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Firdaus Z, Li X. Unraveling the Genetic Landscape of Neurological Disorders: Insights into Pathogenesis, Techniques for Variant Identification, and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2320. [PMID: 38396996 PMCID: PMC10889342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Genetic exploration has indeed contributed to unraveling the molecular complexities responsible for the etiology and progression of various NDDs. The intricate nature of rare and common variants in NDDs contributes to a limited understanding of the genetic risk factors associated with them. Advancements in next-generation sequencing have made whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing possible, allowing the identification of rare variants with substantial effects, and improving the understanding of both Mendelian and complex neurological conditions. The resurgence of gene therapy holds the promise of targeting the etiology of diseases and ensuring a sustained correction. This approach is particularly enticing for neurodegenerative diseases, where traditional pharmacological methods have fallen short. In the context of our exploration of the genetic epidemiology of the three most prevalent NDDs-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, our primary goal is to underscore the progress made in the development of next-generation sequencing. This progress aims to enhance our understanding of the disease mechanisms and explore gene-based therapies for NDDs. Throughout this review, we focus on genetic variations, methodologies for their identification, the associated pathophysiology, and the promising potential of gene therapy. Ultimately, our objective is to provide a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the emerging research arena of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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2
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Deng IB, Follett J, Bu M, Farrer MJ. DNAJC12 in Monoamine Metabolism, Neurodevelopment, and Neurodegeneration. Mov Disord 2024; 39:249-258. [PMID: 38014588 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that pathogenic variants in DNAJC12, a co-chaperone for monoamine synthesis, may cause mild hyperphenylalaninemia with infantile dystonia, young-onset parkinsonism, developmental delay and cognitive deficits. DNAJC12 has been included in newborn screening, most revealingly in Spain, and those results highlight the importance of genetic diagnosis and early intervention in combating human disease. However, practitioners may be unaware of these advances and it is probable that many patients, especially adults, have yet to receive molecular testing for DNAJC12. Hence, this review summarizes genotype-phenotype relationships and treatment paradigms for patients with pathogenic variants in DNAJC12. It provides an overview of the structure of DNAJC12 protein, known genetic variants, domains, and binding partners, and elaborates on its role in monoamine synthesis, disease etiology, and pathogenesis. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Bul Deng
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jordan Follett
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mengfei Bu
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Pan H, Zeng Q, Zhou X, Xiang Y, Zhou Z, Xu Q, Sun Q, Tan J, Yan X, Li J, Guo J, Tang B, Yu Q, Liu Z. Genetic analysis of dystonia-related genes in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1207114. [PMID: 37304079 PMCID: PMC10250656 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1207114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Parkinson's disease (PD) and dystonia are two closely related movement disorders with overlaps in clinical phenotype. Variants in several dystonia-related genes were demonstrated to be associated with PD; however, genetic evidence for the involvement of dystonia-related genes in PD has not been fully studied. Here, we comprehensively investigated the association between rare variants in dystonia-related genes and PD in a large Chinese cohort. Methods We comprehensively analyzed the rare variants of 47 known dystonia-related genes by mining the whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 3,959 PD patients and 2,931 healthy controls. We initially identified potentially pathogenic variants of dystonia-related genes in patients with PD based on different inheritance models. Sequence kernel association tests were conducted in the next step to detect the association between the burden of rare variants and the risk for PD. Results We found that five patients with PD carried potentially pathogenic biallelic variants in recessive dystonia-related genes including COL6A3 and TH. Additionally, we identified 180 deleterious variants in dominant dystonia-related genes based on computational pathogenicity predictions and four of which were considered as potentially pathogenic variants (p.W591X and p.G820S in ANO3, p.R678H in ADCY5, and p.R458Q in SLC2A1). A gene-based burden analysis revealed the increased burden of variant subgroups of TH, SQSTM1, THAP1, and ADCY5 in sporadic early-onset PD, whereas COL6A3 was associated with sporadic late-onset PD. However, none of them reached statistical significance after the Bonferroni correction. Conclusion Our findings indicated that rare variants in several dystonia-related genes are suggestively associated with PD, and taken together, the role of COL6A3 and TH genes in PD is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yige Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqin Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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Guadagnolo D, Piane M, Torrisi MR, Pizzuti A, Petrucci S. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Monogenic Parkinson Disease: A Review on Clinical and Molecular Findings. Front Neurol 2021; 12:648588. [PMID: 34630269 PMCID: PMC8494251 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.648588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, usually with multifactorial etiology. It is characterized by prominent movement disorders and non-motor symptoms. Movement disorders commonly include bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Non-motor symptoms can include behavior disorders, sleep disturbances, hyposmia, cognitive impairment, and depression. A fraction of PD cases instead is due to Parkinsonian conditions with Mendelian inheritance. The study of the genetic causes of these phenotypes has shed light onto common pathogenetic mechanisms underlying Parkinsonian conditions. Monogenic Parkinsonisms can present autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or even X-linked inheritance patterns. Clinical presentations vary from forms indistinguishable from idiopathic PD to severe childhood-onset conditions with other neurological signs. We provided a comprehensive description of each condition, discussing current knowledge on genotype-phenotype correlations. Despite the broad clinical spectrum and the many genes involved, the phenotype appears to be related to the disrupted cell function and inheritance pattern, and several assumptions about genotype-phenotype correlations can be made. The interest in these assumptions is not merely speculative, in the light of novel promising targeted therapies currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Guadagnolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto i Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto i Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
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5
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Torrealba-Acosta G, Yu E, Lobo-Prada T, Ruíz-Martínez J, Gorostidi-Pagola A, Gan-Or Z, Carazo-Céspedes K, Trempe JF, Mata IF, Fornaguera-Trías J. Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Costa Rican Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:656342. [PMID: 34421783 PMCID: PMC8371686 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.656342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most research in genomics of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been done in subjects of European ancestry, leading to sampling bias and leaving Latin American populations underrepresented. We sought to clinically characterize PD patients of Costa Rican origin and to sequence familial PD and atypical parkinsonism-associated genes in cases and controls. Methods: We enrolled 118 PD patients with 97 unrelated controls. Collected information included demographics, exposure to risk and protective factors, and motor and cognitive assessments. We sequenced coding and untranslated regions in familial PD and atypical parkinsonism-associated genes including GBA, SNCA, VPS35, LRRK2, GCH1, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, VPS13C, and ATP13A2. Results: Mean age of PD probands was 62.12 ± 13.51 years; 57.6% were male. The frequency of risk and protective factors averaged ~45%. Physical activity significantly correlated with better motor performance despite years of disease. Increased years of education were significantly associated with better cognitive function, whereas hallucinations, falls, mood disorders, and coffee consumption correlated with worse cognitive performance. We did not identify an association between tested genes and PD or any damaging homozygous or compound heterozygous variants. Rare variants in LRRK2 were nominally associated with PD; six were located between amino acids p.1620 and 1623 in the C-terminal-of-ROC (COR) domain of Lrrk2. Non-synonymous GBA variants (p.T369M, p.N370S, and p.L444P) were identified in three healthy individuals. One PD patient carried a pathogenic GCH1 variant, p.K224R. Discussion: This is the first study that describes sociodemographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, and genetics of Costa Rican patients with PD, adding information to genomics research in a Latino population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Torrealba-Acosta
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eric Yu
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tanya Lobo-Prada
- Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Biochemistry, Medicine School, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Javier Ruíz-Martínez
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Gorostidi-Pagola
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, San Sebastian, Spain.,Genomic Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kenneth Carazo-Céspedes
- Department of Neurology, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ignacio F Mata
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jaime Fornaguera-Trías
- Neurosciences Research Center, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Department of Biochemistry, Medicine School, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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6
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Rudakou U, Yu E, Krohn L, Ruskey JA, Asayesh F, Dauvilliers Y, Spiegelman D, Greenbaum L, Fahn S, Waters CH, Dupré N, Rouleau GA, Hassin-Baer S, Fon EA, Alcalay RN, Gan-Or Z. Targeted sequencing of Parkinson's disease loci genes highlights SYT11, FGF20 and other associations. Brain 2021; 144:462-472. [PMID: 33349842 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous loci associated with Parkinson's disease. The specific genes and variants that drive the associations within the vast majority of these loci are unknown. We aimed to perform a comprehensive analysis of selected genes to determine the potential role of rare and common genetic variants within these loci. We fully sequenced 32 genes from 25 loci previously associated with Parkinson's disease in 2657 patients and 3647 controls from three cohorts. Capture was done using molecular inversion probes targeting the exons, exon-intron boundaries and untranslated regions (UTRs) of the genes of interest, followed by sequencing. Quality control was performed to include only high-quality variants. We examined the role of rare variants (minor allele frequency < 0.01) using optimized sequence Kernel association tests. The association of common variants was estimated using regression models adjusted for age, sex and ethnicity as required in each cohort, followed by a meta-analysis. After Bonferroni correction, we identified a burden of rare variants in SYT11, FGF20 and GCH1 associated with Parkinson's disease. Nominal associations were identified in 21 additional genes. Previous reports suggested that the SYT11 GWAS association is driven by variants in the nearby GBA gene. However, the association of SYT11 was mainly