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Yamada T, Lake BG, Cohen SM. Evaluation of the human hazard of the liver and lung tumors in mice treated with permethrin based on mode of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:1-31. [PMID: 35275035 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2035316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The non-genotoxic synthetic pyrethroid insecticide permethrin produced hepatocellular adenomas and bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas in female CD-1 mice, but not in male CD-1 mice or in female or male Wistar rats. Studies were performed to evaluate possible modes of action (MOAs) for permethrin-induced female CD-1 mouse liver and lung tumor formation. The MOA for liver tumor formation by permethrin involves activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), increased hepatocellular proliferation, development of altered hepatic foci, and ultimately liver tumors. This MOA is similar to that established for other PPARα activators and is considered to be qualitatively not plausible for humans. The MOA for lung tumor formation by permethrin involves interaction with Club cells, followed by a mitogenic effect resulting in Club cell proliferation, with prolonged administration producing Club cell hyperplasia and subsequently formation of bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas. Although the possibility that permethrin exposure may potentially result in enhancement of Club cell proliferation in humans cannot be completely excluded, there is sufficient information on differences in basic lung anatomy, physiology, metabolism, and biologic behavior of tumors in the general literature to conclude that humans are quantitatively less sensitive to agents that increase Club cell proliferation and lead to tumor formation in mice. The evidence strongly indicates that Club cell mitogens are not likely to lead to increased susceptibility to lung tumor development in humans. Overall, based on MOA evaluation it is concluded that permethrin does not pose a tumorigenic hazard for humans, this conclusion being supported by negative data from permethrin epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Brian G Lake
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Ogata K, Liu Y, Ohara A, Kawamoto K, Kondo M, Kobayashi K, Fukuda T, Asano H, Kitamoto S, Lake BG, Cohen SM, Yamada T. Club Cells Are the Primary Target for Permethrin-Induced Mouse Lung Tumor Formation. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:15-32. [PMID: 34427685 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Permethrin has been shown to increase lung adenomas in female CD-1 mice, but not in male mice or Wistar rats. The proposed mode of action (MOA) for permethrin-induced female mouse lung tumor formation involves morphological changes in Club cells; increased Club cell proliferation; increased Club cell hyperplasia, and lung tumor formation. In this study, the treatment of female CD-1 mice with tumorigenic doses (2500 and 5000 ppm) of permethrin, but not with a nontumorigenic dose (20 ppm), for 14 and/or 28 days increased Club cell replicative DNA synthesis. Global gene expression analysis of female mouse lung samples demonstrated that permethrin treatment up-regulated 3 genes associated with cell proliferation, namely aldehyde dehydrogenase 3a1 (Aldh3a1), oxidative stress-induced growth inhibitor 1, and thioredoxin reductase 1. Treatment with 2500 and 5000 ppm, but not 20 ppm, permethrin for 7 days produced significant increases in mRNA levels of these 3 genes. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Club cell secretory protein, CYP2F2, and ALDH3A1 colocalized in Club cells; confirmed by flow cytometry analysis of lung cells employing KI67 as a cell proliferation marker. Overall, the present data extend the proposed MOA by demonstrating that Club cells are the primary initial target of permethrin administration in female mouse lungs. As humans are quantitatively much less sensitive to agents that increase Club cell proliferation and lung tumor formation in mice, it is most likely that permethrin could not produce lung tumors in humans. This conclusion is supported by available negative epidemiological data from several studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ogata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohara
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Miwa Kondo
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kobayashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Takako Fukuda
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Brian G Lake
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA
| | - Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Cohen SM, Zhongyu Y, Bus JS. Relevance of mouse lung tumors to human risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:214-241. [PMID: 32452303 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1763879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mouse lung is a common site for chemical tumorigenicity, but the relevance to human risk remains debated. Long-term bioassays need to be assessed for appropriateness of the dose, neither exceeding Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) nor Kinetically based Maximum Dose (KMD). An example of the KMD issue is 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), which only produced an increased incidence of lung tumors at a dose exceeding the KMD. In addition, since mouse lung tumors are common (>1% incidence), the appropriate statistical significance is p < .01. Numerous differences exist for mouse lung and tumors compared to humans, including anatomy, respiratory rate, metabolism, tumor histogenesis, and metastatic frequency. The recent demonstration of the critical role of mouse lung specific Cyp2 F2 metabolism in mouse lung carcinogenicity including styrene or fluensulfone indicates that this tumor response is not qualitatively or quantitatively relevant to humans. For non-DNA reactive and non-mutagenic carcinogens, the mode of action involves direct mitogenicity such as for isoniazid, styrene, fluensulfone, permethrin or cytotoxicity with regeneration such as for naphthalene. However, the possibility of mixed mitogenic and cytotoxic modes of action cannot always be excluded. The numerous differences between mouse and human, combined with epidemiologic evidence of no increased cancer risk for several of these chemicals make the relevance of mouse lung tumors for human cancer risk dubious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA
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Kawamoto K, Ogata K, Asano H, Miyata K, Sukata T, Utsumi T, Cohen SM, Yamada T. Cell proliferation analysis is a reliable predictor of lack of carcinogenicity: Case study using the pyrethroid imiprothrin on lung tumorigenesis in mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104646. [PMID: 32229244 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse carcinogenicity study, an apparent increase in lung adenocarcinoma was observed in male mice at 7000 ppm. Based on the overall evaluation of toxicology, oncology, pathology and statistics, we concluded that the apparent increase in lung tumors is not relevant for evaluation of carcinogenicity of imiprothrin (Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 105, 1-14, 2019). To investigate whether imiprothrin has any mitogenic effect on mouse Club cells, the present study examined its effects on replicative DNA synthesis of Club cells and lung histopathology in male mice treated with imiprothrin for 7 days at 3500 and 7000 ppm in the diet. Isoniazid, a known mouse lung mitogen and tumor inducer, was also examined at 1000 ppm in the diet as a positive control of Club cell mitogenesis and morphological changes. Neither imiprothrin nor isoniazid caused any necrotic changes in lung by light or electron microscopy. There were no increases observed in the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index in the imiprothrin groups, while there was a statistically significant increase in the BrdU labeling index in the isoniazid group. These findings demonstrate that imiprothrin does not induce mouse Club cell proliferation or morphologic changes, supporting our previous conclusion described above. Thus, imiprothrin should not be classified as a carcinogen. Furthermore, this study indicates that short-term studies focusing on cell proliferation can be reliable for predicting a lack of carcinogenic potential of test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Keiko Ogata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kaori Miyata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Tokuo Sukata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Tooru Utsumi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan.
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Yamada T, Asano H, Miyata K, Rhomberg LR, Haseman JK, Greaves P, Greim H, Berry C, Cohen SM. Toxicological evaluation of carcinogenicity of the pyrethroid imiprothrin in rats and mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wakefield CB, Yumol JL, Sacco SM, Sullivan PJ, Comelli EM, Ward WE. Bone structure is largely unchanged in growing male CD-1 mice fed lower levels of vitamin D and calcium than in the AIN-93G diet. Bone Rep 2019; 10:100191. [PMID: 30656199 PMCID: PMC6324019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (vit D) in the AIN-93G diet may be higher than required for healthy bone development, and mask the potential benefit of a dietary intervention. Objective The objective was to determine if lower levels of Ca and vit D than is present in the AIN-93G diet supports bone development in growing male CD-1 mice. Methods Weanling male CD-1 mice were randomized to modified AIN-93G diets containing either 100 (Trial 1) or 400 (Trial 2) IU vit D/kg diet within one of two or three Ca levels (0.35, 0.30, or 0.25% Ca diet in Trial 1 or 0.35% or 0.25% in Trial 2) or the AIN-93G diet (1000 IU/kg vit D and 0.5% Ca) from weaning to 4 months of age (n = 13–15/group). At 2 and 4 months of age, BMD and structural properties of the tibia were analyzed in vivo. Structure of lumbar vertebra 4 (L4) and mandible, and femur strength were assessed ex vivo at age 4 months. Results There were no differences in tibia, L4, and mandible structure between the AIN-93G diet and the 0.35% Ca groups at either vit D level. A few structure outcomes were compromised with the 0.25 and/or 0.3% Ca diets but there were no differences in femur biomechanical strength compared to AIN-93G group in either Trial. Conclusion At 400 or 100 IU vit D/kg diet, Ca can be lowered to 0.35% without detriment to BMD or bone structure while bone strength is not altered at lower Ca (0.25%) compared to CD-1 mice fed AIN-93G diet. Because of genetic variation in CD-1 mice among different breeding facilities, results in CD-1 mice from other facilities may differ from the present study.
