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Liu S, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang M, Song C, Tang J. Dimethyl itaconate: An effective antioxidant for promoting angiogenesis under oxidative stress. Talanta 2025; 293:128024. [PMID: 40174364 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2025.128024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2025] [Revised: 03/09/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important physiological process in the human body. When ischemic diseases occur, the ischemic and hypoxic environment induces excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, which inhibits angiogenesis and leads to poor prognosis. Therefore, finding antioxidants that can eliminate excessive ROS to promote angiogenesis is crucial for the treatment of ischemic diseases. In this work, we investigate the antioxidant effects of dimethyl itaconate (DMI) by using an oxidative stress model in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our results demonstrate that DMI significantly reduces excessive ROS in cells under oxidative stress. DMI could protect mechanical properties of HUVECs from oxidative stress. The Young's modulus of HUVECs was 10.0 ± 1.4 kPa after treatment with H2O2. However, the Young's modulus increased to 24.42 ± 1.4 kPa when HUVECs were co-incubated with H2O2 and DMI (40 μg mL-1). DMI also maintained cell morphology and cytoskeletal integrity. Meanwhile, DMI alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The excellent antioxidant effects of DMI result from upregulating the expression levels of superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase, significantly leading to the removal of intracellular excessive ROS. With protecting HUVECs from oxidative stress damage, DMI promotes cell migration and angiogenesis. Consequently, this work not only elaborates on the mechanism by which DMI promotes angiogenesis by anti-oxidative stress, but also provides a new therapeutic option for the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yicong Liu
- Department of Special Needs Ward and General Practice, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Zongjia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Special Needs Ward and General Practice, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Jilin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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Dimeji IY, Abass KS, Audu NM, Ayodeji AS. L-Arginine and immune modulation: A pharmacological perspective on inflammation and autoimmune disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2025; 997:177615. [PMID: 40216179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2025] [Revised: 04/01/2025] [Accepted: 04/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/22/2025]
Abstract
L- Arginine (2-Amino-5-guanidinovaleric acid, L-Arg) is a semi-essential amino acid that is mainly produced within the urea cycle. It acts as a key precursor in the synthesis of proteins, urea, creatine, prolamines (including putrescine, spermine, and spermidine), proline, and nitric oxide (NO). WhenL-Arg is metabolized, it produces NO, glutamate, and prolamines, which all play important regulatory roles in various physiological functions. In addition to its metabolic roles,L-Arg significantly influences immune responses, especially in the context of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. It affects the activity of immune cells by modulating T-cell function, the polarization of macrophages, and the release of cytokines. Importantly,L-Arg plays a dual role in immune regulation, functioning as both an immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive agent depending on the specific cellular and biochemical environments. This review examines the immunopharmacological mechanisms of L-Arg, emphasizing its involvement in inflammatory responses and its potential therapeutic uses in autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. By influencing the pathways of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase (ARG), L-Arg helps maintain immune balance and contributes to the pathophysiology of diseases. Gaining a better understanding of the pharmacological effects of L-Arg on immune regulation could yield new perspectives on targeted treatments for immune-related diseases. Exploring its impact on immune signaling and metabolic pathways may result in novel therapeutic approaches for chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igbayilola Yusuff Dimeji
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Baze University, Nigeria.
| | - Kasim Sakran Abass
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
| | - Ngabea Murtala Audu
- Department of Medicine Maitama District Hospital/ College of Medicine Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adekola Saheed Ayodeji
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Laboratory Science Program, Faculty of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Dawi J, Tumanyan K, Tomas K, Misakyan Y, Gargaloyan A, Gonzalez E, Hammi M, Tomas S, Venketaraman V. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Pathophysiology, Immune Dysregulation, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2025; 13:1076. [PMID: 40426903 PMCID: PMC12109115 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13051076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2025] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are among the most common and debilitating complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting approximately 15-25% of patients and contributing to over 85% of non-traumatic amputations. DFUs impose a substantial clinical and economic burden due to high recurrence rates, prolonged wound care, and frequent hospitalizations, accounting for billions in healthcare costs worldwide. The multifactorial pathophysiology of DFUs involves peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, chronic inflammation, and impaired tissue regeneration. Recent studies underscore the importance of immune dysregulation-specifically macrophage polarization imbalance, regulatory T cell dysfunction, and neutrophil impairment-as central mechanisms in wound chronicity. These immune disruptions sustain a pro-inflammatory environment dominated by cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which impair angiogenesis and delay repair. This review provides an updated synthesis of DFU pathogenesis, emphasizing immune dysfunction and its therapeutic implications. We examine emerging strategies in immunomodulation, regenerative medicine, and AI-based wound technologies, including SGLT2 inhibitors, biologics, stem cell therapies, and smart dressing systems. These approaches hold promise for accelerating healing, reducing amputation risk, and personalizing future DFU care.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dawi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Kevin Tumanyan
- College of Podiatric Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (K.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kirakos Tomas
- College of Podiatric Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (K.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Yura Misakyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Areg Gargaloyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Edgar Gonzalez
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Mary Hammi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Serly Tomas
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (J.D.); (Y.M.); (A.G.); (E.G.); (M.H.)
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