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Martins Junior ER, da Costa ACG, Milet-Pinheiro P, Navarro D, Thomas WW, Giulietti AM, Machado IC. Mixed pollination system and floral signals of Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae): insects and geitonogamy ensure high reproductive success. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:473-484. [PMID: 35039823 PMCID: PMC8944716 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Eriocaulaceae exhibit a great variety of floral traits associated with insect (e.g. nectariferous structures) and wind pollination (unisexual flowers, exposed sexual organs and small pollen grains), as well as the 'selfing syndrome' (small flowers, short distance between stigma and anthers, and temporal overlap of male and female phases). Paepalanthus bifidus, P. subtilis and P. tortilis are related species that differ in form, size and colour of floral structures. We aimed to investigate the pollination and reproductive biology of these three species. METHODS We analysed the floral biology, floral visitors, pollinator behaviour, and the contribution of insects, wind and spontaneous geitonogamy to fruit set. We also evaluated the floral colour and scent of the species. Colour reflectance of capitula of each species was measured and plotted in models of insect vision. Floral scent samples were extracted and the compounds were compared to vegetative scent samples. KEY RESULTS In all species, the staminate and pistillate flowers are arranged in alternating cycles with a temporal overlap between these phases. Ants were the most frequent floral visitors and were effective pollinators in P. bifidus and P. tortilis, while flies were occasional pollinators in P. tortilis. Floral visitors were not observed in P. subtilis. In all species, fruits were produced by spontaneous geitonogamy, with no evidence of wind pollination. According to the models of insect vision, the colours of the capitula of P. bifidus and P. subtilis are the most inconspicuous for ants and flies. We found no difference between the emission of volatiles of inflorescences and vegetative structures. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that ant pollination might be more widespread in Eriocaulaceae than currently assumed. Furthermore, for small monocarpic plants, mixed mating strategies are most favourable, by ensuring reproduction either by outcrossing when pollinators are abundant or by spontaneous geitonogamy when pollinations are scarce/absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edivaldo Rodrigues Martins Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Galindo da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Navarro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Giulietti
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Feria de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
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Andrino CO, Santana PC, Lovo J, Barbosa-Silva RG, Albuquerque-Lima S, Zappi DC. Anthers in blue: a hidden rhapsody in Amazonian Eriocaulaceae. Ecology 2022; 103:e3636. [PMID: 35050515 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline O Andrino
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, R. Boaventura da Silva 955 Nazaré, 66055-090, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa Coord. Botânica, Av. Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme, 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Pamela C Santana
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lovo
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Caixa Postal 5065, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Barbosa-Silva
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, R. Boaventura da Silva 955 Nazaré, 66055-090, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa Coord. Botânica, Av. Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme, 66077-830, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Sinzinando Albuquerque-Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Zappi
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, R. Boaventura da Silva 955 Nazaré, 66055-090, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brazil
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3
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Horiuchi Y, Kamijo T, Tanaka N. Floral and pollination characteristics of Eriocaulon heleocharioides, an extinct species in the wild, for evidence-based conservation management. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:546-555. [PMID: 33471398 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Generally, floral characteristics and pollination are important factors enhancing the quality and quantity of reproductive output for regeneration in plant conservation. However, lack of evidence-based management could decrease fitness under ex-situ conservation. We investigated the capitulum and pollination characteristics of Eriocaulon heleocharioides Satake (Eriocaulaceae), which is extinct in the wild, to develop an evidence-based conservation management plan incorporating previously ignored reproductive characteristics. To evaluate the functional characteristics of capitula, pollen-ovule ratio, and reproductive status (maximum pollination success/florivory damage) were investigated along six flowering sequences of capitulum. To evaluate