driven by a rare 3' UTR variant (rs945006601) and was independent of GBA variants (P = 5.23 × 10-5 after exclusion of all GBA variant carriers). The association of FGF20 was driven by a rare 5' UTR variant (rs1034608171) located in the promoter region. The previously reported association of GCH1 with Parkinson's disease is driven by rare non-synonymous variants, some of which are known to cause dopamine-responsive dystonia. We also identified two LRRK2 variants, p.Arg793Met and p.Gln1353Lys, in 10 and eight controls, respectively, but not in patients. We identified common variants associated with Parkinson's disease in MAPT, TMEM175, BST1, SNCA and GPNMB, which are all in strong linkage disequilibrium with known GWAS hits in their respective loci. A common coding PM20D1 variant, p.Ile149Val, was nominally associated with reduced risk of Parkinson's disease (odds ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.60-0.89, P = 1.161 × 10-3). This variant is not in linkage disequilibrium with the top GWAS hits within this locus and may represent a novel association. These results further demonstrate the importance of fine mapping of GWAS loci, and suggest that SYT11, FGF20, and potentially PM20D1, BST1 and GPNMB should be considered for future studies as possible Parkinson's disease-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzislau Rudakou
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Eric Yu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Ruskey
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Farnaz Asayesh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Lior Greenbaum
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cheryl H Waters
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Division of Neurosciences, CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Movement Disorders Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Edward A Fon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
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7
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Pan HX, Zhao YW, Mei JP, Fang ZH, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhou YJ, Zhang R, Zhang KL, Jiang L, Zeng Q, He Y, Wang Z, Liu ZH, Xu Q, Sun QY, Yang Y, Hu YC, Chen YS, Du J, Lei LF, Zhang HN, Wang CY, Yan XX, Shen L, Jiang H, Tan JQ, Li JC, Tang BS, Guo JF. GCH1 variants contribute to the risk and earlier age-at-onset of Parkinson's disease: a two-cohort case-control study. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:31. [PMID: 32746945 PMCID: PMC7401216 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Common and rare variants of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) gene may play important roles in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of GCH1 genotypes, especially in non-coding regions. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic characteristics of GCH1, including rare and common variants in coding and non-coding regions, in a large population of PD patients in Chinese mainland, as well as the phenotypic characteristics of GCH1 variant carriers. Methods In the first cohort of this case-control study, we performed whole-exome sequencing in 1555 patients with early-onset or familial PD and 2234 healthy controls; then in the second cohort, whole-genome sequencing was performed in sporadic late-onset PD samples (1962 patients), as well as 1279 controls. Variants at target GCH1 regions were extracted, and then genetic and detailed phenotypic data were analyzed using regression models and the sequence kernel association test. We also performed a meta-analysis to correlate deleterious GCH1 variants with age at onset (AAO) in PD patients. Results For coding variants, we identified a significant burden of GCH1 deleterious variants in early-onset or familial PD cases compared to controls (1.2% vs 0.1%, P < 0.0001). In the analysis of possible regulatory variants in GCH1 non-coding regions, rs12323905 (P = 0.001, odds ratio = 1.19, 95%CI 1.07–1.32) was significantly associated with PD, and variant sets in untranslated regions and intron regions, GCH1 brain-specific expression quantitative trait loci, and two possible promoter/enhancer (GH14J054857 and GH14J054880) were suggestively associated with PD. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis revealed that the carriers of GCH1 deleterious variants manifested younger AAO (P < 0.0001), and had milder motor symptoms, milder fatigue symptoms and more autonomic nervous dysfunctions. Meta-analysis of six studies demonstrated 6.4-year earlier onset in GCH1 deleterious variant carriers (P = 0.0009). Conclusions The results highlight the importance of deleterious variants and non-coding variants of GCH1 in PD in Chinese mainland and suggest that GCH1 mutation can influence the PD phenotype, which may help design experimental studies to elucidate the mechanisms of GCH1 in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yu-Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jun-Pu Mei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zheng-Huan Fang
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yige Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yang-Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Kai-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qi-Ying Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ya-Cen Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ya-Se Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Li-Fang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Tan
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jin-Chen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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8