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Key Words
- AIN-93G
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BV/TV, percent bone volume
- Bone mineral density
- Bone structure
- Ca, calcium
- Calcium
- Conn.D, connectivity density
- Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar, cortical area fraction
- Ct.Th, cortical thickness
- DA, degree anisotropy
- Ec.Pm, endocortical perimeter
- Ecc., eccentricity
- L4, lumbar vertebra 4
- Ma.Ar, medullary area
- Ps.Pm, periosteal perimeter
- ROI, region of interest
- Rodent diet
- Tb.N, trabecular number
- Tb.Sp, trabecular separation
- Tb.Th, trabecular thickness
- Vitamin D
- vit D, vitamin D
- μCT, micro-computed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenalyn L. Yumol
- Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra M. Sacco
- Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Elena M. Comelli
- Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy E. Ward
- Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Science, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Yamada T, Kondo M, Miyata K, Ogata K, Kushida M, Sumida K, Kawamura S, Osimitz TG, Lake BG, Cohen SM. An Evaluation of the Human Relevance of the Lung Tumors Observed in Female Mice Treated With Permethrin Based on Mode of Action. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:465-486. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Cohen SM, Goodman JI, Klaunig JE, Arnold LL. Response to Druwe and Burgoon, 2016 Letter to the Editor in Archives of Toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:999-1000. [PMID: 27830267 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lora L Arnold
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Strupp C, Bomann W, Cohen SM, Weber K. Relationship of Metabolism and Cell Proliferation to the Mode of Action of Fluensulfone-Induced Mouse Lung Tumors. II: Additional Mechanistic Studies. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:296-308. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yalcin B, Flint J. Association studies in outbred mice in a new era of full-genome sequencing. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:719-26. [PMID: 22847376 PMCID: PMC3463788 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of loci that contribute to quantitative traits in outbred crosses of mice have been reported over the last two decades. In this review we discuss how outbred mouse populations can be used to map and identify the genes and sequence variants that give rise to quantitative variation. We discuss heterogeneous stocks, the diversity outbred, and commercially available outbred populations of mice. All of these populations are descended from a small number of progenitor strains. The availability of the complete sequence of laboratory strains means that in many cases it will be possible to reconstruct the genomes of the outbred animals so that in a genetic association study we can detect the effect of all variants, a situation that has so far eluded studies in completely outbred populations. These resources constitute a major advance and make it possible to progress from a quantitative trait locus to a gene at an unprecedented speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnaz Yalcin
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
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Strupp C, Banas DA, Cohen SM, Gordon EB, Jaeger M, Weber K. Relationship of metabolism and cell proliferation to the mode of action of fluensulfone-induced mouse lung tumors: analysis of their human relevance using the IPCS framework. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:284-94. [PMID: 22491425 PMCID: PMC3391030 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Species-specific lung tumors in the mouse are induced by a number of chemicals. The underlying cause appears to be a high metabolic activity of mouse lung, due to relatively high abundance of Clara cells in mice compared with humans and the mouse-specific cytochrome P450 isoform 2f2 in the Clara cells. The chemicals are activated to reactive intermediates, leading to local cytotoxicity or mitogenicity resulting in increased cell proliferation and tumors. Rats have lower metabolic activity than mice (already below the threshold needed to cause lung tumors upon lifetime exposure) and activity in humans is lower than in rats. The carcinogenic risk for human lung is low for this mode of action (MOA). Fluensulfone has shown an increased incidence of lung adenomas in mice, but not in rats, at high doses. Fluensulfone is not genotoxic. MOA studies were conducted investigating key events of the postulated MOA. Fluensulfone is extensively metabolized by mouse lung microsomes, whereas no metabolic activity is seen with human lung microsomes. Cyp 2f2 is a major contributor in fluensulfone’s metabolism and Cyp 2e1 is not involved. Furthermore, administration of fluensulfone to mice led to an early increase in Clara cell proliferation. The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) MOA and human relevance framework was used to evaluate the collective data on fluensulfone. We concluded that fluensulfone leads to species-specific mouse lung tumors and that these tumors are likely not relevant to human hazard or risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Strupp
- Makhteshim Agan Holding B.V., Schaffhausen Branch, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
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Minet EF, Daniela G, Meredith C, Massey ED. A comparativein vitrokinetic study of [14C]-eugenol and [14C]-methyleugenol activation and detoxification in human, mouse, and rat liver and lung fractions. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:429-41. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.637582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pérez-Losada J, Castellanos-Martín A, Mao JH. Cancer evolution and individual susceptibility. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:316-28. [PMID: 21264404 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer susceptibility is due to interactions between inherited genetic factors and exposure to environmental carcinogens. The genetic component is constituted mainly by weakly acting low-penetrance genetic variants that interact among themselves, as well as with the environment. These low susceptibility genes can be categorized into two main groups: one includes those that control intrinsic tumor cell activities (i.e. apoptosis, proliferation or DNA repair), and the other contains those that modulate the function of extrinsic tumor cell compartments (i.e. stroma, angiogenesis, or endocrine and immune systems). Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of human populations have identified numerous genetic loci linked with cancer risk and behavior, but nevertheless the major component of cancer heritability remains to be explained. One reason may be that GWAS cannot readily capture gene-gene or gene-environment interactions. Mouse model approaches offer an alternative or complementary strategy, because of our ability to control both the genetic and environmental components of risk. Recently developed genetic tools, including high-throughput technologies such as SNP, CGH and gene expression microarrays, have led to more powerful strategies for refining quantitative trait loci (QTL) and identifying the critical genes. In particular, the cross-species approaches will help to refine locations of QTLs, and reveal their genetic and environmental interactions. The identification of human tumor susceptibility genes and discovery of their roles in carcinogenesis will ultimately be important for the development of methods for prediction of risk, diagnosis, prevention and therapy for human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pérez-Losada
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Instituto Mixto Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.