the effect of plant density on pollen transfer, high- and low-density plots were established. Total deposited pollen on stigma, insect visitation, and visit duration per capitulum were observed. A significantly lower pollen-ovule ratio was observed in the first of six capitula, reflecting higher female functionality. The highest pollination success was found in the second-fourth capitula, whereas florivory increased along the terminal capitula position. High plant density affected the pollen deposited on stigmas via insect visitation and low pollinator visit duration. Different capitula in E. heleocharioides could have different effects: different sexual functionality, enhancement of reproductive output both in quality and quantity through active pollen transfer, and escaping from florivores. High plant density could facilitate outcross-pollen transfer in E. heleocharioides. Multiple perspectives are important for determining potential reproductive success in ex-situ conservation. Thus, density management reflecting capitulum characteristics could improve the efficiency of conservation efforts for E. heleocharioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Horiuchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - T Kamijo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - N Tanaka
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Monteiro BL, Camargo MGG, Loiola PDP, Carstensen DW, Gustafsson S, Morellato LPC. Pollination in the campo rupestre: a test of hypothesis for an ancient tropical mountain vegetation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The campo rupestre is a Neotropical OCBIL (old, climatically buffered infertile landscape), a grassy-shrub vegetation with high species richness and endemism, characterized by rocky outcrops surrounded by grasslands distributed in South American ancient mountaintops. We tested one OCBIL prediction: the prevalence of long-distance pollinators ensuring cross-pollination across the archipelago-like landscapes of the campo rupestre. We described the pollination systems and tested whether their frequency differed across vegetation types and elevation, focusing on long-distance systems. We performed non-systematic and systematic surveys of plants and plant-pollinator interactions across the elevation gradient and vegetation types. We also reviewed the literature on campo rupestre pollination and applied an accuracy criterion to infer 11 pollination systems. The bee system was split into large bee (long-distance) and small bee (shorter distances) to test the prevalence of long-distance pollination systems. We surveyed 413 pollinator species, mostly bees (220) and flies (69). Among the 636 plant species studied, the bee pollination system was dominant (56%), followed by wind and hummingbird. Wind, small-bee and fly pollination systems increased with elevation, and small-bee and wind pollination systems prevailed in grasslands. Large-bee and hummingbird long-distance pollination systems remained unchanged with elevation and were more frequent in the highly isolated rocky outcrops corroborating the OCBIL theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lopes Monteiro
- Phenology Laboratory, Department of Biodiversity, Biosciences Institute, UNESP–São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Gutierrez Camargo
- Phenology Laboratory, Department of Biodiversity, Biosciences Institute, UNESP–São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla De Paula Loiola
- Phenology Laboratory, Department of Biodiversity, Biosciences Institute, UNESP–São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Wisbech Carstensen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone Gustafsson
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Horiuchi Y, Kamijo T, Tanaka N. Biological and ecological constraints to the reintroduction of Eriocaulon heleocharioides (Eriocaulaceae): A species extinct in the wild. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vasconcelos TNC, Alcantara S, Andrino CO, Forest F, Reginato M, Simon MF, Pirani JR. Fast diversification through a mosaic of evolutionary histories characterizes the endemic flora of ancient Neotropical mountains. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192933. [PMID: 32183631 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountains are among the most biodiverse areas on the globe. In young mountain ranges, exceptional plant species richness is often associated with recent and rapid radiations linked to the mountain uplift itself. In ancient mountains, however, orogeny vastly precedes the evolution of vascular plants, so species richness has been explained by species accumulation during long periods of low extinction rates. Here we evaluate these assumptions by analysing plant diversification dynamics in the campo rupestre, an ecosystem associated with pre-Cambrian mountaintops and highlands of eastern South America, areas where plant species richness and endemism are among the highest in the world. Analyses of 15 angiosperm clades show that radiations of endemics exhibit fastest rates of diversification during the last 5 Myr, a climatically unstable period. However, results from ancestral range estimations using different models disagree on the age of the earliest in situ speciation events and point to a complex floristic assembly. There is a general trend for higher diversification rates associated with these areas, but endemism may also increase or reduce extinction rates, depending on the group. Montane habitats, regardless of their geological age, may lead to boosts in speciation rates by accelerating population isolation in archipelago-like systems, circumstances that can also result in higher extinction rates and fast species turnover, misleading the age estimates of endemic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais N C Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Suzana Alcantara
