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Zheng S, Tran A, Curry AM, White DS, Cen Y. Convenient synthesis of pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates with important epigenetic marks at the 5-position. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5164-5173. [PMID: 32584362 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methyl groups of thymine and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) bases in DNA undergo endogenous oxidation damage. Additionally, 5mC residues can be enzymatically deaminated or oxidized through either genetic alterations or the newly identified epigenetic reprogramming pathway. Several methods have been developed to measure the formation of modified DNA nucleobases including 32P-postlabeling. However, the postlabeling method is often limited by the absence of authentic chemical standards. The synthesis of monophosphate standards of nucleotide oxidation products is complicated by the presence of additional functional groups on the modified bases that require complex protection and deprotection strategies. Due to the emerging interest in the pyrimidine oxidation products, the corresponding protected 3'-phosphoramidites needed for solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis have been reported, and several are commercially available. We report here an efficient synthesis of 3'-monophosphates from 3'-phosphoramidites and the subsequent enzymatic conversion of 3'-monophosphates to the corresponding 5'-monophosphates using commercially available enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Ai Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Alyson M Curry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Dawanna S White
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Yana Cen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA. and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL, Wagner JR. Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage to nucleic acids in cells: facts and artifacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-012-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL. Measurement of oxidatively generated base damage in cellular DNA. Mutat Res 2011; 711:3-12. [PMID: 21329709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This survey focuses on the critical evaluation of the main methods that are currently available for monitoring single and complex oxidatively generated damage to cellular DNA. Among chromatographic methods, HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and to a lesser extent HPLC-ECD which is restricted to a few electroactive nucleobases and nucleosides are appropriate for measuring the formation of single and clustered DNA lesions. Such methods that require optimized protocols for DNA extraction and digestion are sensitive enough for measuring base lesions formed under conditions of severe oxidative stress including exposure to ionizing radiation, UVA light and high intensity UVC laser pulses. In contrast application of GC-MS and HPLC-MS methods that are subject to major drawbacks have been shown to lead to overestimated values of DNA damage. Enzymatic methods that are based on the use of DNA repair glycosylases in order to convert oxidized bases into strand breaks are suitable, even if they are far less specific than HPLC methods, to deal with low levels of single modifications. Several other methods including immunoassays and (32)P-postlabeling methods that are still used suffer from drawbacks and therefore are not recommended. Another difficult topic is the measurement of oxidatively generated clustered DNA lesions that is currently achieved using enzymatic approaches and that would necessitate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Laboratoire "Lésions des Acides Nucléiques", SCIB-UMR-E n°3 (CEA/UJF), FRE CNRS 3200, Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, CEA/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Dedon PC, DeMott MS, Elmquist CE, Prestwich EG, McFaline JL, Pang B. Challenges in developing DNA and RNA biomarkers of inflammation. Biomark Med 2010; 1:293-312. [PMID: 20477404 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is now a proven cause of human diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. One potential link between inflammation and disease involves secretion of reactive chemical species by immune cells, with chronic damage to host epithelial cells leading to disease. This suggests pathophysiologically that DNA and RNA damage products are candidate biomarkers of inflammation, both for mechanistic understanding of the process and for risk assessment. Of the current approaches to quantifying DNA damage products, mass spectrometry-based methods provide the most rigorous quantification needed for biomarker development, while antibody-based approaches provide the most practical way to implement biomarkers in a clinical setting. Nonetheless, all approaches are biased by adventitious formation of DNA and RNA damage products during sample processing. Recent studies of tissue-derived DNA biomarkers in mouse models of inflammation reveal significant changes only in DNA adducts derived from lipid peroxidation. These and other observations raise the question of the most appropriate sampling compartment for DNA biomarker studies and highlight the emerging role of lipid damage in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Dedon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, NE47-277, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Harri M, Svoboda P, Mori T, Mutanen P, Kasai H, Savela K. Analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine among workers exposed to diesel particulate exhaust: Comparison with urinary metabolites and PAH air monitoring. