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Surendran K, Pradeep S, Pillai PP. Comparative transcriptome and metabolite profiling reveal diverse pattern of CYP-TS gene expression during corosolic acid biosynthesis in Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:122. [PMID: 38642121 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Extensive leaf transcriptome profiling and differential gene expression analysis of field grown and elicited shoot cultures of L. speciosa suggest that differential synthesis of CRA is mediated primarily by CYP and TS genes, showing functional diversity. Lagerstroemia speciosa L. is a tree species with medicinal and horticultural attributes. The pentacyclic triterpene, Corosolic acid (CRA) obtained from this species is widely used for the management of diabetes mellitus in traditional medicine. The high mercantile value of the compound and limited availability of innate resources entail exploration of alternative sources for CRA production. Metabolic pathway engineering for enhanced bioproduction of plant secondary metabolites is an attractive proposition for which, candidate genes in the pathway need to be identified and characterized. Therefore, in the present investigation, we focused on the identification of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and oxidosqualene cyclases (OSC) genes and their differential expression during biosynthesis of CRA. The pattern of differential expression of these genes in the shoot cultures of L. speciosa, elicited with different epigenetic modifiers (azacytidine (AzaC), sodium butyrate (NaBu) and anacardic acid (AA)), was studied in comparison with field grown plant. Further, in vitro cultures with varying (low to high) concentrations of CRA were systematically assessed for the expression of CYP-TS and associated genes involved in CRA biosynthesis by transcriptome sequencing. The sequenced samples were de novo assembled into 180,290 transcripts of which, 92,983 transcripts were further annotated by UniProt. The results are collectively given in co-occurrence heat maps to identify the differentially expressed genes. The combined transcript and metabolite profiles along with RT-qPCR analysis resulted in the identification of CYP-TS genes with high sequence variation. Further, instances of concordant/discordant relation between CRA biosynthesis and CYP-TS gene expression were observed, indicating functional diversity in genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Surendran
- Department of Genomic Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671320, India
| | - Siya Pradeep
- Department of Genomic Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671320, India
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2
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Isachesku E, Braicu C, Pirlog R, Kocijancic A, Busuioc C, Pruteanu LL, Pandey DP, Berindan-Neagoe I. The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Epigenetic Dysregulation in Glioblastoma Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16320. [PMID: 38003512 PMCID: PMC10671451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain tumor arising from glial cells. The tumor is highly aggressive, the reason for which it has become the deadliest brain tumor type with the poorest prognosis. Like other cancers, it compromises molecular alteration on genetic and epigenetic levels. Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype without the occurrence of any genetic mutations or DNA sequence alterations in the driver tumor-related genes. These epigenetic changes are reversible, making them convenient targets in cancer therapy. Therefore, we aim to review critical epigenetic dysregulation processes in glioblastoma. We will highlight the significant affected tumor-related pathways and their outcomes, such as regulation of cell cycle progression, cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell invasiveness, immune evasion, or acquirement of drug resistance. Examples of molecular changes induced by epigenetic modifications, such as DNA epigenetic alterations, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) regulation, are highlighted. As understanding the role of epigenetic regulators and underlying molecular mechanisms in the overall pro-tumorigenic landscape of glioblastoma is essential, this literature study will provide valuable insights for establishing the prognostic or diagnostic value of various non-coding transcripts, including miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Isachesku
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (C.B.); (R.P.); (L.-L.P.)
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (C.B.); (R.P.); (L.-L.P.)
| | - Radu Pirlog
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (C.B.); (R.P.); (L.-L.P.)
| | - Anja Kocijancic
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.)
| | - Constantin Busuioc
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, 021105 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Pathology, Onco Team Diagnostic, 010719 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lavinia-Lorena Pruteanu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (C.B.); (R.P.); (L.-L.P.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, North University Center, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 430122 Baia Mare, Romania
| | - Deo Prakash Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.)
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (C.B.); (R.P.); (L.-L.P.)