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Plantas Vasculares, Departmento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-090, Brazil
| | - Caroline O Andrino
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil.,Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Nazaré, Belém, PA 66055-090, Brazil
| | - Félix Forest
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Marcelo Reginato
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Simon
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil
| | - José R Pirani
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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Del-Claro K, Rodriguez-Morales D, Calixto ES, Martins AS, Torezan-Silingardi HM. Ant pollination of Paepalanthus lundii (Eriocaulaceae) in Brazilian savanna. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1159-1165. [PMID: 30852596 PMCID: PMC6612938 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ant-plant associations are widely diverse and distributed throughout the world, leading to complex ecological networks. Regarding ant-plant mutualism, ant pollination is a very rare interaction and few studies have shown the role of ants as pollinators. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the role of ants as effective pollinators of Paepalanthus lundii (Eriocaulaceae) in a Brazilian savanna. METHODS Fieldwork with experimental manipulation was conducted to evaluate the fitness of P. lundii, considering potential pollinators. For this, we mainly observed the number of seeds produced in different conditions: control, ant exclusion, exclusion of flying insects, and exclusion (entomophily test) of both ants and flying insects. Furthermore, we evaluated all floral visitors throughout the day, stigma receptivity, the numbers of male and female flowers, and patterns of species co-occurrence, which can indicate the presence of different pollinators in the plants at the same time. KEY RESULTS We observed a relation between seed production and ant visits; Camponotus crassus was the most frequent floral visitor and the most effective pollinator. Also, we observed a statistical difference between the numbers of male and female flowers produced, with a greater number of male flowers. Furthermore, P. lundii presented flowering asynchrony, with 12 different types of maturation sequence, which indicates a cross-pollination system. Lastly, we observed an overlap of the greatest abundance of C. crassus and the time of plant stigmatic receptivity, and a pattern of non co-occurrence of ants, which shows the pollinator role of this ant. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that previous generalizations neglecting the importance of ants as pollinators are wrong. Brazilian savanna can reveal a lot about the ant-pollination syndrome, since this environment presents peculiar characteristics related to this association. Thus, this study has great significance for the understanding of the ant-pollination syndrome, and for the understanding of the complex ecological networks present in these dry arid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Del-Claro
- Instituto de Biologia, LECI (Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e de Interações), Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - D Rodriguez-Morales
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Carretera antigua a Coatepec, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - E S Calixto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A S Martins
- Instituto de Biologia, LECI (Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e de Interações), Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - H M Torezan-Silingardi
- Instituto de Biologia, LECI (Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e de Interações), Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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8
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Silva ADL, Trovó M, Coan AI. Floral development and vascularization help to explain merism evolution in Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae, Poales). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2811. [PMID: 28028476 PMCID: PMC5180585 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowers in Eriocaulaceae, a monocot family that is highly diversified in Brazil, are generally trimerous, but dimerous flowers occur in Paepalanthus and a few other genera. The floral merism in an evolutionary context, however, is unclear. Paepalanthus encompasses significant morphological variation leading to a still unresolved infrageneric classification. Ontogenetic comparative studies of infrageneric groups in Paepalanthus and in Eriocaulaceae are lacking, albeit necessary to establish evolution of characters such as floral merism and their role as putative synapomorphies. METHODS We studied the floral development and vascularization of eight species of Paepalanthus that belong to distinct clades in which dimery occurs, using light and scanning electron microscopies. RESULTS Floral ontogeny in dimerous Paepalanthus shows lateral sepals emerging simultaneously and late-developing petals. The outer whorl of stamens is absent in all flowers examined here. The inner whorl of stamens becomes functional in staminate flowers and is reduced to staminodes in the pistillate ones. In pistillate flowers, vascular bundles reach the staminodes. Ovary vascularization shows ventral bundles in a commissural position reaching the synascidiate portion of the carpels. Three gynoecial patterns are described for the studied species: (1) gynoecium with a short style, two nectariferous branches and two long stigmatic branches, in most species; (2) gynoecium with a long style, two nectariferous branches and two short stigmatic branches, in P. echinoides; and (3) gynoecium with long style, absent nectariferous branches and two short stigmatic branches, in P. scleranthus. DISCUSSION Floral development of the studied species corroborates the hypothesis that the sepals of dimerous flowers of Paepalanthus correspond to the lateral sepals of trimerous flowers. The position and vascularization of floral parts also show that, during dimery evolution in Paepalanthus, a flower sector comprising the adaxial median sepal, a lateral petal, a lateral stamen and the adaxial median carpel was lost. In the staminate flower, the outer whorl of staminodes, previously reported by different authors, is correctly described as the apical portion of the petals and the pistillodes are reinterpreted as carpellodes. The occurrence of fused stigmatic branches and protected nectariferous carpellodes substantiates a close relationship between P. sect. Conodiscus and P. subg. Thelxinoë. Free stigmatic branches and exposed carpellodes substantiate a close relationship between P. sect. Diphyomene, P. sect. Eriocaulopsis and P. ser. Dimeri. Furthermore, the loss of nectariferous branches may have occurred later than the fusion of stigmatic branches in the clade that groups P. subg. Thelxinoë and P. sect. Conodiscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur de Lima Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-UNESP , Rio Claro , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marcelo Trovó
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Alessandra Ike Coan
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-UNESP , Rio Claro , São Paulo , Brazil
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Coelho FF, Martins RP, Figueira JEC, Demetrio GR. Soil factors effects on life history attributes of Leiothrix spiralis and Leiothrix vivipara (Eriocaulaceae) on rupestrian grasslands in Southeastern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 74:828-36. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that the life history traits of Leiothrix spiralis and L. vivipara would be linked to soil factors of the rupestrian grasslands and that rosette size would be influenced by soil moisture. Soil analyses were performed from five populations of L. spiralis and four populations of L. vivipara. In each area, three replicates were employed in 19 areas of occurrence of Leiothrix species, and we quantified the life history attributes. The microhabitats of these species show low favorability regarding to soil factors. During the dry season, their rosettes decreased in diameter due the loss of its most outlying leaves. The absence of seedlings indicated the low fecundity of both species. However, both species showed rapid population growth by pseudovivipary. Both L. spiralis and L. vivipara exhibit a kind of parental care that was quantified by the presence of connections between parental-rosettes and ramets. The findings of the present study show that the life history traits are linked to soil factors.
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Bastos CA, van den Berg C. A família Orchidaceae no município de Morro do Chapéu, Bahia, Brasil. RODRIGUÉSIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-78602012000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo florístico das Orchidaceae de Morro do Chapéu, município pertencente à Chapada Diamantina e localizado no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Cinquenta e três espécies distribuídas em 29 gêneros foram reconhecidas no presente trabalho. Dentre os gêneros mais diversos no município destacam-se Epidendrum (cinco espécies), Gomesa (cinco), Encyclia (quatro), e Habenaria (quatro). Morro do Chapéu apresentou 25 espécies exclusivas quando comparado com outros levantamentos regionais da Chapada Diamantina, contribuindo com quatro novos registros para esta área (Galeandra beyrichii, Gomesa barbata, Habenaria josephensis e Prescottia oligantha). Quinze espécies listadas neste levantamento não ocorrem nas outras áreas do leste brasileiro comparadas, estando distribuídas apenas ao longo da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Diferenças no tipo vegetacional, extensão territorial, grau de antropização e amostragem parecem interferir na similaridade florística dessas áreas. São apresentados chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações e comentários sobre as espécies.