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:963-72. [PMID: 16087477 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500190115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage and repair, as measured by 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in urine and DNA samples were studied in association with work-related diesel exhaust exposure among garage and waste collection workers. Seasonal variations of the urinary 8-OHdG levels in pre- and two post-workshift urine samples of 29 exposed workers and 36 control persons were evaluated. The mean+/-SE levels of post-workshift 8-OHdG (mumol/mol crea) were 1.52+/-0.44 in winter and 1.61+/-0.33 in summer for the exposed workers, and 1.56+/-0.61 in winter and 1.43+/-0.49 in summer for the controls, respectively. No significant difference in the urinary 8-OHdG levels between exposed workers and control subjects in winter (p=0.923) and summer (p=0.350) was observed. A linear mixed model, adjusted for years of employment, age, ex/non-smoking and BMI, indicated no significant dose exposure-relationships between the urinary 8-OHdG and 15 PAH air concentrations nor between the 8-OHdG and 7 PAH monohydroxy-metabolites analyzed in the same workers. 8-OHdG was also analyzed in the mononuclear cell DNA of 19 exposed and 18 control subjects. The mean value of 8-OHdG/non-modified 2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG/105 dG+/-SE) were 4.89+/-0.17 for the exposed and 4.11+/-0.16 for the control persons, which showed no correlation with the urinary 8-OHdG levels (r=0.01, n=28, P=0.96). The PAH exposure at workplaces was mainly composed of volatile compounds, particularly naphthalene, suggesting low exposure through the respiratory tract and a low effect of PAH in ROS induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Harri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Nagy E, Cornelius MG, Moller L. Accelerated 32P-HPLC for bulky DNA adducts. Mutagenesis 2008; 24:183-9. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Maatouk I, Bouaïcha N, Plessis MJ, Périn F. Optimization of the32P-Postlabeling/Thin Layer Chromatography Assay (32P-TLC) for In Vitro Detection of 8-Oxo-Deoxyguanosine as a Biomarker of Oxidative DNA Damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 16:313-22. [PMID: 20021030 DOI: 10.1080/15376520600616909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Crow B, Bishop M, Kovalcik K, Norton D, George J, Bralley JA. A simple and cost effective method for the quantification of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine from urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:394-401. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pilger A, Rüdiger HW. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine as a marker of oxidative DNA damage related to occupational and environmental exposures. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006; 80:1-15. [PMID: 16685565 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-006-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage is considered to play an important role in pathophysiological processes, ageing and cancer. So far major interest has been on measuring 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), the preferred methods relying on HPLC or GC-mass spectrometry. The high biological relevance of 8-OHdG is due to its ability to induce G-->T transversions, which are among the most frequent somatic mutations found in human cancers. Effects of workplace exposures on the level of white blood cell 8-OHdG or urinary 8-OHdG have been reported with controversial results. Exposures examined include asbestos, azo-dyes, benzene, fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), glassworks, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), rubber manufacturing, silica, metals, styrene, toluene and xylenes. The available data indicate that there is still a lack of well established dose-response relations between occupational or environmental exposures and the induction of 8-OHdG. Smoking has been most consistently identified as a confounder for 8-OHdG, but various occupational studies did not reveal higher levels of 8-OHdG in smokers. Despite the conflicting results, the reported studies show promise for 8-OHdG as a biomarker of oxidative stress associated with chemical exposure. However, there are critical aspects related to the analytical challenge, artifactual production of 8-OHdG, inter- and intra-individual variation, confounding factors and inter-laboratory differences, implying that further work is needed to reach a consensus on the background level of 8-OHdG.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pilger
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Wirtz M, Schumann CA, Schellenträger M, Gäb S, Vom Brocke J, Podeschwa MAL, Altenbach HJ, Oscier D, Schmitz OJ. Capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence analysis of endogenous damage in mitochondrial and genomic DNA. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2599-607. [PMID: 15929058 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen molecules are formed in vivo as by-products of normal aerobic metabolism. All organisms dependent on oxygen are inevitably exposed to these species so that DNA damage can occur in both genomic and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In order to determine endogenous DNA damage we have developed an analytical method that involves the isolation and hydrolysis of genomic DNA or mtDNA, the labeling of modified and unmodified nucleotides and micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. With this method we have found etheno-adenine, thymine glycol, uracil, hypoxanthine, and 5-methylcytosine. These were identified by the addition of internal standards to the genomic or mtDNA. There are a large number of other signals in the electropherograms of mtDNA that we have never found in genomic DNA analysis because they are at lower concentration in the genome. In the DNA of untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), uracil and high levels of etheno-adenine were found, which can be explained by antioxidant enzyme alterations and oxidative stress in the CLL lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wirtz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Xue W, Warshawsky D. Metabolic activation of polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage: a review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 206:73-93. [PMID: 15963346 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic compounds (HACs) constitute a major class of chemical carcinogens present in the environment. These