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Barakati N, Bustos RZ, Coletta DK, Langlais PR, Kohler LN, Luo M, Funk JL, Willis WT, Mandarino LJ. Fuel Selection in Skeletal Muscle Exercising at Low Intensity; Reliance on Carbohydrate in Very Sedentary Individuals. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023; 21:16-24. [PMID: 36318809 PMCID: PMC9969886 DOI: 10.1089/met.2022.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Resting skeletal muscle in insulin resistance prefers to oxidize carbohydrate rather than lipid, exhibiting metabolic inflexibility. Although this is established in resting muscle, complexities involved in directly measuring fuel oxidation using indirect calorimetry across a muscle bed have limited studies of this phenomenon in working skeletal muscle. During mild exercise and at rest, whole-body indirect calorimetry imperfectly estimates muscle fuel oxidation. We provide evidence that a method termed "ΔRER" can reasonably estimate fuel oxidation in skeletal muscle activated by exercise. Methods: Completely sedentary volunteers (n = 20, age 31 ± 2 years, V̇O2peak 24.4 ± 1.5 mL O2 per min/kg) underwent glucose clamps to determine insulin sensitivity and graded exercise consisting of three periods of mild steady-state cycle ergometry (15, 30, 45 watts, or 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum power) with measurements of whole-body gas exchange. ΔRER, the RER in working muscle, was calculated as (V̇CO2exercise -V̇CO2rest)/(V̇O2exercise - V̇O2rest), from which the fraction of fuel accounted for by lipid was estimated. Results: Lactate levels were low and stable during steady-state exercise. Muscle biopsies were used to estimate mitochondrial content. The rise of V̇O2 at onset of exercise followed a monoexponential function, with a time constant of 51 ± 7 sec, typical of skeletal muscle; the average O2 cost of work was about 12 mL O2/watt/min, representing a mechanical efficiency of about 24%. At work rates of 30 or 45 watts, active muscle relied predominantly on carbohydrate, independent of insulin sensitivity within this group of very sedentary volunteers. Conclusions: The fraction of muscle fuel oxidation from fat was predicted by power output (P < 0.001) and citrate synthase activity (P < 0.05), indicating that low mitochondrial content may be the main driver of fuel choice in sedentary people, independent of insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neusha Barakati
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rocio Zapata Bustos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Dawn K. Coletta
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paul R. Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Kohler
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Epidemiology and Biostatistics and The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Moulun Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wayne T. Willis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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DeVoe E, Oliver GR, Zenka R, Blackburn PR, Cousin MA, Boczek NJ, Kocher JPA, Urrutia R, Klee EW, Zimmermann MT. P 2T 2: Protein Panoramic annoTation Tool for the interpretation of protein coding genetic variants. JAMIA Open 2021; 4:ooab065. [PMID: 34377961 PMCID: PMC8346652 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Genomic data are prevalent, leading to frequent encounters with uninterpreted variants or mutations with unknown mechanisms of effect. Researchers must manually aggregate data from multiple sources and across related proteins, mentally translating effects between the genome and proteome, to attempt to understand mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS P2T2 presents diverse data and annotation types in a unified protein-centric view, facilitating the interpretation of coding variants and hypothesis generation. Information from primary sequence, domain, motif, and structural levels are presented and also organized into the first Paralog Annotation Analysis across the human proteome. RESULTS Our tool assists research efforts to interpret genomic variation by aggregating diverse, relevant, and proteome-wide information into a unified interactive web-based interface. Additionally, we provide a REST API enabling automated data queries, or repurposing data for other studies. CONCLUSION The unified protein-centric interface presented in P2T2 will help researchers interpret novel variants identified through next-generation sequencing. Code and server link available at github.com/GenomicInterpretation/p2t2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias DeVoe
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Gavin R Oliver
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roman Zenka
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patrick R Blackburn
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Margot A Cousin
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicole J Boczek
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre A Kocher