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Giulietti AM, Andrade MJG, Scatena VL, Trovó M, Coan AI, Sano PT, Santos FA, Borges RL, van den Berg C. Molecular phylogeny, morphology and their implications for the taxonomy of Eriocaulaceae. RODRIGUÉSIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-78602012000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pantropical family Eriocaulaceae includes ten genera and c. 1,400 species, with diversity concentrated in the New World. The last complete revision of the family was published more than 100 years ago, and until recently the generic and infrageneric relationships were poorly resolved. However, a multi-disciplinary approach over the last 30 years, using morphological and anatomical characters, has been supplemented with additional data from palynology, chemistry, embryology, population genetics, cytology and, more recently, molecular phylogenetic studies. This led to a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships within the family. In this paper we present new data for the ITS and trnL-F regions, analysed separately and in combination, using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. The data confirm previous results, and show that many characters traditionally used for differentiating and circumscribing the genera within the family are homoplasious. A new generic key with characters from various sources and reflecting the current taxonomic changes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Giulietti
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil; Royal Botanic Gardens, England
| | - Maria José G. Andrade
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil; Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo L.B. Borges
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil; Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Brazil
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12
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Oriani A, Scatena VL. Reproductive biology of Abolboda pulchella and A. poarchon (Xyridaceae: Poales). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:611-619. [PMID: 21292675 PMCID: PMC3064540 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abolboda (Xyridaceae) belongs to the Poales, a predominantly wind-pollinated order whose phylogeny has been widely studied in recent years. The reproductive biology of Abolboda pulchella and A. poarchon was studied to determine the main pollination system of these species, providing the first experimental data on reproduction in the Xyridaceae. METHODS A field study was conducted, including observations on the morphology and biology of the flowers, insect visits and pollinator behaviour. Experimental pollination treatments were performed to assess agamospermy, spontaneous self-pollination and self-compatibility. Pollination success was determined by pollen tube growth, and reproductive success was assessed by fruit- and seed-set. KEY RESULTS Abolboda pulchella and A. poarchon were pollinated by Apidae, Megachilidae and Halictidae bees. The floral resources were pollen and nectar that was produced by stylar appendages, an uncommon nectary type for monocotyledons. The species were self-compatible, and pollen tube growth from self-pollen was similar to that of cross-pollen. However, herkogamy prevented spontaneous selfing, rendering the plants dependent on the pollinator's activity. There was no production of seeds by agamospermy. CONCLUSIONS Melittophily is the main pollination system of these two Abolboda species. Nectar production was first recorded here for Xyridaceae, and along with self-compatibility, herkogamy and bee pollination, is an informative characteristic that can be used in future phylogenetic analyses of the family as well as Poales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Oriani
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Givnish TJ, Ames M, McNeal JR, McKain MR, Steele PR, dePamphilis CW, Graham SW, Pires JC, Stevenson DW, Zomlefer WB, Briggs BG, Duvall MR, Moore MJ, Heaney JM, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Thiele K, Leebens-Mack JH. Assembling the Tree of the Monocotyledons: Plastome Sequence Phylogeny and Evolution of Poales 1. ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 2010. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3417/2010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Coelho FF, Capelo C, Ribeiro LC, Figueira JEC. Reproductive modes in Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae) in south-eastern Brazil: the role of microenvironmental heterogeneity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 101:353-360. [PMID: 17998571 PMCID: PMC2701826 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The genus Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae) is restricted to South America and contains 37 taxa. The genus is most species-rich in the mountains of Minas Gerais, where 25 species occur, 19 of them in the Serra do Cipó. Leiothrix taxa that inhabit different microhabitats exhibit a number of reproductive modes. Rhizomatous taxa produce seeds plentifully; therefore, this group were defined as rhizomatous seed-producing. The pseudoviviparous reproductive mode was divided into canopy-forming and rooted. In the first, ramets remain attached to a parental rosette suspended by scapes, whereas in the second, ramets take root and may or may not remain attached to a parental rosette. In this study, it is proposed that microenvironmental heterogeneity is an important factor generating and maintaining reproductive modes in Leiothrix. METHODS Soil analyses and vegetation cover estimates were performed for five Leiothrix taxa occurring in 19 areas along the Serra do Cipó. In these 19 points of the Serra do Cipó, soil data were collected from 27 populations of each species, and vegetation cover data were collected from 20 populations, due to fire that occurred in the region and destroyed most of the vegetation. For each population, three replicates were made. A discriminant function analysis was performed, in an attempt to test the effect of microhabitat features in the differentiation of the reproductive modes. KEY RESULTS