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Epigenetics in Lewy Body Diseases: Impact on Gene Expression, Utility as a Biomarker, and Possibilities for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134718. [PMID: 32630630 PMCID: PMC7369933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewy body disorders (LBD) include Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). They are synucleinopathies with a heterogeneous clinical manifestation. As a cause of neuropathological overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases, the establishment of a correct clinical diagnosis is still challenging, and clinical management may be difficult. The combination of genetic variation and epigenetic changes comprising gene expression-modulating DNA methylation and histone alterations modifies the phenotype, disease course, and susceptibility to disease. In this review, we summarize the results achieved in the deciphering of the LBD epigenome. To provide an appropriate context, first LBD genetics is briefly outlined. Afterwards, a detailed review of epigenetic modifications identified for LBD in human cells, postmortem, and peripheral tissues is provided. We also focus on the difficulty of identifying epigenome-related biomarker candidates and discuss the results obtained so far. Additionally, epigenetic changes as therapeutic targets, as well as different epigenome-based treatments, are revised. The number of studies focusing on PD is relatively limited and practically inexistent for DLB. There is a lack of replication studies, and some results are even contradictory, probably due to differences in sample collection and analytical techniques. In summary, we show the current achievements and directions for future research.
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9
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Xu Q, Li K, Sun Q, Ding D, Zhao Y, Yang N, Luo Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wang C, Xia K, Yan X, Jiang H, Shen L, Tang B, Guo J. Rare GCH1 heterozygous variants contributing to Parkinson's disease. Brain 2019; 140:e41. [PMID: 28582483 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Dongxue Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xia
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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10
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Shetty AS, Bhatia KP, Lang AE. Dystonia and Parkinson's disease: What is the relationship? Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104462. [PMID: 31078682 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia and Parkinson's disease are closely linked disorders sharing many pathophysiological overlaps. Dystonia can be seen in 30% or more of the patients suffering with PD and sometimes can precede the overt parkinsonism. The response of early dystonia to the introduction of dopamine replacement therapy (levodopa, dopamine agonists) is variable; dystonia commonly occurs in PD patients following levodopa initiation. Similarly, parkinsonism is commonly seen in patients with mutations in various DYT genes including those involved in the dopamine synthesis pathway. Pharmacological blockade of dopamine receptors can cause both tardive dystonia and parkinsonism and these movement disorders syndromes can occur in many other neurodegenerative, genetic, toxic and metabolic diseases. Pallidotomy in the past and currently deep brain stimulation largely involving the GPi are effective treatment options for both dystonia and parkinsonism. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the response of these two different movement disorder syndromes are poorly understood. Interestingly, DBS for PD can cause dystonia such as blepharospasm and bilateral pallidal DBS for dystonia can result in features of parkinsonism. Advances in our understanding of these responses may provide better explanations for the relationship between dystonia and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash S Shetty
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical Movement Disorders and Motor Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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Lunati A, Lesage S, Brice A. The genetic landscape of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:628-643. [PMID: 30245141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown in most patients. Since 1997, with the first genetic mutation known to cause PD described in SNCA gene, many other genes with Mendelian inheritance have been identified. We summarize genetic, clinical and neuropathological findings related to the 27 genes reported in the literature since 1997, associated either with autosomal dominant (AD): LRRK2, SNCA, VPS35, GCH1, ATXN2, DNAJC13, TMEM230, GIGYF2, HTRA2, RIC3, EIF4G1, UCHL1, CHCHD2, and GBA; or autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance: PRKN, PINK1, DJ1, ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7, DNAJC6, SYNJ1, SPG11, VPS13C, PODXL, and PTRHD1; or an X-linked transmission: RAB39B. Clinical and neuropathological variability among genes is great. LRRK2 mutation carriers present a phenotype similar to those with idiopathic PD whereas, depending on the SNCA mutations, the phenotype ranges from early onset typical PD to dementia with Lewy bodies, including many other atypical forms. DNAJC6 nonsense mutations lead to a very severe phenotype whereas DNAJC6 missense mutations cause a more typical form. PRKN, PINK1 and DJ1 cases present with typical early onset PD with slow progression, whereas other AR genes present severe atypical Parkinsonism. RAB39B is responsible for a typical phenotype in women and a variable phenotype in men. GBA is a major PD risk factor often associated with dementia. A growing number of reported genes described as causal genes (DNAJC13, TMEM230, GIGYF2, HTRA2, RIC3, EIF4G1, UCHL1, and CHCHD2) are still awaiting replication or indeed have not been replicated, thus raising questions as to their pathogenicity. Phenotypic data collection and next generation sequencing of large numbers of cases and controls are needed to differentiate pathogenic dominant mutations with incomplete penetrance from rare, non-pathogenic variants. Although known genes cause a minority of PD cases, their identification will lead to a better understanding their pathological mechanisms, and may contribute to patient care, genetic counselling, prognosis determination and finding new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lunati
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Sorbonne université, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - S Lesage
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Sorbonne université, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Brice
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC université Paris 06 UMR S1127, Sorbonne université, institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France; Département de génétique, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France.