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Medvedeva IV, Demenkov PS, Ivanisenko VA. SITEX 2.0: Projections of protein functional sites on eukaryotic genes. Extension with orthologous genes. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2017; 15:1650044. [PMID: 28110602 DOI: 10.1142/s021972001650044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional sites define the diversity of protein functions and are the central object of research of the structural and functional organization of proteins. The mechanisms underlying protein functional sites emergence and their variability during evolution are distinguished by duplication, shuffling, insertion and deletion of the exons in genes. The study of the correlation between a site structure and exon structure serves as the basis for the in-depth understanding of sites organization. In this regard, the development of programming resources that allow the realization of the mutual projection of exon structure of genes and primary and tertiary structures of encoded proteins is still the actual problem. Previously, we developed the SitEx system that provides information about protein and gene sequences with mapped exon borders and protein functional sites amino acid positions. The database included information on proteins with known 3D structure. However, data with respect to orthologs was not available. Therefore, we added the projection of sites positions to the exon structures of orthologs in SitEx 2.0. We implemented a search through database using site conservation variability and site discontinuity through exon structure. Inclusion of the information on orthologs allowed to expand the possibilities of SitEx usage for solving problems regarding the analysis of the structural and functional organization of proteins. Database URL: http://www-bionet.sscc.ru/sitex/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Medvedeva
- * Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,† Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel S Demenkov
- * Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,† Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Ivanisenko
- * Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Stank A, Richter S, Wade RC. ProSAT+: visualizing sequence annotations on 3D structure. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:281-4. [PMID: 27284084 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PRO: tein S: tructure A: nnotation T: ool-plus (ProSAT(+)) is a new web server for mapping protein sequence annotations onto a protein structure and visualizing them simultaneously with the structure. ProSAT(+) incorporates many of the features of the preceding ProSAT and ProSAT2 tools but also provides new options for the visualization and sharing of protein annotations. Data are extracted from the UniProt KnowledgeBase, the RCSB PDB and the PDBe SIFTS resource, and visualization is performed using JSmol. User-defined sequence annotations can be added directly to the URL, thus enabling visualization and easy data sharing. ProSAT(+) is available at http://prosat.h-its.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Stank
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, Heidelberg 69118, Germany Heidelberg Graduate School of Mathematical and Computational Methods for the Sciences, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stefan Richter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, Heidelberg 69118, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, Heidelberg 69118, Germany Center for Molecular Biology at Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Sirota FL, Maurer-Stroh S, Eisenhaber B, Eisenhaber F. Single-residue posttranslational modification sites at the N-terminus, C-terminus or in-between: To be or not to be exposed for enzyme access. Proteomics 2016; 15:2525-46. [PMID: 26038108 PMCID: PMC4745020 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are the result of an enzymatic reaction. The modifying enzyme has to recognize the substrate protein's sequence motif containing the residue(s) to be modified; thus, the enzyme's catalytic cleft engulfs these residue(s) and the respective sequence environment. This residue accessibility condition principally limits the range where enzymatic PTMs can occur in the protein sequence. Non‐globular, flexible, intrinsically disordered segments or large loops/accessible long side chains should be preferred whereas residues buried in the core of structures should be void of what we call canonical, enzyme‐generated PTMs. We investigate whether PTM sites annotated in UniProtKB (with MOD_RES/LIPID keys) are situated within sequence ranges that can be mapped to known 3D structures. We find that N‐ or C‐termini harbor essentially exclusively canonical PTMs. We also find that the overwhelming majority of all other PTMs are also canonical though, later in the protein's life cycle, the PTM sites can become buried due to complex formation. Among the remaining cases, some can be explained (i) with autocatalysis, (ii) with modification before folding or after temporary unfolding, or (iii) as products of interaction with small, diffusible reactants. Others require further research how these PTMs are mechanistically generated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L Sirota
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Matrix, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Matrix, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Matrix, Singapore
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science and Technology (A*STAR), Matrix, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,School of Computer Engineering (SCE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
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