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Rangel-Patiño CA, Mastachi-Loza CA, Carmen-Cristóbal JM, Ruiz-Gómez ML. Boldness and learning in an active foraging lizard. Behav Processes 2025; 226:105174. [PMID: 40049300 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/18/2025]
Abstract
Foraging is a demanding activity for species that search intensively for food, and learning may help them minimise the costs associated with feeding. In different species, there is a relationship between personality (risk-taking) and learning, where bolder individuals learn fast and perform better in stable environments. On the other hand, shy individuals have slower learning rates because they spend more time paying attention to the environment, and their performance peaks under unstable environmental conditions. Therefore, we could expect that these differences will permeate other contexts, such as foraging mode. We evaluated learning and boldness in the active foraging lizard Aspidoscelis costatus costatus to establish if this association is present in reptiles. We found that males and females have similar learning abilities, with bolder individuals learning to find and consume food faster. Females were bolder than males in the presence of a novel object. We suggest that the results are related to the foraging ecology of the species, in which active foragers manifest risky behaviours (i.e. boldness, exploration, and higher activity) to search wide areas for prey, which may be enhanced by faster learning to reduce the costs associated with foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rangel-Patiño
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Huixquilucan, División de Biología, Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta en Reptiles, México; Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - C A Mastachi-Loza
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - J M Carmen-Cristóbal
- Ecology and Behavior Lab, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - M L Ruiz-Gómez
- Ecology and Behavior Lab, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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2
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Zhang Y, Tan S, Fu J, Chen J. Elevational variation in metabolic rate, feeding capacity and their associations in the Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103788. [PMID: 38281315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Foraging behavior is known to place demands on the metabolic characteristics of anurans. Active foragers feeding on sedentary prey typically have high aerobic capacity and low anaerobic capacity, whereas sit-and-wait foragers feeding on active and mobile prey have the opposite pattern. Thus, the energetic demands of foraging may influence their metabolic adaptations to harsh environments, such as high elevations. Anurans that engage in active foraging have been found to increase maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and aerobic scope (AS, the difference between MMR and resting metabolic rate, RMR) at high elevations. However, data are lacking in amphibian ambush foragers. In this study, we examined the RMR, MMR, AS, and feeding capacity of a sit-and-wait forager ─the Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans), from two populations that are in close geographic proximity but differ by 1350 m in elevation. Our results show that there is no elevational variation in RMR and feeding capacity in either males or females. However, there are sex-specific variations in MMR and AS along an elevational gradient; females from high elevations have lower MMR and smaller net AS than their counterparts from low elevations while males maintain similar MMR and net AS across elevations. Furthermore, aerobic performances do not appear to be associated with feeding capacity at either the individual or population level. Our results support the hypothesis that sit-and-wait foragers may not increase their aerobic capacity as a strategy in hypoxic and low food availability environments and the role of sex in these adaptive adjustments should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Song Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinzhong Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jingfeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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3
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Toupin LP, Ratz T, Montiglio PO. Effects of resource availability on the web structure of female western black widows: is the web structure constrained by physiological trade-offs? Behav Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A major challenge of biological research is to understand what generates and maintains consistent behavioral variation among animals. Time and energy trade-offs, where expressing one behavior is achieved at the expense of another, are often suggested to favor the maintenance of behavioral differences between individuals. However, few studies have investigated how individuals adjust their allocation to different functions over time and depending on resource abundance. Black widow spiders of the genus Latrodectus build persistent webs that include structural threads which protect against predators and sticky trap threads to capture prey. Web structure consistently differs among individuals in the number of trap and structural threads. To quantify the intensity of a trade-off, we assessed the relationship between the number of structural and trap threads and tested whether varying food abundance affected individual differences in web structure. We further quantified how these individual differences change over time and with food abundance. We subjected spiders to three different levels of prey abundance and monitored the structure of their webs every twelve hours. We found no evidence for a trade-off between trap and structural threads. Instead, spiders that produced more structural threads also produced more trap threads, showing that spiders invested equally in both types of threads. Interestingly, the magnitude of individual differences in web structure was greatest when spiders were fed ad libitum and at the beginning of web construction. We suggest that variation in web structure between spiders could be the result of stable developmental differences in morphology or genetic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Toupin
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal , CP-8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P , Canada
| | - Tom Ratz
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal , CP-8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P , Canada
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich (LMU) , Planegg-Martinsried , Germany
| | - Pierre-Olivier Montiglio
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal , CP-8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P , Canada
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4
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Extended phenotypes can underlie trade-offs: a case of social spiders. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2022; 109:51. [PMID: 36308596 PMCID: PMC9617839 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extended phenotypes engineered by animals can potentially improve safety and/or foraging. Whether the well-known trade-off between safety and foraging applies for extended phenotypes, and if so, how it is resolved has not been determined. Spiders build elaborate silk structures that serve as traps for their insect prey and often attach silken retreats (nests) to their capture webs. These extended phenotypes of spiders are made of silk that is considered costly since it is made of protein. Using the Indian social spider, Stegodyphus sarasinorum, we examined how simple proximal factors, like colony hunger state and group size, shape trade-offs in collectively built extended phenotypes that offer shelter and food. We found that well-fed colonies showed greater investment in retreat silk than starved colonies. However, the two groups did not differ in their investment in capture webs. Hence, our findings validate the starvation-risk taking hypothesis in an extended phenotypic paradigm by showing that hungry colonies trade-off retreat size for capture web, irrespective of group size.
