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Shtein I, Gričar J, Lev-Yadun S, Oskolski A, Pace MR, Rosell JA, Crivellaro A. Priorities for Bark Anatomical Research: Study Venues and Open Questions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1985. [PMID: 37653902 PMCID: PMC10221070 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The bark fulfils several essential functions in vascular plants and yields a wealth of raw materials, but the understanding of bark structure and function strongly lags behind our knowledge with respect to other plant tissues. The recent technological advances in sampling and preparation of barks for anatomical studies, along with the establishment of an agreed bark terminology, paved the way for more bark anatomical research. Whilst datasets reveal bark's taxonomic and functional diversity in various ecosystems, a better understanding of the bark can advance the understanding of plants' physiological and environmental challenges and solutions. We propose a set of priorities for understanding and further developing bark anatomical studies, including periderm structure in woody plants, phloem phenology, methods in bark anatomy research, bark functional ecology, relationships between bark macroscopic appearance, and its microscopic structure and discuss how to achieve these ambitious goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Milken Campus, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Eastern R&D Center, Milken Campus, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Alexei Oskolski
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Prof. Popov Str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marcelo R. Pace
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Julieta A. Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Forest Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Str. Universitatii 13, 720229 Suceava, Romania
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Tang Y, Yin S, Pace MR, Gerolamo CS, Nogueira A, Zuntini AR, Lohmann LG, Plath M, Liesche J. Diameters of phloem sieve elements can predict stem growth rates of woody plants. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1560-1569. [PMID: 35218199 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding forest dynamics is crucial to addressing climate change and reforestation challenges. Plant anatomy can help predict growth rates of woody plants, contributing key information on forest dynamics. Although features of the water-transport system (xylem) have long been used to predict plant growth, the potential contribution of carbon-transporting tissue (phloem) remains virtually unexplored. Here, we use data from 347 woody plant species to investigate whether species-specific stem diameter growth rates can be predicted by the diameter of both the xylem and phloem conducting cells when corrected for phylogenetic relatedness. We found positive correlations between growth rate, phloem sieve element diameter and xylem vessel diameter in liana species sampled in the field. Moreover, we obtained similar results for data extracted from the Xylem Database, an online repository of functional, anatomical and image data for woody plant species. Information from this database confirmed the correlation of sieve element diameter and growth rate across woody plants of various growth forms. Furthermore, we used data subsets to explore potential influences of biomes, growth forms and botanical family association. Subsequently, we combined anatomical and geoclimatic data to train an artificial neural network to predict growth rates. Our results demonstrate that sugar transport architecture is associated with growth rate to a similar degree as water-transport architecture. Furthermore, our results illustrate the potential value of artificial neural networks for modeling plant growth under future climatic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Tang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Life Sciences, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shijiao Yin
- Northwest A&F University, College of Life Sciences, Yangling 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Marcelo R Pace
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Botánica, Circuito Zona Deportiva s.n., Apartado Postal 70-367, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Caian S Gerolamo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Nogueira
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Rua Arcturus, 03, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09606-070, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcia G Lohmann
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Martin Plath
- Northwest A&F University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- Northwest A&F University, College of Life Sciences, Yangling 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Losada JM, He Z, Holbrook NM. Sieve tube structural variation in Austrobaileya scandens and its significance for lianescence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2460-2475. [PMID: 35606891 PMCID: PMC9540405 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lianas combine large leaf areas with slender stems, features that require an efficient vascular system. The only extant member of the Austrobaileyaceae is an endemic twining liana of the tropical Australian forests with well-known xylem hydraulics, but the vascular phloem continuum aboveground remains understudied. Microscopy analysis across leaf vein orders and stems of Austrobaileya scandens revealed a low foliar xylem:phloem ratio, with isodiametric vascular elements along the midrib, but tapered across vein orders. Sieve plate pore radii increased from 0.08 µm in minor veins to 0.12 µm in the petiole, but only to 0.20 µm at the stem base, tens of metres away. In easily bent searcher branches, phloem conduits have pectin-rich walls and simple plates, whereas in twining stems, conduits were connected through highly angled and densely porated sieve plates. The hydraulic resistance of phloem conduits in the twisted and elongated stems of A. scandens is large compared with trees of similar stature; phloem hydraulic resistance decreases from leaves to stems, consistent with the efficient delivery of photoassimilates from sources under Münch predictions. Sink strength of a continuously growing canopy might be stronger than in self-supporting understory plants, favoring resource allocation to aerial organs and the attainment of vertical stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Losada