compounds require activation to electrophilic metabolites to exert their mutagenic or carcinogenic effects. There are three principal pathways currently proposed for metabolic activation of PAH and HAC: the pathway via bay region dihydrodiol epoxide by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), the pathway via radical cation by one-electron oxidation, and the ortho-quinone pathway by dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DD). In addition to these major pathways, a brief description of a minor metabolic activation pathway, sulfonation, for PAHs that contain a primary benzylic alcoholic group or secondary hydroxyl group(s) is included in this review. The DNA damages caused through the reactive metabolites of PAH/HAC are described involving the DNA covalent binding to form stable or depurinating adducts, the formation of apurinic sites, and the oxidative damage. The review emphasizes the chemical/biochemical reactions involved in the metabolic processes and the chemical structures of metabolites and DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Xue
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 3223 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
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Schmitz OJ, Wörth CCT, Stach D, Wießler M. Kapillarelektrophoretische Analyse von DNA-Addukten als Biomarker der Kanzerogenese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020201)114:3<461::aid-ange461>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmitz OJ, Wörth CCT, Stach D, Wiessler M. Capillary electrophoresis analysis of DNA adducts as biomarkers for carcinogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:445-8. [PMID: 12491373 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020201)41:3<445::aid-anie445>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sattler U, Calsou P, Boiteux S, Salles B. Detection of oxidative base DNA damage by a new biochemical assay. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 376:26-33. [PMID: 10729187 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage DNA which appears to represent the major target involved in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and aging cell responses. Various DNA modifications are generated by ROS, but 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxoG) has retained a lot of attention in the last few years. Therefore, numerous methods have been developed to detect and quantify the extent of 8-oxoG in DNA, most of them requiring a significant amount of DNA that might be limiting in the case of biological samples. 8-oxoG is repaired in Escherichia coli by a specific glycosylase, the Fpg (formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase) protein, in a reaction that requires a covalent intermediate favored under reducing conditions. We set up a new assay based on the capture of plasmid DNA into sensitized microplate wells. DNA damaged by photoactivation of methylene blue was adsorbed on a polylysine-treated plastic well. Then the Fpg protein was added, allowed to fix on the damage by taking advantage of minimized glycosylase activity at low temperature and the reductive trapping of the covalent intermediate, yielding to a stable DNA-protein interaction. The trapped protein was subsequently recognized by a specific antibody. A secondary antibody coupled with horseradish peroxidase was used to detect the complex and the measurement was carried out by chemiluminescence. This new assay offers various potentialities, specifically in the field of technology of ROS producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sattler
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS UPR 9062, 205 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex, 31077, France
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Izzotti A, Cartiglia C, Taningher M, De Flora S, Balansky R. Age-related increases of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and DNA-protein crosslinks in mouse organs. Mutat Res 1999; 446:215-23. [PMID: 10635344 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data suggest a possible role of DNA damage in aging, mainly related to oxidative lesions. With the objective of evaluating DNA lesions as molecular biomarkers of aging, we measured 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) and DNA-protein crosslinks (DPXL) levels in different organs of mice aged 12 and 24 months. 8-OH-dG was detected by 32P postlabelling after removing unmodified dG by trifluoracetic acid, which prevented the artificial formation of 8-OH-dG during 32P labelling procedures. Appreciable 8-OH-dG amounts were detected in 12-month-old mice in liver (1.8 +/- 0.7 8-OH-dG/10(5) normal nucleotides), brain (1.6 +/- 0.5) and heart (2.3 +/- 0.5). In 24-month-old mice these values were higher in all examined organs (liver, 2.7 +/- 0.4; brain, 3.6 +/- 1.1; heart, 6.8 +/- 2.2 8-OH-dG/10(5) normal nucleotides). This accounted for a 1.5-fold increase in liver (not significant), 2.3-fold increase in brain (P < 0.01), and 3.0-fold increase in heart (P < 0.001). A similar trend was observed for DPXL levels, which were the 1.8 +/- 0.3%, 1.2 +/- 0.2%, and 2.2 +/- 0.3% of total DNA in liver, brain, and heart of 12-month-old mice and 1.9 +/- 0.4%, 2.0 +/- 0.4%, and 3.4 +/- 0.5% in 24-month-old mice, with ratios of 1.0, 1.7 (P < 0.01), and 1.5 (P < 0.001), respectively. Highly significant correlations between 8-OH-dG and DPXL levels were recorded in brain (r = 0.619, P < 0.001) and heart (r = 0.800, P < 0.0001), but not in liver (r = 0.201, not significant). These data suggest that brain and heart are more severely affected by the monitored age-related DNA lesions than liver, which can be ascribed to certain characteristics of these postmitotic organs, including the low detoxifying capacities, the high oxygen consumption, and the impossibility to replace damaged cells by mitosis. The strong correlation between 8-OH-dG and DPXL supports a possible contribution of oxidative mechanisms to formation of DPXL in those organs, such as brain and heart, which play a primary role in the aging of the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
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