Discriminant function analyses separated the three groups of reproductive modes based mainly on percentage vegetation cover. The pseudoviviparous canopy-forming group occurs under densely crowded conditions, while the pseudoviviparous rooted and rhizomatous seed-producing groups occur in areas with sparse vegetation cover. However, the group pseudoviviparous rooted occurs in soils constituted of exposed sand, while the rhizomatous seed-producing group occurs, frequently, on mat-forming mosses. CONCLUSIONS Microenvironmental heterogeneity, specifically heterogeneity in percentage cover of vegetation, appears to have influenced the generation and maintenance of reproductive modes in Leiothrix. Reproductive variation within Leiothrix taxa occupying different microenvironments results from a response to fine-scale habitat variation. Therefore, it is proposed that ecological speciation is an important process in adaptive radiation in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia F Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, ICB, Caixa Postal 486, cep 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Rosa MM, Scatena VL. Floral anatomy of Paepalanthoideae (Eriocaulaceae, Poales) and their Nectariferous structures. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2007; 99:131-9. [PMID: 17085472 PMCID: PMC2802974 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Eriocaulaceae (Poales) is currently divided in two subfamilies: Eriocauloideae, which comprises two genera and Paepalanthoideae, with nine genera. The floral anatomy of Actinocephalus polyanthus, Leiothrix fluitans, Paepalanthus chlorocephalus, P. flaccidus and Rondonanthus roraimae was studied here. The flowers of these species of Paepalanthoideae are unisexual, and form capitulum-type inflorescences. Staminate and pistillate flowers are randomly distributed in the capitulum and develop centripetally. This work aims to establish a floral nomenclature for the Eriocaulaceae to provide more information about the taxonomy and phylogeny of the family. METHODS Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and chemical tests were used to investigate the floral structures. KEY RESULTS Staminate and pistillate flowers are trimerous (except in P. flaccidus, which presents dimerous flowers), and the perianth of all species is differentiated into sepals and petals. Staminate flowers present an androecium with scale-like staminodes (not in R. roraimae) and fertile stamens, and nectariferous pistillodes. Pistillate flowers present scale-like staminodes (except for R. roraimae, which presents elongated and vascularized staminodes), and a gynoecium with a hollow style, ramified in stigmatic and nectariferous portions. CONCLUSIONS The scale-like staminodes present in the species of Paepalanthoideae indicate a probable reduction of the outer whorl of stamens present in species of Eriocauloideae. Among the Paepalanthoideae genera, Rondonanthus, which is probably basal, shows vascularized staminodes in their pistillate flowers. The occurrence of nectariferous pistillodes in staminate flowers and that of nectariferous portions of the style in pistillate flowers of Paepalanthoideae are emphasized as nectariferous structures in Eriocaulaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Marcelino Rosa
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, C.P. 199, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
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Coelho FF, Capelo C, Neves ACO, Martins RP, Figueira JEC. Seasonal timing of pseudoviviparous reproduction of Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae) rupestrian species in South-eastern Brazil. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 98:1189-95. [PMID: 17028298 PMCID: PMC3292274 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pseudovivipary is an asexual reproductive strategy. Leiothrix spiralis and L. vivipara (Eriocaulaceae) are pseudoviviparous and occur in rupestrian grasslands, a habitat that has a predominance of sandy and shallow soil, with low water retention. This study aims to investigate the seasonal variation effect of moisture availability on L. spiralis and L. vivipara pseudoviviparous reproduction, and to compare their life history attributes, on rupestrian grasslands in Southeastern Brazil. METHODS A field study was conducted, including observations concerning pseudoviviparous reproduction and measurement of demographic variables in both L. spiralis and L. vivipara. Soil moisture measurements were also performed to study its effect on the pseudoviviparous reproduction of L. spiralis and L. vivipara. KEY RESULTS Flower head and plantlet production in L. spiralis were highly correlated with soil moisture. All scapes split off in the drier period, indicating that this is a splitter ramet species. Plantlet mortality was positively correlated with scapes splitting off. The L. vivipara phenophases were not synchronized to the variation in soil moisture, since flower heads and plantlets were produced throughout the year. Moreover, the splitting off of scapes was not observed. In addition, plantlets were formed early, as soon as the flower heads appeared, and remained suspended. Therefore, this species was called 'canopy forming'. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal timing of pseudoviviparous reproduction can be a vital component of the successful establishment of plantlets in L. spiralis, considering that in this species the plantlets are formed only after the flower head touches the ground. In contrast, in L. vivipara, the plantlets are formed early, without touching the ground. Moreover, L. spiralis is a splitter ramet species, while L. vivipara is a canopy-forming species. The pseudoviviparous canopy-forming strategy appears to be more advantageous than the splitter ramet strategy, because even under similar soil moisture conditions, the survival of L. vivipara plantlets was greater than that of L. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia F Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ICB, Caixa Postal 486, cep 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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