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture ‘La Mayora’—CSIC—UMAAvda. Dr. Wienberg s/nAlgarrobo‐CostaMálaga29750Spain
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zhe He
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - N. Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Barceló-Anguiano M, Hormaza JI, Losada JM. Conductivity of the phloem in mango (Mangifera indica L.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:150. [PMID: 34193860 PMCID: PMC8245510 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae), the fifth most consumed fruit worldwide, is one of the most important fruit crops in tropical regions, but its vascular anatomy is quite unexplored. Previous studies examined the xylem structure in the stems of mango, but the anatomy of the phloem has remained elusive, leaving the long-distance transport of photoassimilates understudied. We combined fluorescence and electron microscopy to evaluate the structure of the phloem tissue in the tapering branches of mango trees, and used this information to describe the hydraulic conductivity of its sieve tube elements following current models of fluid transport in trees. We revealed that the anatomy of the phloem changes from current year branches, where it was protected by pericyclic fibres, to older ones, where the lack of fibres was concomitant with laticiferous canals embedded in the phloem tissue. Callose was present in the sieve plates, but also in the walls of the phloem sieve cells, making them discernible from other phloem cells. A scaling geometry of the sieve tube elements-including the number of sieve areas and the pore size across tapering branches-resulted in an exponential conductivity towards the base of the tree. These evaluations in mango fit with previous measurements of the phloem architecture in the stems of forest trees, suggesting that, despite agronomic management, the phloem sieve cells scale with the tapering branches. The pipe model theory applied to the continuous tubing system of the phloem appears as a good approach to understand the hydraulic transport of photoassimilates in fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barceló-Anguiano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM La Mayora-CSIC-UMA), Avda Dr. Wienberg s/n. 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - José I Hormaza
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM La Mayora-CSIC-UMA), Avda Dr. Wienberg s/n. 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan M Losada
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM La Mayora-CSIC-UMA), Avda Dr. Wienberg s/n. 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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Losada JM, Holbrook NM. Scaling of phloem hydraulic resistance in stems and leaves of the understory angiosperm shrub Illicium parviflorum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:244-259. [PMID: 30793276 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Recent studies in canopy-dominant trees revealed axial scaling of phloem structure. However, whether this pattern is found in woody plants of the understory, the environment of most angiosperms from the ANA grade (Amborellales-Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales), is unknown. METHODS We used seedlings and adult plants of the understory tropical shrub Illicium parviflorum, a member of the lineage Austrobaileyales, to explore the anatomy and physiology of the phloem in their aerial parts, including changes through ontogeny. KEY RESULTS Adult plants maintain a similar proportion of phloem tissue across stem diameters, but larger conduit dimensions and number cause the hydraulic resistance of the phloem to decrease toward the base of the plant. Small sieve plate pores resulted in an overall higher sieve tube hydraulic resistance than has been reported in other woody angiosperms. Sieve elements increase in size from minor to major leaf veins, but were shorter and narrower in petioles. The low carbon assimilation rates of seedlings and mature plants contrasted with a 3-fold higher phloem sap velocity in seedlings, suggesting that phloem transport velocity is modulated through ontogeny. CONCLUSIONS The overall architecture of the phloem tissue in this understory angiosperm shrub scales in a manner consistent with taller trees that make up the forest canopy. Thus, the evolution of larger sieve plate pores in canopy-dominant trees may have played a key role in allowing woody angiosperms to extend beyond their understory origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St., Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St., Boston, MA, 02130, USA
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Pace MR. Optimal Preparation of Tissue Sections for Light-Microscopic Analysis of Phloem Anatomy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:3-16. [PMID: 31197782 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In order to successfully analyze and describe any plant tissue, the first challenge is preparation of good anatomical slides. The challenge is even greater when the target tissue has heterogeneous characteristics, such as the phloem where soft and stiff tissues occur side by side. The goal of this chapter is to present a detailed protocol containing various techniques for optimal preparation of phloem tissue samples for light microscopic analysis. The process typically involves the steps of fixation, softening, embedding, sectioning, staining, and mounting. The protocol can be applied to make samples of phloem and surrounding tissues of stems and roots, from woody to herbaceous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rodrigo Pace
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.