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3
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Herbein G, Nehme Z. Tumor Control by Cytomegalovirus: A Door Open for Oncolytic Virotherapy? MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:1-8. [PMID: 32300639 PMCID: PMC7150429 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Belonging to the herpesviridae family, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a well-known ubiquitous pathogen that establishes a lifelong infection in humans. Recently, a beneficial tumor-cytoreductive role of CMV infection has been defined in human and animal models. Described as a potential anti-tumoral activity, HCMV modulates the tumor microenvironment mainly by inducing cell death through apoptosis and prompting a robust stimulatory effect on the immune cells infiltrating the tumor tissue. However, major current limitations embrace transient protective effect and a viral dissemination potential in immunosuppressed hosts. The latter could be counteracted through direct viral intratumoral delivery, use of non-human strains, or even defective CMV vectors to ascertain transformed cells-selective tropism. This potential oncolytic activity could be complemented by tackling further platforms, namely combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or epigenetic therapy, as well as the use of second-generation chimeric oncovirus, for instance HCMV/HSV-1 oncolytic virus. Overall, preliminary data support the use of CMV in viral oncolytic therapy as a viable option, establishing thus a potential new modality, where further assessment through extensive basic research armed by molecular biotechnology is compulsory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.,Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Zeina Nehme
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France.,Université Libanaise 1003, Beirut, Lebanon
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4
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Nguyen LN, Baumann M, Dhiman H, Marx N, Schmieder V, Hussein M, Eisenhut P, Hernandez I, Koehn J, Borth N. Novel Promoters Derived from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells via In Silico and In Vitro Analysis. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900125. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ly N. Nguyen
- Department of BiotechnologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Martina Baumann
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Heena Dhiman
- Department of BiotechnologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Nicolas Marx
- Department of BiotechnologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Valerie Schmieder
- Department of BiotechnologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Mohamed Hussein
- Department of BiotechnologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Eisenhut
- Department of BiotechnologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH1190 Vienna Austria
| | | | | | - Nicole Borth
- Department of BiotechnologyBOKU University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH1190 Vienna Austria
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5
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Characterization of Three Generations of Transgenic Pigs Expressing the HLA-E Gene. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of pigs as a source of organs and tissues for xenotransplantation can overcome the growing shortage of human donors. Human NK cells play an important role in the cell-mediated rejection of pig-to-human xenografts. In this paper we report the generation and extensive characterization of three generations of transgenic pigs with HLA-E gene encoding the antigen which can inhibit the human NK cell-mediated response. The gene construct pHLAE-GFPBsd containing the human gene encoding the human leukocyte antigen under the promoter of the EF-1α elongation factor ensuring systemic expression was introduced by microinjection into a pronucleus of the fertilized porcine oocyte. PCR analysis revealed and FISH analysis confirmed that the pHLAE-GFPBsd gene construct was present in the genome of the founder female pig. As a result of inter-breeding, an additional 7 transgenic animals were obtained (one individual from F1 generation and six individuals from F2 generation). The transgene expression was shown by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Real Time PCR analysis estimated the approximate number of transgene copies at 16–34. Karyotype analysis did not show any changes in the structure or the number of chromosomes. The expression level of the transgene was stable in the next generation of genetically modified pigs. An NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay showed the increased viability of the transgenic cells in comparison with the wild-type, which confirmed the protective influence of HLA-E expression.
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Yu X, Geng W, Zhao H, Wang G, Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Geng X. Using a Commonly Down-Regulated Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Promoter for High-Level Expression of Ectopic Gene in a Human B Lymphoma Cell Line. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5943-5950. [PMID: 29244783 PMCID: PMC5741043 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vectors are widely used to drive gene expression using a promoter. However, not all promoters are able to drive ectopic gene expression efficiently, including CMV promoter. Here, we report our data using CMV promoter for high-level gene expression in a B lymphoma cell line DG75. MATERIAL AND METHODS A plasmid (pcDNA3.1(+)) containing the CD21 gene driven under CMV promoter was constructed. The plasmid was stably transfected into a human B lymphoma cell line DG75 for cellular surface CD21 expression, and flow cytometry was used to monitor CD21 expression. CD21+ cells in the stable cell line were purified using anti-CD21 antibody-coupled Dynabeads for CD21-mediated antigen presentation experiment. RESULTS The percentage of CD21+ cells in newly generated stable DG75-pcDNA3.1(+)-CD21 cells was only 6.5% as determined by flow cytometry, which was unexpected and did not fit the requirements for further experiments. However, CD21+ cells could be purified to 100% using anti-CD21 antibody-coupled beads. The percentage of CD21+ cells in purified cells can be kept at 95%, 82%, 42%, 15%, and 42% at 7 d, 14 d, 34 d, and 42 d after purification, respectively. Specific T cell response against CD21-mediated antigen presentation can be activated successfully only when surface CD21 expression remains high. CONCLUSIONS A commonly down-regulated CMV promoter can be used to drive ectopic gene expression at a high-level in stable cell lines. Our results should facilitate future experimental design using other down-regulated promoters containing vectors such as SV40 and PGK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Geng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hongchuan Zhao
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yijun Zhao
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoping Geng
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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7
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Cheng S, Jiang X, Yang B, Wen L, Zhao F, Zeng WB, Liu XJ, Dong X, Sun JY, Ming YZ, Zhu H, Rayner S, Tang Q, Fortunato E, Luo MH. Infected T98G glioblastoma cells support human cytomegalovirus reactivation from latency. Virology 2017; 510:205-215. [PMID: 28750324 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
T98G cells have been shown to support long-term human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome maintenance without infectious virus release. However, it remains unclear whether these viral genomes could be reactivated. To address this question, a recombinant HCMV (rHCMV) containing a GFP gene was used to infect T98G cells, and the infected cells absent of infectious virus production were designated T98G-LrV. Upon dibutyryl cAMP plus IBMX (cAMP/IBMX) treatment, a serial of phenomena were observed, including GFP signal increase, viral genome replication, lytic genes expression and infectious viruses release, indicating the reactivation of HCMV in T98G-LrV cells from a latent status. Mechanistically, HCMV reactivation in the T98G-LrV cells induced by cAMP/IBMX was associated with the PKA-CREB signaling pathway. These results demonstrate that HCMV was latent in T98G-LrV cells and could be reactivated. The T98G-LrV cells represent an effective model for investigating the mechanisms of HCMV reactivation from latency in the context of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Le Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xi-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin-Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ying-Zi Ming
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
| | - Simon Rayner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fortunato
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA.
