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Liu C, Du S, Wang Z, Guo S, Cui M, Zhai Q, Zhang M, Fang B. Impact of orthodontic-induced facial morphology changes on aesthetic evaluation: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:24. [PMID: 38183059 PMCID: PMC10768126 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The profound influence of orthodontic treatments on facial aesthetics has been a topic of increasing interest. This study delves into the intricate interplay between orthodontic treatments, facial feature alterations, and aesthetic perceptions. METHODS A total of 73 patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment were included in this study. Facial photographs were taken before and after treatment. Ten orthodontists provided facial aesthetic ratings (FAR) for each patient's frontal, profile, and overall views. 48 facial landmarks were manually placed by the orthodontists and normalized using Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA). Two types of phenotypes were derived from facial landmarks. Global facial phenotypes were then extracted using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, 37 clinical features related to aesthetics and orthodontics were extracted. The association between facial features and changes in FAR after orthodontic treatment was determined using these two types of phenotypes. RESULTS The FAR exhibited a high correlation among orthodontic experts, particularly in the profile view. The FAR increased after orthodontic treatment, especially in profile views. Extraction of premolars and orthognathic surgery were found to result in higher FAR change. For global facial phenotypes, the most noticeable changes in the frontal and profile views associated with FAR occurred in the lip area, characterized by inward retraction of the lips and slight chin protrusion in the profile view, as well as a decrease in lip height in the frontal view. The changes observed in the profile view were statistically more significant than those in the frontal view. These facial changes were consistent with the changes from orthodontic treatment. For clinical features, two profile features, namely pg.sm.hori and pg.n.ls, were found to be associated with FAR following orthodontic treatment. The highest FAR scores were achieved when pg.sm.hori was at 80° and pg.n.ls was at 8°. On the other hand, frontal clinical features had a subtle effect on FAR during orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that orthodontic treatment improves facial aesthetics, particularly at lip aera in the profile view. Profile clinical features, such as pg.sm.hori and pg.n.ls, are essential in orthodontic treatment which could increase facial aesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Siyuan Du
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhengliang Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shikai Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xi' an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi' an City, 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mengjuan Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qianglan Zhai
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Manfei Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology &, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Donaldson L, Wulu J, Garcia-Rodriguez L. Gender Affirmation Surgery of the Face for the Transfeminine Patient. Facial Plast Surg 2023; 39:569-574. [PMID: 37196665 DOI: 10.1055/a-2095-6292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the aspects of facial feminine affirmation surgery including forehead reconstruction, midface feminization, and lower face/neck feminization. We will present a brief history of gender affirmation. We discuss the anatomical differences between born XY males and XX females and discuss the subsequent procedures that aim at feminizing the face. The effects of silicone injections are also discussed as this was a trend in the past to feminize the face. Understandably so we discuss the anatomical differences as being a fluid expression and differences based on ethnic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane Donaldson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jacqueline Wulu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Kaiser Permanente, Largo, Maryland
| | - Laura Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
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Amaya J, Wen YE, Shang Z, Jamieson A, Aly A. A Crowdsourced Evaluation of Facial Averageness and Attractiveness. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 43:NP1-NP11. [PMID: 35710301 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolutionary psychologists have demonstrated that humans are attracted to individuals who possess average anatomy for the population. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to prove that a composite of average facial features would be more attractive to raters than the cohort utilized to create the composite. METHODS The male and female cohorts each consisted of 41 standardized frontal-view monochrome photographs, with 1 composite image derived from the other 40 real images. Amazon Mechanical Turk, a widely used crowdsourcing platform, was utilized to obtain ratings of images ranging from 1 to 7, with 1 and 7 being least and most attractive, respectively. The strength of the preference for the composite over the real images was assessed by the difference between the mean rating of the composite and real images. RESULTS In total, 870 and 876 respondents were recruited to rate the male and female cohorts, respectively. For the male and female cohorts, the composite image was rated significantly higher than the rest of the cohort overall and across all ages, genders, and countries of residence (all P < 0.0001). For both cohorts, the strength of the preference was significantly higher for European respondents and lower for South American and nonbinary respondents (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that average facial anatomy is perceived as most attractive across all demographics, a finding that is hoped to serve as a stepping stone for further studies leading to objective cosmetic quantifications and integrating evidence-based medicine into aesthetic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Amaya
- Department of Plastic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y Edward Wen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhiguo Shang
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Jamieson
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Al Aly
- Department of Plastic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Benslimane F. Commentary on: A Crowdsourced Evaluation of Facial Averageness and Attractiveness. Aesthet Surg J 2023; 43:NP12-NP18. [PMID: 36099473 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Nahai F. Individuality: The New Beauty. Aesthet Surg J 2022; 42:444-446. [PMID: 34644373 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Foad Nahai
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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