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12
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Rudakou U, Ouled Amar Bencheikh B, Ruskey JA, Krohn L, Laurent SB, Spiegelman D, Liong C, Fahn S, Waters C, Monchi O, Fon EA, Dauvilliers Y, Alcalay RN, Dupré N, Gan-Or Z. Common and rare GCH1 variants are associated with Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 73:231.e1-231.e6. [PMID: 30314816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
GCH1 encodes the enzyme guanosine triphospahte (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1, essential for dopamine synthesis in nigrostriatal cells, and rare mutations in GCH1 may lead to Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). While GCH1 is implicated in genomewide association studies in Parkinson's disease (PD), only a few studies examined the role of rare GCH1 variants in PD, with conflicting results. In the present study, GCH1 and its 5' and 3' untranslated regions were sequenced in 1113 patients with PD and 1111 controls. To examine the association of rare GCH1 variants with PD, burden analysis was performed. Three rare GCH1 variants, which were previously reported to be pathogenic in DRD, were found in five patients with PD and not in controls (sequence Kernel association test, p = 0.024). A common haplotype, tagged by rs841, was associated with a reduced risk for PD (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.61-0.83, p = 1.24 × 10-4), and with increased GCH1 expression in brain regions relevant for PD (www.gtexportal.org). Our results support a role for rare, DRD-related variants, and common GCH1 variants in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzislau Rudakou
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bouchra Ouled Amar Bencheikh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Ruskey
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sandra B Laurent
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Liong
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl Waters
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oury Monchi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; McGill Parkinson Program and Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Division of Neurosciences, CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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13
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Yoshino H, Nishioka K, Li Y, Oji Y, Oyama G, Hatano T, Machida Y, Shimo Y, Hayashida A, Ikeda A, Mogushi K, Shibagaki Y, Hosaka A, Iwanaga H, Fujitake J, Ohi T, Miyazaki D, Sekijima Y, Oki M, Kusaka H, Fujimoto KI, Ugawa Y, Funayama M, Hattori N. GCH1 mutations in dopa-responsive dystonia and Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2018; 265:1860-1870. [PMID: 29948246 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) mutations are associated with increased risk for dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Herein, we investigated the frequency of GCH1 mutations and clinical symptoms in patients with clinically diagnosed PD and DRD. We used the Sanger method to screen entire exons in 268 patients with PD and 26 patients with DRD, with the examinations of brain magnetic resonance imaging scans, striatal dopamine transporter scans, and [123I] metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardiac scintigraphy scans. We identified 15 patients with heterozygous GCH1 mutations from seven probands and five sporadic cases. The prevalence of GCH1 mutations in probands was different between PD [1.9% (5/268)] and DRD [26.9% (7/26)] (p value < 0.0001). The onset age tends to be different between PD and DRD patients: 35.4 ± 25.3 and 16.5 ± 13.6, respectively (average ± SD; p = 0.08). Most of the patients were women (14/15). Dystonia was common symptom, and dysautonomia and cognitive decline were uncommon in our PD and DRD. All patients presented mild parkinsonism or dystonia with excellent response to levodopa. Seven of seven DRD and three of five PD presented normal heart-to-mediastinum ratio on MIBG myocardial scintigraphy. Five of six DRD and three of four PD demonstrated normal densities of dopamine transporter. Our findings elucidated the clinical characteristics of PD and DRD patients due to GCH1 mutations. PD patients with GCH1 mutations also had different symptoms from those seen in typical PD. The patients with GCH1 mutations had heterogeneous clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyo Yoshino
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oji
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Genko Oyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yutaka Machida
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Rinkai Hospital, 1-4-2 Rinkai-cho, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 113-0086, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimo
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Arisa Hayashida
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Aya Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mogushi
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shibagaki
- Department of Neurology, Hitachinaka General Hospital, 20-1 Ishikawa-cho, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, 312-0057, Japan
| | - Ai Hosaka
- Department of Neurology, Hitachinaka General Hospital, 20-1 Ishikawa-cho, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, 312-0057, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Hitachinaka Medical Education and Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 20-1 Ishikawa-cho, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, 312-0057, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwanaga
