Development and validation of advanced three-dimensional navigation device integrated in da Vinci Xi® surgical robot for hepatobiliary surgery: pilot study

Experience-based transition to robotic surgery in an experienced program in minimally invasive hepatobiliary surgery

BACKGROUND

The adoption of robotic techniques in liver surgery introduces significant challenges for their safe integration within hepatobiliary surgery units. This study is designed to investigate the complexities associated with establishing a robotic surgery program.

METHODS

Data on robotic hepatobiliary surgeries were prospectively collected from October 2021 to October 2023. Historical cohorts from the institutional experiences for comparison were hand-assisted (HALS) and purely laparoscopic procedures (PLS). Inverse probability of treatment weighting and propensity score matching were employed to compare outcomes between PLS and robotic resections. The learning curve for robotic surgeries was evaluated by the cumulative sum method.

RESULTS

In this study, 454 patients were enrolled (113 robotic surgeries, 157 HALS, and 184 PLS). The posterosuperior segments resections were significantly higher in the robotic group (47.8%) compared to PLS (31.5%) and HALS (35.7%). There were no conversions in the robotic group, in PLS 2.7% and HALS 3.8%. The degree of difficulty according to the median of the IWATE score and IMM score was significantly higher in the robot group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). No significant differences in short-term outcomes were observed between robotic procedures and PLS in a matched subset of patients. Operative efficiency and blood loss improved significantly after the 75th robotic surgery patient, with high-difficulty cases (IWATE ≥ 10) incorporated from the beginning.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that robotic liver surgery in units with prior experience in minimally invasive liver surgery offers benefits, such as a lower conversion rate and a higher rate of successful difficult resections.