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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8
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Yu Y, Fu L, Jiang X, Guan S, Kuai Z, Kong W, Shi Y, Shan Y. Expression of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 in vitro and in vivo. Mol Immunol 2016; 80:68-77. [PMID: 27835755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite unremitting efforts since the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), an effective vaccine has not been generated. Viral vector-mediated transfer for expression of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) is an attractive strategy. In this study, a recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 (rAAV8) vector was used to encode full-length antibodies against HIV-1 in 293T cells and Balb/c mice after gene transfer. The 10E8 or NIH45-46 BnAb was expressed from a single open reading frame by linking the heavy and light chains with a furin cleavage and a 2A self-processing peptide (F2A). The results showed that the BnAbs could be expressed in the 293T cell culture medium. A single intramuscular injection of rAAV8 led to long-term expression of BnAbs in Balb/c mice. The expressed antibodies in the supernatant of 293T cells and in Balb/c mice showed neutralization effects against HIV-1 pseudoviruses. Combined immunization of rAAV8 expressing 10E8 and rAAV8 expressing NIH45-46 in Balb/c mice could increase these neutralization effects on strains of HIV-1 sensitive to 10E8 or NIH45-46 antibody compared with a single injection of rAAV8 expressing either antibody alone. Therefore, the combined immunization may be a potential vaccine approach against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiao Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Shanshan Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Ziyu Kuai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.
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9
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Epigenetic modulations rendering cell-to-cell variability and phenotypic metastability. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:503-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Kade S, Herzog N, Schmidtke KU, Küpper JH. Chronic ethanol treatment depletes glutathione regeneration capacity in hepatoma cell line HepG2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Jouannet S, Saint-Pol J, Fernandez L, Nguyen V, Charrin S, Boucheix C, Brou C, Milhiet PE, Rubinstein E. TspanC8 tetraspanins differentially regulate the cleavage of ADAM10 substrates, Notch activation and ADAM10 membrane compartmentalization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 73:1895-915. [PMID: 26686862 PMCID: PMC4819958 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The metalloprotease ADAM10 mediates the shedding of the ectodomain of various cell membrane proteins, including APP, the precursor of the amyloid peptide Aβ, and Notch receptors following ligand binding. ADAM10 associates with the members of an evolutionary conserved subgroup of tetraspanins, referred to as TspanC8, which regulate its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we show that 4 of these TspanC8 (Tspan5, Tspan14, Tspan15 and Tspan33) which positively regulate ADAM10 surface expression levels differentially impact ADAM10-dependent Notch activation and the cleavage of several ADAM10 substrates, including APP, N-cadherin and CD44. Sucrose gradient fractionation, single molecule tracking and quantitative mass-spectrometry analysis of the repertoire of molecules co-immunoprecipitated with Tspan5, Tspan15 and ADAM10 show that these two tetraspanins differentially regulate ADAM10 membrane compartmentalization. These data represent a unique example where several tetraspanins differentially regulate the function of a common partner protein through a distinct membrane compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Jouannet
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Saint-Pol
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurent Fernandez
- Inserm, U1054, 34090, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Montpellier, France
| | - Viet Nguyen
- Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Charrin
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Claude Boucheix
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Christel Brou
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire "Signalisation et Pathogenèse", 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Milhiet
- Inserm, U1054, 34090, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Inserm, U935, 94807, Villejuif, France. .,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, 94807, Villejuif, France.