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Hale MC, McLaughlin R, Wilson C, Mackereth R, Nichols KM. Differential gene expression associated with behavioral variation in ecotypes of Lake Superior brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100884. [PMID: 34303261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Associations between behaviors and the development of different life history tactics have been documented in several species of salmon, trout, and charr. While it is well known that such behaviors are heritable the genes and molecular pathways connected to these behaviors remain unknown. We used an RNA-seq approach to identify genes and molecular pathways differentially regulated in brain tissue between "shy" and "bold" brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). A small number of genes were differentially expressed between the behavioral types at several months after hatching and two years of age. Pathway analysis revealed that EIF2 signaling differed consistently between shy and bold individuals suggesting large-scale differences in protein synthesis between behavioral types in the brain. Additionally, the RNA-seq data were used to find polymorphisms within the brook trout genome and a GWAS approach was used to test for statistical associations between genetic variants and behavior type. One allele located in a transcription factor (TSHZ3) contained a protein-coding non-synonymous SNP suggesting that functional variation within TSHZ3 is connected to the development of different behaviors. These results suggest that the molecular basis of behavioral development is complex and due to the differential expression of many genes involved in a wide-range of different molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Hale
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, United States of America.
| | - Robert McLaughlin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Chris Wilson
- Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation Unit, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Robert Mackereth
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Krista M Nichols
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, United States of America
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6
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Steinhoff POM, Warfen B, Voigt S, Uhl G, Dammhahn M. Individual differences in risk‐taking affect foraging across different landscapes of fear. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip O. M. Steinhoff
- Zoological Inst. and Museum, General and Systematic Zoology, Univ. of Greifswald Loitzer Straße 26 DE‐17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Bennet Warfen
- Zoological Inst. and Museum, General and Systematic Zoology, Univ. of Greifswald Loitzer Straße 26 DE‐17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Sissy Voigt
- Zoological Inst. and Museum, General and Systematic Zoology, Univ. of Greifswald Loitzer Straße 26 DE‐17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Gabriele Uhl
- Zoological Inst. and Museum, General and Systematic Zoology, Univ. of Greifswald Loitzer Straße 26 DE‐17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Melanie Dammhahn
- Animal Ecology, Inst. for Biochemistry and Biology, Univ. of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
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7
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Methling C, Blažek R, Řežucha R, Reichard M. Individual-level pace-of-life syndromes in annual killifish are mediated by intersexual and interspecific differences. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Ibarra-Zatarain Z, Martín I, Rasines I, Fatsini E, Rey S, Chereguini O, Duncan N. Exploring the relationship between stress coping styles and sex, origin and reproductive success, in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) breeders in captivity. Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112868. [PMID: 32173342 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individual animals commonly adopt different stress coping styles that have been shown to impact reproductive success and differ between sexes (female/male) and origin (wild/hatchery). Hatchery reared Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) exhibit a behavioural reproductive dysfunction and a complete failure to spawn viable eggs. Hence, the present study examined whether 1) reproductive success of Senegalese sole was linked to coping styles and 2) behavioural differences exist in relation to sex or origin. A total of 198 breeders held in two research institutions were submitted to three individual tests (restraining, new environment and confinement) and one grouping test (risk taking). In addition, a blood sample to quantify cortisol, glucose and lactate levels was obtained from each individual after completing the individual tests. Senegalese sole breeders showed individual differences in behaviour across the different behavioural tests that were consistent with proactive and reactive coping styles traits. However, the most striking result was that reproductive success, sex and origin of Senegalese sole was not biased to any specific coping style. Indeed, the behavioural responses were similar and consistent between fish grouped by reproductive success, sex and origin. This study presented information that contrasts with different studies on dominant aggressive species and indicated that social non-aggressive species such as Senegalese sole follow a cooperative strategy that favours equal opportunities between stress coping styles and sexes. Therefore, results suggest that maintaining both coping styles strategies are fundamental for a sustainable breeder population approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ibarra-Zatarain
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, E- 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain; CONACYT-UAN-Nayarit Centre for Innovation and Technological Transference, E. González s/n, C.P., 63173 Tepic, México.