- Department of Neurology, Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Junko Fujitake
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto City Hospital, 1-2 Higashitakada-cho, Mibu, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8845, Japan
| | - Takekazu Ohi
- Department of Neurology, Uji Hospital, 54-2 Shibanohigashi, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Daigo Miyazaki
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Oki
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kusaka
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fujimoto
- Jichi-idai Station Brain Clinic, 3-2-2 Idai mae, Shimono-shi, Tochigi, 329-0403, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neuro regeneration, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Manabu Funayama
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center for genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center for genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Mottet
- University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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15
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Rengmark A, Pihlstrøm L, Linder J, Forsgren L, Toft M. Low frequency of GCH1 and TH mutations in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 29:109-11. [PMID: 27185167 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are unknown in the majority of patients. The GCH1 gene encodes GTP-cyclohydrolase I, an important enzyme in dopamine synthesis. Co-occurrence of dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and a PD phenotype has been reported in families with GCH1 mutations. Recently, rare coding variants in GCH1 were found to be enriched in PD patients, indicating a role for the enzyme in the neurodegenerative process. METHODS To further elucidate the contribution of GCH1 mutations to sporadic PD, we examined its coding exons in a targeted deep sequencing study of 509 PD patients (mean age at onset 56.7 ± 12.0 years) and 230 controls. We further included the tyrosine hydroxylase gene TH, also known to cause DRD. Gene dose assessments were performed to screen for large copy number variants in a subset of 48 patients with early-onset PD. RESULTS No putatively pathogenic GCH1 mutations were found. The frequency of rare heterozygous variants in the TH gene was 0.69% (7/1018) in the patient group and 0.22% (1/460) in the control group (p = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS Previous studies have found that coding variants in the GCH1 gene may be considered a risk factor for PD. Our study indicates that mutations in GCH1 are rare in late-onset PD. Several patients carried heterozygous variants in the TH gene that may affect protein function. Our study was not designed to determine with certainty if any of these variants play a role as risk factors for late-onset PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Rengmark
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Linder
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Kumaran R, Cookson MR. Pathways to Parkinsonism Redux: convergent pathobiological mechanisms in genetics of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R32-44. [PMID: 26101198 PMCID: PMC4571999 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, there have been a large number of genes identified that contribute to the lifetime risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Some genes follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern, but others are risk factors for apparently sporadic PD. Here, we will focus on those genes nominated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in sporadic PD, with a particular emphasis on genes that overlap between familial and sporadic disease such as those encoding a-synuclein (SNCA), tau (MAPT), and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). We will advance the view that there are likely relationships between these genes that map not only to neuronal processes, but also to neuroinflammation. We will particularly discuss evidence for a role of PD proteins in microglial activation and regulation of the autophagy-lysosome system that is dependent on microtubule transport in neurons. Thus, there are at least two non-mutually exclusive pathways that include both non-cell-autonomous and cell-autonomous mechanisms in the PD brain. Collectively, these data have highlighted the amount of progress made in understanding PD and suggest ways forward to further dissect this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
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Mencacci NE, Pittman AM, Isaias IU, Hardy J, Klebe S, Bhatia KP, Wood NW. Reply: Parkinson's disease in GTP cyclohydrolase 1 mutation carriers. Brain 2014; 138:e352. [PMID: 25398234 PMCID: PMC4407186 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo E Mencacci
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK 2 IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience - Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, 'Dino Ferrari' Centre, Universita` degli Studi di Milano, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Alan M Pittman
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany 5 Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - John Hardy
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephan Klebe
- 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- 6 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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