1
|
Yuan J, Yang L, Yu P, Tang N, Liu L, Wang W, Wang P, Yang Q, Guo S, Li J. Comparison and development of scanning electron microscope techniques for delicate plant tissues. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 340:111963. [PMID: 38103698 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell deformation often occurs during sample preparation and imaging with scanning electron microscope (SEM), especially with delicate samples, which influences the accuracy of the results. Here we investigate the influence of several preparation methods on cell deformation, using water content and tissue hardness as indicators to classify "delicate" samples of plant species. The degree of deformation in samples resulting from five preparation methods was measured at the tissue and single-cell levels, revealing that a cryo- and methanol-fixation produced lower degrees of tissue dimension deformation and better preservation of cell shape for delicate samples, while for harder tissues, other preparation methods for a dehydrated specimen are also suitable. Stability and image quality of delicate samples could be improved with the application of a cryo-protectant combined with a lower cryo-stage temperature, e.g. - 30 °C. We show that the sample stability under the beam was improved by combining larger sample size and cryo-stage application. Furthermore, the influence of adaxial and abaxial tissue surfaces, the accelerating voltage, and sputter coating time on sample stability and image quality was evaluated. Our study is valuable for artifact reduction and easy application of SEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Na Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Le Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wenke Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qingxiang Yang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Engineering Research Center of Crop Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Watts S, Kariyat R. An attempt at fixing the oversimplification of Nightshades' (genus Solanum) epidermal hair complexity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1176674. [PMID: 37841602 PMCID: PMC10569493 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1176674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Watts
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaur S, Khanal N, Dearth R, Kariyat R. Morphological characterization of intraspecific variation for trichome traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:7. [PMID: 36988701 PMCID: PMC10060485 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes, the hairlike protuberances in plants, have been well known to act as the first line of defense against herbivores, and abiotic stresses, along with other structural defenses such as spines, thorns, and waxes. We previously reported the tremendous variation in trichome traits among different wild and cultivated Solanum species and demonstrated that trichomes types and density are traditionally miscalculated and often misnamed. However, intraspecific variation in trichome traits is poorly understood, although this has implications for stress tolerance and resistance breeding programs in economically important crop species and can also mediate ecological interactions at multiple trophic levels in their wild congeners. In this study, using tomato as a model, we characterized the trichomes from 10 commonly grown varieties using a minimal sample prep desktop scanning electron microscopy, and followed up with estimating their dimensions across the varieties and trichome types. We hypothesized that although trichome number may vary, the varieties will have similar trichome types, based on current literature. Our results show that there is significant variation for trichome number as well as dimensions of trichome types among these varieties. Furthermore, when we separately analyzed the number and dimensions of commonly found glandular and non-glandular trichomes, the results were consistent with broad assessment of trichomes, showing consistent variation among varieties, suggesting that trichome studies should not be limited to basic classification into glandular and non-glandular, and should accommodate the sub-types and their dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satinderpal Kaur
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Neetu Khanal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Robert Dearth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaur I, Kariyat R. Trichomes mediate plant-herbivore interactions in two Cucurbitaceae species through pre- and post-ingestive ways. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2023; 96:1077-1089. [PMID: 37168103 PMCID: PMC10047472 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-023-01611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant structural defenses such as trichomes exert a significant selection pressure on insect herbivores. However, whether variation in structural defense traits affects common herbivores in related plant species is less understood. Here, we examined the role of trichomes in plant-herbivore interactions in two commonly cultivated members in Cucurbitaceae: bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and cucumber (Cucumis sativa). In common garden experiments when the two species were grown together, we observed that they differed in their attractiveness to four major herbivore species (Trichoplusia ni, Acalymma vittatum, Diaphania indica, and Anasa tristis) and, consequently, their feeding behavior. We found that L. siceraria consistently harbored less herbivores, and the two lepidopteran herbivores (T. ni and D. indica) were found to take significantly longer time to commence feeding on them, a primary mode of pre-ingestive defense function of trichomes. To tease apart structural and chemical modes of defenses, we first used scanning electron microscopy to identify, quantify, and measure trichome traits including their morphology and density. We found that C. sativa has significantly lower number of trichomes compared to L. siceraria, regardless of trichome type and leaf surface. We then used artificial diet enriched with trichomes as caterpillar food and found that trichomes from these two species differentially affected growth and development of T. ni showing cascading effects of trichomes. Taken together, we show that trichomes, independent of chemical defenses, are an effective pre- and post-ingestive defense strategy against herbivores with negative consequences for their feeding, growth, and development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10340-023-01611-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishveen Kaur
- School of Earth Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fajemisin A, Racelis A, Kariyat R. Cascading Effects of Cover Crops on the Subsequent Cash Crop Defense against the Polyphagous Herbivore Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda). INSECTS 2023; 14:177. [PMID: 36835746 PMCID: PMC9959575 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have started to show that the benefits of cover crops can cascade to the cash crop growing seasons. However, the impact of cover crops on the subsequent cash crop defense against herbivores is not well understood. To test this, we conducted a field and laboratory study to assess the possible cascading effects of cover crops such as Vigna unguiculata, Sorghum drummondii, Raphanus sativus, and Crotalaria juncea on the subsequent cash crop (Sorghum bicolor) defense against the notorious polyphagous herbivore fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) across three farms in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Our field and laboratory studies showed that the cash crop planted in the cover crop treatment differentially affected S. frugiperda. More specifically, we found that cover crops have positive effects on the growth and development of S. frugiperda on the subsequent cash crop, including both larval and pupal parameters. However, our experiments on physical and chemical defenses in cash crops failed to show any significant differences between cover and control. Collectively, our results add an additional line of evidence on the effects of cover crops on pest dynamics outside the cash crop season, a key consideration for the selection and management of cover crops and cash crops, whose underlying mechanisms need to be examined further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adegboyega Fajemisin
- School of Earth Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Alexis Racelis
- School of Earth Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Watts S, Kariyat R. Morphological characterization of trichomes shows enormous variation in shape, density and dimensions across the leaves of 14 Solanum species. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab071. [PMID: 34917310 PMCID: PMC8670628 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are the epidermal appendages commonly observed on plant surfaces including leaves, stem and fruits. Plant trichomes have been well studied as a structural plant defence designed to protect plants against abiotic and biotic stressors such as UV rays, temperature extremities and herbivores. Trichomes are primarily classified into glandular and non-glandular trichomes, based on the presence or absence of a glandular head. The plant genus Solanum is the largest genus of family Solanaceae that houses ~3500 species of ecological and economic importance have a diverse set of trichomes that vary in density and morphology. However, due to the incomplete and contradictory classification system, trichomes have subjective names and have been largely limited to be grouped into glandular or non-glandular types. Through this study, we did a complete workup to classify and characterize trichomes on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of 14 wild and domesticated species of the genus Solanum. Using electron microscopy, statistical analyses and artistic rendition, we examined finer details of trichomes and measured their density and dimensions to compile a detailed data set which can be of use for estimating the variation in trichome types, and their density, with consequences for understanding their functional roles. Our study is the first of its kind that provides us with a better and well-defined classification, density and dimension analysis to complete the morphological classification of trichomes on both leaf surfaces of a diverse range of members in Solanum genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Watts
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Rupesh Kariyat
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
- School of Earth Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| |
Collapse
|