| | - I Martín
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240. 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - I Rasines
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240. 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - E Fatsini
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, E- 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - S Rey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - O Chereguini
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240. 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - N Duncan
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, E- 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
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9
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Ibarra-Zatarain Z, Rey S, Boglino A, Fatsini E, Duncan N. Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) coping styles are consistent over time: behavioural and physiological responses during ontogenesis. Physiol Behav 2020; 217:112803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Biro PA, Thomas F, Ujvari B, Adriaenssens B, Beckmann C. Spontaneous activity rates and resting metabolism: Support for the allocation model of energy management at the among‐individual level. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Science Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
| | | | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Science Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Bart Adriaenssens
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Science Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Christa Beckmann
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Science Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
- School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Parramatta NSW Australia
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11
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Chen J, Qi Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Tang Y. Covariations between personality behaviors and metabolic/performance traits in an Asian agamid lizard ( Phrynocephalus vlangalii). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7205. [PMID: 31293835 PMCID: PMC6601599 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological factors related to predation risks and foraging play major roles in determining which behavioral traits may mediate life history trade-offs and, therefore, the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) structure among behavioral, physiological, and life-history traits. It has been proposed that activity/exploration or risk-taking behaviors are more likely to impact resource acquisition for organisms (individuals, populations, and species) foraging on clumped and ephemeral food sources than for organisms foraging on abundant and evenly distributed resources. In contrast, vigilance or freezing behavior would be expected to covary with the pace of life when organisms rely on food items requiring long bouts of handling. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how general this pattern is. We tested this hypothesis by examining the associations between exploration/risk-taking behaviors and metabolic/performance traits for the viviparous agamid lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii. This species forages on sparse and patchy food sources. The results showed positive correlations between exploration and endurance capacity, and between bite force and risk-taking willingness. Our current findings, in conjunction with our previous work showed no correlations between freezing behavior and performance in this species, support the idea that behaviors in life-history trade-offs are natural history-dependent in P. vlangalii, and provide evidence that behavioral types play functional roles in life history trade-offs to supporting POLS hypothesis.
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12
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Lawrence MJ, Godin JGJ, Zolderdo AJ, Cooke SJ. Chronic Plasma Cortisol Elevation Does Not Promote Riskier Behavior in a Teleost Fish: A Test of the Behavioral Resiliency Hypothesis. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:obz009. [PMID: 33791525 PMCID: PMC7671160 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressed fish have been shown to have higher predator-induced mortality than unstressed conspecifics, suggesting a role for the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis in modifying risk-taking behaviors. Yet, there is also evidence of behavioral resiliency in the face of chronic stressors. Here, we tested the behavioral resiliency hypothesis, which posits that animals can maintain consistent behavioral phenotypes in the face of significant physiological challenges. We determined whether chronic plasma cortisol elevation promotes risk-taking behaviors in a model teleost fish, the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Experimental fish were implanted with cocoa butter either as a sham or with cortisol. At 48 h post-implantation, the behavior of individual focal fish was tested in an experimental arena comprising of a simulated physical refuge, an open zone containing a constrained conspecific shoal, and a compartment containing either a model of a northern pike (Esox lucius) paired with corresponding pike olfactory cues in lake water or no pike model (control) paired with sham lake water cues only. The fish were assayed individually for their refuge utilization, shoaling tendency, and general activity. Neither cortisol treatment nor predation-risk treatment influenced any of these behaviors. This suggests that sunfish, in the context of our experiment, were behaviorally resilient to the physiological effects of chronic plasma cortisol elevation and in the face of an apparent threat of predation. Our results thus provide support for the behavioral resiliency hypothesis in fish under both physiological and ecological stressors. We posit that behavioral resiliency is an evolutionary adaptation ensuring appropriate responses to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.,Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jean-Guy J Godin
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Aaron J Zolderdo
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.,Queen's University Biological Station, Queen's University, Elgin, Ontario, Canada K0G 1E0
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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13
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Mathot KJ, Dingemanse NJ, Nakagawa S. The covariance between metabolic rate and behaviour varies across behaviours and thermal types: meta‐analytic insights. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:1056-1074. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J. Mathot
- Canada Research Chair in Integrative Ecology, Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alberta CW405 Biological Sciences Building, T6G 2E9 Edmonton Alberta Canada
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDepartment of Coastal Systems and Utrecht University 1790 AB, den Burg, Texel The Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Dingemanse