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Flint J. Mapping quantitative traits and strategies to find quantitative trait genes. Methods 2010; 53:163-74. [PMID: 20643209 PMCID: PMC3036800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1999 a meeting took place at the Jackson Laboratory, a large mouse research centre in Bar Harbor, Maine, to consider the value of systematically collecting phenotypes on inbred strains of mice (Paigen and Eppig (2000) [1]). The group concluded that cataloguing the extensive phenotypic diversity present among laboratory mice, and in particular providing the research community with data from cohorts of animals, phenotyped according to standardized protocols, was essential if we were to take advantage of the possibilities of mouse genetics. Beginning with the collection of basic physiological, biochemical and behavioral data on nine commonly used inbred strains, the project has expanded so that by the beginning of 2010 data for 178 strains had been collected, with 105 phenotype projects yielding over 2000 different measurements (Bogue et al. (2007) [2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Bauer AK, Fostel J, Degraff LM, Rondini EA, Walker C, Grissom SF, Foley J, Kleeberger SR. Transcriptomic analysis of pathways regulated by toll-like receptor 4 in a murine model of chronic pulmonary inflammation and carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:107. [PMID: 19925653 PMCID: PMC2785769 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic strategies exist for human pulmonary neoplasia, however due to the heterogeneity of the disease, most are not very effective. The innate immunity gene, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), protects against chronic pulmonary inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice, but the mechanism is unclear. This study was designed to identify TLR4-mediated gene expression pathways that may be used as prognostic indicators of susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis in mice and provide insight into the mechanism. Methods Whole lung mRNA was isolated from C.C3H-Tlr4Lps-d (BALBLps-d; Tlr4 mutant) and BALB/c (Tlr4 normal) mice following butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-treatment (four weekly ip. injections; 150-200 mg/kg/each; "promotion"). mRNA from micro-dissected tumors (adenomas) and adjacent uninvolved tissue from both strains were also compared 27 wks after a single carcinogen injection (3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), 10 μg/g; "control") or followed by BHT (6 weekly ip. injections; 125-200 mg/kg/each; "progression"). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for inflammatory cell content and total protein determination, a marker of lung hyperpermeability; inflammation was also assessed using immunohistochemical staining for macrophages (F4/80) and lymphocytes (CD3) in mice bearing tumors (progression). Results During promotion, the majority of genes identified in the BALBLps-d compared to BALB/c mice (P < 0.05) were involved in epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling (e.g. epiregulin (Ereg)), secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1)), which can lead to cell growth and eventual tumor development. Inflammation was significantly higher in BALBLps-d compared to BALB/c mice during progression, similar to the observed response during tumor promotion in these strains. Increases in genes involved in signaling through the EGFR pathway (e.g. Ereg, Spp1) were also observed during progression in addition to continued inflammation, chemotactic, and immune response gene expression in the BALBLps-d versus BALB/c mice (P < 0.05), which appears to provide more favorable conditions for cell growth and tumor development. In support of these findings, the BALB/c mice also had significantly reduced expression of many immune response and inflammatory genes in both the tumors and uninvolved tissue. Conclusion This transcriptomic study determined the protective effect of TLR4 in lung carcinogenesis inhibition of multiple pathways including EGFR (e.g. Ereg), inflammatory response genes (e.g. Cxcl5), chemotaxis (e.g. Ccr1) and other cell proliferation genes (e.g. Arg1, Pthlh). Future studies will determine the utility of these pathways as indicators of immune system deficiencies and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Martins YC, Smith MJ, Pelajo-Machado M, Werneck GL, Lenzi HL, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Carvalho LJDM. Characterization of cerebral malaria in the outbred Swiss Webster mouse infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:119-30. [PMID: 19335550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in susceptible inbred mouse strains is the most commonly used experimental model to study pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM). Indeed, many concepts on mechanisms related to this complication have arisen from works using this model. Although inbred strains present several advantages and are indicated for most studies, the use of outbred models can show unique usefulness in a number of approaches such as fine post-quantitative trait loci mapping and discovery of genes relevant to CM susceptibility or resistance, as well as pharmacological and vaccine studies. Here we describe the features of PbA infection and CM incidence, and characterize the associated multiorgan pathology in the outbred Swiss Webster mouse. This model showed a sizeable (62.7%) and reproducible incidence of CM demonstrated by clinical signs and histopathological changes in brain (microhaemorrhages, oedema and vessel plugging by mononuclear cells). Major pathological changes were also observed in lungs, liver, thymus and spleen, analogous to those observed in inbred strains. Parasitaemia levels were associated with the risk of CM development, the risk being significantly higher in mice showing higher values of parasitaemia on days 6-7 of infection. This outbred CM model is then suitable for genetic, vaccine and drug studies targeting this malaria complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Chaves Martins
