H, Baastrup-Spohr L, Li Z, Li W, Pan J, Cao Y. Allometric relationships between leaf and petiole traits across 31 floating-leaved plants reveal a different adaptation pattern from terrestrial plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:545-552. [PMID: 36655615 PMCID: PMC10072084 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Allometric scaling between stomata and xylem for terrestrial woody plants is a widely observed pattern that may be constrained by water transport. Floating-leaved plants, a particular life form of aquatic plants, have leaves in direct contact with both air and water and a poorly developed xylem that may not be limited by water supply as for terrestrial plants. However, whether such an allometric scaling relationship still exists in floating-leaved plants has not been explored. METHODS We analysed 31 floating-leaved species/varieties with a range in leaf area covering six orders of magnitude. For all 31 floating-leaved plants, we studied the allometric relationships between leaf area and petiole transverse area, and between total stomatal area and petiole vascular area. KEY RESULTS The slopes of both relationships were similar to the slope of the allometric relationship (1.23) between total stomatal area and xylem area of 53 terrestrial plants. However, for ten of them with xylem that can be clearly defined, the strong positive relationship between total stomatal area and petiole xylem area had a significantly smaller slope than that of terrestrial plants (0.64 vs. 1.23). Furthermore, after considering phylogeny, the scaling relationships between total stomatal area and petiole traits in floating-leaved plants remained significant. CONCLUSIONS We speculated that for floating-leaved plants, the hyperallometric relationship (slope >1) between the construction of leaf/stoma and petiole was promoted by the high demand for photosynthesis and thus more leaves/stomata. While the hypoallometric relationship (slope <1) between stomatal and xylem area was related more to hydraulic processes, the selection pressure on stomata was lower than xylem of floating-leaved plants. Allometric relationships among the hydraulic traits on water transport of aquatic plants are the result of natural selection to achieve maximum carbon gain, which is similar to terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Aquatic Plants Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Baastrup-Spohr
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Aquatic Plants Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Ecology, College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
- Aquatic Plants Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junfeng Pan
- Horticulture and Conservation Centre, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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