- Behavioural Ecology, Department Biology IILudwig‐Maximilians University of Munich Grosshadener Strasse 2, DE‐82152, Planegg‐Martinsried, Munich Germany
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney New South Wales 2010 Australia
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14
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Lawrence MJ, Godin JGJ, Cooke SJ. Does experimental cortisol elevation mediate risk-taking and antipredator behaviour in a wild teleost fish? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 226:75-82. [PMID: 30099116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis is centrally implicated in stressor mitigation in teleost fishes. Sustained HPI axis activation can be detrimental to the physiological functioning of an organism and can result in fitness-related trade-offs. Predator-induced mortality is known to be higher in stressed fish than in unstressed conspecifics, suggesting a role for the HPI axis in mediating fish behaviour. However, the underlying specific mechanism(s) for this phenomenon is(are) unknown. The purpose of the current study was to address how the HPI axis influences risk-taking, and antipredator behaviours in a wild teleost, the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Here, individual juvenile pumpkinseed were implanted either with cocoa butter as a sham control or with a biologically-relevant concentration of cortisol. Forty-eight hours post-implantation, fish were assessed for behavioural metrics associated with boldness and risk taking in three sequential behavioural tests: (i) a predation-risk test, (ii) an exploration tendency test, and (iii) a shoaling tendency test, with test order randomized among different trials. Cortisol treatment had no influence on antipredator, exploratory, or shoaling behaviours. However, post-attack swimming duration (in predation-risk test) and exploratory activity (in Z-maze exploration test) were significantly affected by body mass. Collectively, our results indicate that cortisol may not have a role in mediating sociability, boldness, and risk-taking behaviours in pumpkinseed sunfish, at least under the current laboratory conditions. However, cortisol may nonetheless play a role in mediating predator-prey interactions in fishes in more natural environmental settings that were not considered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jean-Guy J Godin
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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15
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Elias A, Thrower F, Nichols KM. Rainbow trout personality: individual behavioural variation in juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We evaluated the variation in dispersal, exploration, and aggression across time in juvenile progeny produced from wild caught rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at a critical developmental shift associated with the highest mortality in fish. By testing multiple ecologically relevant behaviours repeatedly in the same individuals, we simultaneously tested multiple hypotheses regarding personality, plasticity, and behavioural syndromes to better understand the innate behavioural variation in a population containing both migratory and resident life histories. There were consistent behavioural differences, or personality, between individuals across time, for dispersal, aggression, and exploration, unrelated to size or sex. The significant repeatabilities (0.10–0.46) indicate that these traits are potentially heritable. Also, we found both habituation in all behaviours and significant differences between individuals in the rate of that habituation, despite no evidence of a behavioural syndrome. The identification of this individual level variation is a step towards understanding which heritable traits selection could influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Elias
- aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- bDepartment of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 112 Derieux Place, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Frank Thrower
- cTed Stevens Marine Research Institute, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Krista M. Nichols
- aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- dConservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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Killen SS, Calsbeek R, Williams TD. The Ecology of Exercise: Mechanisms Underlying Individual Variation in Behavior, Activity, and Performance: An Introduction to Symposium. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:185-194. [PMID: 28859409 PMCID: PMC5886314 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Wild animals often engage in intense physical activity while performing tasks vital for their survival and reproduction associated with foraging, avoiding predators, fighting, providing parental care, and migrating. In this theme issue we consider how viewing these tasks as "exercise"-analogous to that performed by human athletes-may help provide insight into the mechanisms underlying individual variation in these types of behaviors and the importance of physical activity in an ecological context. In this article and throughout this issue, we focus on four key questions relevant to the study of behavioral ecology that may be addressed by studying wild animal behavior from the perspective of exercise physiology: (1) How hard do individual animals work in response to ecological (or evolutionary) demands?; (2) Do lab-based studies of activity provide good models for understanding activity in free-living animals and individual variation in traits?; (3) Can animals work too hard during "routine" activities?; and (4) Can paradigms of "exercise" and "training" be applied to free-living animals? Attempts to address these issues are currently being facilitated by rapid technological developments associated with physiological measurements and the remote tracking of wild animals, to provide mechanistic insights into the behavior of free-ranging animals at spatial and temporal scales that were previously impossible. We further suggest that viewing the behaviors of non-human animals in terms of the physical exercise performed will allow us to fully take advantage of these technological advances, draw from knowledge and conceptual frameworks already in use by human exercise physiologists, and identify key traits that constrain performance and generate variation in performance among individuals. It is our hope that, by highlighting mechanisms of behavior and performance, the articles in this issue will spur on further synergies between physiologists and ecologists, to take advantage of emerging cross-disciplinary perspectives and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ryan Calsbeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Tony D. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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17
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Scheel D, Leite T, Mather J, Langford K. Diversity in the diet of the predator Octopus cyanea in the coral reef system of Moorea, French Polynesia. J NAT HIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1244298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Scheel
- Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - T. Leite
- Departament of Oceanography and Limnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - J. Mather
- Psychology Department, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
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18
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Ibarra-Zatarain Z, Fatsini E, Rey S, Chereguini O, Martin I, Rasines I, Alcaraz C, Duncan N. Characterization of stress coping style in Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis) juveniles and breeders for aquaculture. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160495. [PMID: 28018634 PMCID: PMC5180132 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize stress coping styles of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles and breeders and to select an operational behavioural screening test (OBST) that can be used by the aquaculture industry to classify and select between behavioural phenotypes in order to improve production indicators. A total of 61 juveniles and 59 breeders were subjected to five individual behavioural tests and two grouping tests. At the end of the individual tests, all animals were blood sampled in order to measure cortisol, glucose and lactate. Three tests (restraining, new environment and confinement) characterized the stress coping style behaviour of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders and demonstrated inter-individual consistency. Further, the tests when incorporated into a principal components analysis (PCA) (i) identified two principal axes of personality traits: 'fearfulness-reactivity' and 'activity-exploration', (ii) were representative of the physiological axis of stress coping style, and (iii) were validated by established group tests. This study proposed for the first time three individual coping style tests that reliably represented proactive and reactive personalities of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders. In addition, the three proposed tests met some basic operational criteria (rapid testing, no special equipment and easy to apply and interpret) that could prove attractive for fish farmers to identify fish with a specific behaviour that gives advantages in the culture system and that could be used to establish selection-based breeding programmes to improve domestication and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Ibarra-Zatarain
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
- CENIT, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Av. Emilio M. González s/n., CP 63173. Tepic, México
| | - E. Fatsini
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - S. Rey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - O. Chereguini
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - I. Martin
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - I. Rasines
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - C. Alcaraz
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - N. Duncan
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
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19
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Is there a pace-of-life syndrome linking boldness and metabolic capacity for locomotion in bluegill sunfish? Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Näslund J, Johnsson JI. State-dependent behavior and alternative behavioral strategies in brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) fry. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016; 70:2111-2125. [PMID: 27881895 PMCID: PMC5102978 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Animals generally adjust their behavior in response to bodily state (e.g., size and energy reserves) to optimize energy intake in relation to mortality risk, weighing predation probability against the risk of starvation. Here, we investigated whether brown trout Salmo trutta adjust their behavior in relation to energetic status and body size during a major early-life selection bottleneck, when fast growth is important. Over two consecutive time periods (P1 and P2; 12 and 23 days, respectively), food availability was manipulated, using four different combinations of high (H) and low (L) rations (i.e., HH, HL, LH, and LL; first and second letter denoting ration during P1 and P2, respectively). Social effects were excluded through individual isolation. Following the treatment periods, fish in the HL treatment were on average 15-21 % more active than the other groups in a forced open-field test, but large within-treatment variation provided only weak statistical support for this effect. Furthermore, fish on L-ration during P2 tended to be more actively aggressive towards their mirror image than fish on H-ration. Body size was related to behavioral expression, with larger fish being more active and aggressive. Swimming activity and active aggression were positively correlated, forming a behavioral syndrome in the studied population. Based on these behavioral traits, we could also distinguish two behavioral clusters: one consisting of more active and aggressive individuals and the other consisting of less active and aggressive individuals. This indicates that brown trout fry adopt distinct behavioral strategies early in life. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This paper provides information on the state-dependence of behavior in animals, in particular young brown trout. On the one hand, our data suggest a weak energetic state feedback where activity and aggression is increased as a response to short term food restriction. This suggests a limited scope for behavioral alterations in the face of starvation. On the other hand, body size is linked to higher activity and aggression, likely as a positive feedback between size and dominance. The experiment was carried out during the main population survival bottleneck, and the results indicate that growth is important during this stage, as 1) behavioral compensation to increase growth is limited, and 2) growth likely increases the competitive ability. However, our data also suggests that the population separates into two clusters, based on combined scores of activity and aggression (which are positively linked within individuals). Thus, apart from an active and aggressive strategy, there seems to be another more passive behavioral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joacim Näslund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörgen I. Johnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Baktoft H, Jacobsen L, Skov C, Koed A, Jepsen N, Berg S, Boel M, Aarestrup K, Svendsen JC. Phenotypic variation in metabolism and morphology correlating with animal swimming activity in the wild: relevance for the OCLTT (oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance), allocation and performance models. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cov055. [PMID: 27382465 PMCID: PMC4922247 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is affecting animal physiology in many parts of the world. Using metabolism, the oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis provides a tool to predict the responses of ectothermic animals to variation in temperature, oxygen availability and pH in the aquatic environment. The hypothesis remains controversial, however, and has been questioned in several studies. A positive relationship between aerobic metabolic scope and animal activity would be consistent with the OCLTT but has rarely been tested. Moreover, the performance model and the allocation model predict positive and negative relationships, respectively, between standard metabolic rate and activity. Finally, animal activity could be affected by individual morphology because of covariation with cost of transport. Therefore, we hypothesized that individual variation in activity is correlated with variation in metabolism and morphology. To test this prediction, we captured 23 wild European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in a lake, tagged them with telemetry transmitters, measured standard and maximal metabolic rates, aerobic metabolic scope and fineness ratio and returned the fish to the lake to quantify individual in situ activity levels. Metabolic rates were measured using intermittent flow respirometry, whereas the activity assay involved high-resolution telemetry providing positions every 30 s over 12 days. We found no correlation between individual metabolic traits and activity, whereas individual fineness ratio correlated with activity. Independent of body length, and consistent with physics theory, slender fish maintained faster mean and maximal swimming speeds, but this variation did not result in a larger area (in square metres) explored per 24 h. Testing assumptions and predictions of recent conceptual models, our study indicates that individual metabolism is not a strong determinant of animal activity, in contrast to individual morphology, which is correlated with in situ activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lene Jacobsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Koed
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Jepsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Berg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Boel
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jon C. Svendsen
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund, Denmark
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22
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Metcalfe NB, Van Leeuwen TE, Killen SS. Does individual variation in metabolic phenotype predict fish behaviour and performance? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:298-321. [PMID: 26577442 PMCID: PMC4991269 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in documenting and explaining the existence of marked intraspecific variation in metabolic rate in animals, with fishes providing some of the best-studied examples. After accounting for variation due to other factors, there can typically be a two to three-fold variation among individual fishes for both standard and maximum metabolic rate (SMR and MMR). This variation is reasonably consistent over time (provided that conditions remain stable), and its underlying causes may be influenced by both genes and developmental conditions. In this paper, current knowledge of the extent and causes of individual variation in SMR, MMR and aerobic scope (AS), collectively its metabolic phenotype, is reviewed and potential links among metabolism, behaviour and performance are described. Intraspecific variation in metabolism has been found to be related to other traits: fishes with a relatively high SMR tend to be more dominant and grow faster in high food environments, but may lose their advantage and are more prone to risk-taking when conditions deteriorate. In contrast to the wide body of research examining links between SMR and behavioural traits, very little work has been directed towards understanding the ecological consequences of individual variation in MMR and AS. Although AS can differ among populations of the same species in response to performance demands, virtually nothing is known about the effects of AS on individual behaviours such as those associated with foraging or predator avoidance. Further, while factors such as food availability, temperature, hypoxia and the fish's social environment are known to alter resting and MMRs in fishes, there is a paucity of studies examining how these effects vary among individuals, and how this variation relates to behaviour. Given the observed links between metabolism and measures of performance, understanding the metabolic responses of individuals to changing environments will be a key area for future research because the environment will have a strong influence on which animals survive predation, become dominant and ultimately have the highest reproductive success. Although current evidence suggests that variation in SMR may be maintained within populations via context-dependent fitness benefits, it is suggested that a more integrative approach is now required to fully understand how the environment can modulate individual performance via effects on metabolic phenotypes encompassing SMR, MMR and AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - T E Van Leeuwen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment (SCENE), University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Loch Lomond, Glasgow G63 0AW, U.K
| | - S S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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23
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Familiarity, prior residency, resource availability and body mass as predictors of the movement activity of the European catfish. J ETHOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-015-0441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Does Angling Technique Selectively Target Fishes Based on Their Behavioural Type? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135848. [PMID: 26284779 PMCID: PMC4540471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been growing recognition that fish harvesting practices can have important impacts on the phenotypic distributions and diversity of natural populations through a phenomenon known as fisheries-induced evolution. Here we experimentally show that two common recreational angling techniques (active crank baits versus passive soft plastics) differentially target wild largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) based on variation in their behavioural tendencies. Fish were first angled in the wild using both techniques and then brought back to the laboratory and tested for individual-level differences in common estimates of personality (refuge emergence, flight-initiation-distance, latency-to-recapture and with a net, and general activity) in an in-lake experimental arena. We found that different angling techniques appear to selectively target these species based on their boldness (as characterized by refuge emergence, a standard measure of boldness in fishes) but not other assays of personality. We also observed that body size was independently a significant predictor of personality in both species, though this varied between traits and species. Our results suggest a context-dependency for vulnerability to capture relative to behaviour in these fish species. Ascertaining the selective pressures angling practices exert on natural populations is an important area of fisheries research with significant implications for ecology, evolution, and resource management.