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Aldinger KA, Sokoloff G, Rosenberg DM, Palmer AA, Millen KJ. Genetic variation and population substructure in outbred CD-1 mice: implications for genome-wide association studies. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4729. [PMID: 19266100 PMCID: PMC2649211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbred laboratory mouse populations are widely used in biomedical research. Since little is known about the degree of genetic variation present in these populations, they are not widely used for genetic studies. Commercially available outbred CD-1 mice are drawn from an extremely large breeding population that has accumulated many recombination events, which is desirable for genome-wide association studies. We therefore examined the degree of genome-wide variation within CD-1 mice to investigate their suitability for genetic studies. The CD-1 mouse genome displays patterns of linkage disequilibrium and heterogeneity similar to wild-caught mice. Population substructure and phenotypic differences were observed among CD-1 mice obtained from different breeding facilities. Differences in genetic variation among CD-1 mice from distinct facilities were similar to genetic differences detected between closely related human populations, consistent with a founder effect. This first large-scale genetic analysis of the outbred CD-1 mouse strain provides important considerations for the design and analysis of genetic studies in CD-1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Aldinger
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David M. Rosenberg
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kathleen J. Millen
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kohno T, Kunitoh H, Suzuki K, Yamamoto S, Kuchiba A, Matsuno Y, Yanagitani N, Yokota J. Association of KRAS polymorphisms with risk for lung adenocarcinoma accompanied by atypical adenomatous hyperplasias. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:957-63. [PMID: 18299280 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) gene affects susceptibility to the development of lung adenomas in mice with a subset of the adenomas progressing to adenocarcinoma (ADC). In this study, genotype distributions for 10 polymorphisms in the human counterparts for three mouse candidate Pas1 genes, KRAS, CASC1/LAS1 and LRMP, were examined in a hospital-based case-control study consisting of 364 lung ADC cases and 253 controls. All the ADC cases were subjected to lobectomy and subsequent pathological investigation of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), a putative precursor for peripheral lung ADC, including bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, in the resected lobes. Eighty-one (22%) of the ADC cases carried at least one AAH lesion in addition to the primary ADC and 34 (9%) of them carried multiple AAH lesions. None of the 10 polymorphisms examined showed significant associations with overall lung ADC risk (P > 0.05). However, minor allele carriers for two polymorphisms in the KRAS gene, KRAS-1 and -6, showed significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for ADC accompanied by multiple AAHs [OR = 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-6.2, P = 0.004 and OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.1-4.7, P = 0.02, respectively]. Minor haplotypes including the minor allele for the KRAS-6 polymorphism showed increased ORs for ADC accompanied by multiple AAHs, and KRAS transcripts from the minor allele for this polymorphism were more abundantly detected in lung tissues than those from the major allele. Thus, KRAS polymorphisms were indicated to be involved in risk for the development of AAHs that progress to ADC by causing differential KRAS oncogene expression in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kohno
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 1040045, Japan
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Abstract
Outbred mouse stocks, often used in genetics, toxicology and pharmacology research, have been generated in rather haphazard ways. Understanding the characteristics of these stocks and their advantages and disadvantages is important for experimental design. In many studies these mice are used inappropriately, wasting animals' lives and resources on suboptimal experiments. Recently, however, researchers from the field of complex trait analysis have capitalized on the genetics of outbred stocks to refine the identification of quantitative trait loci. Here we assess the most widely used outbred stocks of mice and present guidelines for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Chia
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Flint J, Valdar W, Shifman S, Mott R. Strategies for mapping and cloning quantitative trait genes in rodents. Nat Rev Genet 2005; 6:271-86. [PMID: 15803197 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, more than 2,000 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified in crosses between inbred strains of mice and rats, but less than 1% have been characterized at a molecular level. However, new resources, such as chromosome substitution strains and the proposed Collaborative Cross, together with new analytical tools, including probabilistic ancestral haplotype reconstruction in outbred mice, Yin-Yang crosses and in silico analysis of sequence variants in many inbred strains, could make QTL cloning tractable. We review the potential of these strategies to identify genes that underlie QTLs in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.
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