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Firetti F, Zuntini AR, Gaiarsa JW, Oliveira RS, Lohmann LG, Van Sluys MA. Complete chloroplast genome sequences contribute to plant species delimitation: A case study of the Anemopaegma species complex. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1493-1509. [PMID: 29885220 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Bignoniaceae is an important component of neotropical forests and a model for evolutionary and biogeographical studies. A previous combination of molecular markers and morphological traits improved the phylogeny of the group. Here we demonstrate the value of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to assemble the chloroplast genome of eight Anemopaegma species and solve taxonomic problems. METHODS Three NGS platforms were used to sequence total DNA of Anemopaegma species. After genome assembly and annotation, we compared chloroplast genomes within Anemopaegma, with other Lamiales species, and the evolutionary rates of protein-coding genes using Tanaecium tetragonolobum as the outgroup. Phylogenetic analyses of Anemopaegma with different data sets were performed. KEY RESULTS Chloroplast genomes of Anemopaegma species ranged from 167,413 bp in A. foetidum to 168,987 bp in A. acutifolium ("typical" form). They exhibited a characteristic quadripartite structure with a large single-copy region (75,070-75,761 bp), a small single-copy region (12,766-12,817 bp) and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) (39,480-40,481) encoding an identical set of 112 genes. An inversion of a fragment with ca. 8 kb, located in the IRs and containing the genes trnI-AAU, ycf2, and trnL-CAA, was observed in these chloroplast genomes when compared with those of other Lamiales. CONCLUSIONS Anemopaegma species have the largest genomes within the Lamiales possibly due to the large amount of repetitive sequences and IR expansion. Variation was higher in coding regions than in noncoding regions, and some genes were identified as markers for differentiation between species. The use of the entire chloroplast genome gave better phylogenetic resolution of the taxonomic groups. We found that two forms of A. acutifolium result from different maternal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Firetti
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rizzo Zuntini
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Barão Geraldo, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas Weismann Gaiarsa
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Souza Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia G Lohmann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marie-Anne Van Sluys
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ragni L, Greb T. Secondary growth as a determinant of plant shape and form. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 79:58-67. [PMID: 28864343 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the primary producers of biomass on earth. As an almost stereotypic feature, higher plants generate continuously growing bodies mediated by the activity of different groups of stem cells, the meristems. Shoot and root thickening is one of the fundamental growth processes determining form and function of these bodies. Mediated by a group of cylindrical meristems located below organ surfaces, vascular and protective tissues are continuously generated in a highly plastic manner, a competence essential for the survival in an ever changing environment. Acknowledging the fundamental role of this process, which is overall designated as secondary growth, we discuss in this review our current knowledge about the evolution and molecular regulation of the vascular cambium. The cambium is the meristem responsible for the formation of wood and bast, the two types of vascular tissues important for long-distance transport of water and assimilates, respectively. Although regulatory patterns are only beginning to emerge, we show that cambium activity represents a highly rewarding model for studying cell fate decisions, tissue patterning and differentiation, which has experienced an outstanding phylogenetic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ragni
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Liesche J, Pace MR, Xu Q, Li Y, Chen S. Height-related scaling of phloem anatomy and the evolution of sieve element end wall types in woody plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:245-256. [PMID: 27935048 PMCID: PMC5347917 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the sieve elements (SEs) of the phloem, carbohydrates are transported throughout the whole plant from their site of production to sites of consumption or storage. SE structure, especially of the pore-rich end walls, has a direct effect on translocation efficiency. Differences in pore size and other features were interpreted as an evolutionary trend towards reduced hydraulic resistance. However, this has never been confirmed. Anatomical data of 447 species of woody angiosperms and gymnosperms were used for a phylogenetic analysis of end wall types, calculation of hydraulic resistance and correlation analysis with morphological and physiological variables. end wall types were defined according to pore arrangement: either grouped into a single area (simple) or into multiple areas along the end wall (compound). Convergent evolution of end wall types was demonstrated in woody angiosperms. In addition, an optimization of end wall resistance with plant height was discovered, but found to be independent of end wall type. While physiological factors also showed no correlation with end wall types, the number of sieve areas per end wall was found to scale with SE length. The results exclude the minimization of hydraulic resistance as evolutionary driver of different end wall types, contradicting this long-standing assumption. Instead, end wall type might depend on SE length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Liesche
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi‐arid landsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Marcelo R. Pace
- Department of BotanyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDC20013‐7012USA
| | - Qiyu Xu
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi‐arid landsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Yongqing Li
- South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi‐arid landsNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
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