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25
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Mathot KJ, Dingemanse NJ. Energetics and behavior: unrequited needs and new directions. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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27
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Farwell M, Fuzzen MLM, Bernier NJ, McLaughlin RL. Individual differences in foraging behavior and cortisol levels in recently emerged brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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McGhee KE, Pintor LM, Bell AM. Reciprocal behavioral plasticity and behavioral types during predator-prey interactions. Am Nat 2013; 182:704-17. [PMID: 24231533 DOI: 10.1086/673526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
How predators and prey interact has important consequences for population dynamics and community stability. Here we explored how predator-prey interactions are simultaneously affected by reciprocal behavioral plasticity (i.e., plasticity in prey defenses countered by plasticity in predator offenses and vice versa) and consistent individual behavioral variation (i.e., behavioral types) within both predator and prey populations. We assessed the behavior of a predator species (northern pike) and a prey species (three-spined stickleback) during one-on-one encounters. We also measured additional behavioral and morphological traits in each species. Using structural equation modeling, we found that reciprocal behavioral plasticity as well as predator and prey behavioral types influenced how individuals behaved during an interaction. Thus, the progression and ultimate outcome of predator-prey interactions depend on both the dynamic behavioral feedback occurring during the encounter and the underlying behavioral type of each participant. We also examined whether predator behavioral type is underlain by differences in metabolism and organ size. We provide some of the first evidence that behavioral type is related to resting metabolic rate and size of a sensory organ (the eyes). Understanding the extent to which reciprocal behavioral plasticity and intraspecific behavioral variation influence the outcome of species interactions could provide insight into the maintenance of behavioral variation as well as community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E McGhee
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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29
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van Overveld T, Careau V, Adriaensen F, Matthysen E. Seasonal- and sex-specific correlations between dispersal and exploratory behaviour in the great tit. Oecologia 2013; 174:109-20. [PMID: 24005652 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While the importance of personality in explaining individual dispersal strategies is increasingly recognized, limited information is still available on how patterns of personality-dependent dispersal may develop, hampering our understanding of the ecological significance of behavioural dispersal syndromes. Here, we examine the relative importance of personality at different stages of dispersal in the great tit, by analysing the sex-specific relationship between exploratory behaviour (EB; quantified in a novel environment) and dispersal distances in different seasons over the course of the first year of life (summer, autumn, winter, and until the first breeding attempt). In females, we found that EB was an important predictor of dispersal distances in summer and autumn, but only a weak to moderate correlation remained for females captured in winter or for natal dispersal distances based on first breeding records. We obtained a contrasting pattern at the population level, whereby male (but not female) immigrants captured in summer and autumn had higher EB scores than locally born birds, while this was not the case in birds captured in winter and those recruited as breeders into the population. In addition to providing further evidence for the existence of a behaviour dispersal syndrome in birds, our results show that correlations between EB and dispersal appear strongest at the early stages of the dispersal process, rather than being developed gradually. These findings show the importance of analysing the effect of phenotypic attributes on dispersal across different stages of the dispersal phenomenon and in each sex separately.
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30
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Beckmann C, Biro PA. On the Validity of a Single (Boldness) Assay in Personality Research. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Beckmann
- Centre for Integrative Ecology; School of Life & Environmental Sciences; Deakin University; Geelong; Vic.; Australia
| | - Peter A. Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology; School of Life & Environmental Sciences; Deakin University; Geelong; Vic.; Australia
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31
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Edelsparre AH, McLaughlin RL, Rodríguez MA. Risk taking not foraging behavior predicts dispersal of recently emerged stream brook charr (
Salvelinus fontinalis
). Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allan H. Edelsparre
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Robert L. McLaughlin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Marco A. Rodríguez
- Départment des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7 Canada
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32
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Le Galliard JF, Paquet M, Cisel M, Montes-Poloni L. Personality and the pace-of-life syndrome: variation and selection on exploration, metabolism and locomotor performances. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Paquet
- CNRS; UMR 7625; Laboratoire Ecologie et Evolution; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; 7 Quai St. Bernard; 75005; Paris; France
| | - Matthieu Cisel
- CNRS; UMR 7625; Laboratoire Ecologie et Evolution; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; 7 Quai St. Bernard; 75005; Paris; France
| | - Laetitia Montes-Poloni
- UPMC/CNRS; UMR 7193; Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; 4 place Jussieu, BC no. 19; 75005; Paris; France
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33
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Is risk taking during foraging a personality trait? A field test for cross-context consistency in boldness. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Careau V, Garland T. Performance, personality, and energetics: correlation, causation, and mechanism. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:543-71. [PMID: 23099454 DOI: 10.1086/666970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The study of phenotypic evolution should be an integrative endeavor that combines different approaches and crosses disciplinary and phylogenetic boundaries to consider complex traits and organisms that historically have been studied in isolation from each other. Analyses of individual variation within populations can act to bridge studies focused at the levels of morphology, physiology, biochemistry, organismal performance, behavior, and life history. For example, the study of individual variation recently facilitated the integration of behavior into the concept of a pace-of-life syndrome and effectively linked the field of energetics with research on animal personality. Here, we illustrate how studies on the pace-of-life syndrome and the energetics of personality can be integrated within a physiology-performance-behavior-fitness paradigm that includes consideration of ecological context. We first introduce key concepts and definitions and then review the rapidly expanding literature on the links between energy metabolism and personality traits commonly studied in nonhuman animals (activity, exploration, boldness, aggressiveness, sociability). We highlight some empirical literature involving mammals and squamates that demonstrates how emerging fields can develop in rather disparate ways because of historical accidents and/or particularities of different kinds of organisms. We then briefly discuss potentially interesting avenues for future conceptual and empirical research in relation to motivation, intraindividual variation, and mechanisms underlying trait correlations. The integration of performance traits within the pace-of-life-syndrome concept has the potential to fill a logical gap between the context dependency of selection and how energetics and personality are expected to interrelate. Studies of how performance abilities and/or aspects of Darwinian fitness relate to both metabolic rate and personality traits are particularly lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Careau
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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35
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Ensminger AL, Westneat DF. Individual and Sex Differences in Habituation and Neophobia in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Rockwell C, Gabriel PO, Black JM. Bolder, older, and selective: factors of individual-specific foraging behaviors in Steller’s jays. Behav Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ars015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Gabriel PO, Black JM. Behavioural Syndromes, Partner Compatibility and Reproductive Performance in Steller’s Jays. Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Scharf I, Ovadia O, Foitzik S. The advantage of alternative tactics of prey and predators depends on the spatial pattern of prey and social interactions among predators. POPUL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-011-0286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Conrad JL, Weinersmith KL, Brodin T, Saltz JB, Sih A. Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:395-435. [PMID: 21284626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the contribution of research on fishes to the growing field of behavioural syndromes. Current knowledge of behavioural syndromes in fishes is reviewed with respect to five main axes of animal personality: (1) shyness-boldness, (2) exploration-avoidance, (3) activity, (4) aggressiveness and (5) sociability. Compared with other taxa, research on fishes has played a leading role in describing the shy-bold personality axis and has made innovative contributions to the study of the sociability dimension by incorporating social network theory. Fishes are virtually the only major taxon in which behavioural correlations have been compared between populations. This research has guided the field in examining how variation in selection regime may shape personality. Recent research on fishes has also made important strides in understanding genetic and neuroendocrine bases for behavioural syndromes using approaches involving artificial selection, genetic mapping, candidate gene and functional genomics. This work has illustrated consistent individual variation in highly complex neuroendocrine and gene expression pathways. In contrast, relatively little work on fishes has examined the ontogenetic stability of behavioural syndromes or their fitness consequences. Finally, adopting a behavioural syndrome framework in fisheries management issues including artificial propagation, habitat restoration and invasive species, may promote restoration success. Few studies, however, have examined the ecological relevance of behavioural syndromes in the field. Knowledge of how behavioural syndromes play out in the wild will be crucial to incorporating such a framework into management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Conrad
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
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Abstract
I explore the relationship between metabolism and personality by establishing how selection acts on metabolic rate and risk-taking in the context of a trade-off between energy and predation. Using a simple time budget model, I show that a high resting metabolic rate is not necessarily associated with a high daily energy expenditure. The metabolic rate that minimizes the time spent foraging does not maximize the net gain rate while foraging, and it is not always advantageous for animals to have a higher metabolic rate when food availability is high. A model based on minimizing the ratio of mortality rate to net gain rate is used to determine how a willingness to take risks should be correlated with metabolic rate. My results establish that it is not always advantageous for animals to take greater risks when metabolic rate is high. When foraging intensity and metabolic rate coevolve, I show that in a particular case different combinations of foraging intensity and metabolic rate can have equal fitness.
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Tierney KB. Behavioural assessments of neurotoxic effects and neurodegeneration in zebrafish. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:381-9. [PMID: 21035547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered neurological function will generally be behaviourally apparent. Many of the behavioural models pioneered in mammalian models are portable to zebrafish. Tests are available to capture alterations in basic motor function, changes associated with exteroceptive and interoceptive sensory cues, and alterations in learning and memory performance. Excepting some endpoints involving learning, behavioural tests can be carried out at 4 days post fertilization. Given larvae can be reared quickly and in large numbers, and that software solutions are readily available from multiple vendors to automatically test behavioural responses in 96 larvae simultaneously, zebrafish are a potent and rapid model for screening neurological impairments. Coupling current and emerging behavioural endpoints with molecular techniques will permit and accelerate the determination of the mechanisms behind neurotoxicity and degeneration, as well as provide numerous means to test remedial drugs and other therapies. The emphasis of this review is to highlight unexplored/underutilized behavioural assays for future studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Zebrafish Models of Neurological Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Behavioural syndromes in Steller’s jays: the role of time frames in the assessment of behavioural traits. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Foraging behaviour and brain morphology in recently emerged brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wilson AD, Godin JGJ. Boldness and intermittent locomotion in the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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