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12
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Herzog N, Katzenberger N, Martin F, Schmidtke KU, K JH. Generation of cytochrome P450 3A4-overexpressing HepG2 cell clones for standardization of hepatocellular testosterone 6β-hydroxylation activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Lindberg MF, Le Gall T, Carmoy N, Berchel M, Hyde SC, Gill DR, Jaffrès PA, Lehn P, Montier T. Efficient in vivo transfection and safety profile of a CpG-free and codon optimized luciferase plasmid using a cationic lipophosphoramidate in a multiple intravenous administration procedure. Biomaterials 2015; 59:1-11. [PMID: 25941996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As any drug, the success of gene therapy is largely dependent on the vehicle that has to selectively and efficiently deliver therapeutic nucleic acids into targeted cells with minimal side-effects. In the case of chronic diseases that require a life-long treatment, non-viral gene delivery vehicles are less likely to induce an immune response, thereby allowing for repeated administration. Beyond the gene delivery efficiency of a given vector, the nature of nucleic acid constructs also has a central importance in gene therapy protocols. Herein, we investigated the impact of two firefly luciferase encoding plasmids on the transgene expression profile following systemic delivery of lipoplexes in mice, as well as their potential to be safely and efficiently readministered. Whereas pTG11033 plasmid is driven by a strong ubiquitous cytomegalovirus promoter, pGM144 plasmid, which has been designed to avoid inflammation and provide sustained transgene expression in lungs, is CpG-free and is under control of the human elongation factor-1 alpha promoter. Combined to the efficient cationic lipophosphoramidate BSV4, bioluminescence data showed that both plasmids were mostly expressed in the lungs of mice following a primary injection of lipoplexes. However, mice transfected with pGM144 exhibited a higher and more sustained transgene expression than those treated with pTG11033. Repeated administration studies revealed that several injections of lipoplexes could lead to similar transgene expression profiles if an interval of several weeks between subsequent injections was respected. A transient hepatotoxicity and a partial inflammatory response were caused by lipoplex injection, irrespective of the plasmid used. Altogether, these results indicate that repeated systemic administration of lipophosphoramidate-based lipoplexes in mice conducts to an effective lung transfection without serious side effects, and highlight the need to use long-lasting expressing and well tolerated plasmids in order to efficiently renew transgene expression by the successive doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias F Lindberg
- Unité INSERM 1078, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Unité INSERM 1078, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex 2, France
| | - Nathalie Carmoy
- Unité INSERM 1078, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex 2, France; Plateforme SynNanoVect, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Biogenouest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Brest, France
| | - Mathieu Berchel
- Plateforme SynNanoVect, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Biogenouest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Brest, France; UMR CNRS 6521, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Brest, France
| | - Stephen C Hyde
- Gene Medicine Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah R Gill
- Gene Medicine Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul-Alain Jaffrès
- Plateforme SynNanoVect, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Biogenouest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Brest, France; UMR CNRS 6521, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Brest, France
| | - Pierre Lehn
- Unité INSERM 1078, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex 2, France; Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire et d'histocompatibilité, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU de Brest, 2 Avenue du maréchal Foch, 29609 Brest Cedex, France; DUMG, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Unité INSERM 1078, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex 2, France; Plateforme SynNanoVect, SFR 148 ScInBioS, Biogenouest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Brest, France; Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire et d'histocompatibilité, Hôpital Morvan, CHRU de Brest, 2 Avenue du maréchal Foch, 29609 Brest Cedex, France; DUMG, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest, France.
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Pranjol MZI, Hajitou A. Bacteriophage-derived vectors for targeted cancer gene therapy. Viruses 2015; 7:268-84. [PMID: 25606974 PMCID: PMC4306838 DOI: 10.3390/v7010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer gene therapy expanded and reached its pinnacle in research in the last decade. Both viral and non-viral vectors have entered clinical trials, and significant successes have been achieved. However, a systemic administration of a vector, illustrating safe, efficient, and targeted gene delivery to solid tumors has proven to be a major challenge. In this review, we summarize the current progress and challenges in the targeted gene therapy of cancer. Moreover, we highlight the recent developments of bacteriophage-derived vectors and their contributions in targeting cancer with therapeutic genes following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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15
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Luo B, Ju S, Muneri CW, Rui R. Effects of histone acetylation status on the early development of in vitro porcine transgenic cloned embryos. Cell Reprogram 2014; 17:41-8. [PMID: 25393500 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on transgene expression and development of porcine transgenic cloned embryos, specifically focusing on effects derived from TSA-treated donor cells or TSA-treated reconstructed embryos. The results showed that TSA treatment on reconstructed embryos modified the acetylation status, which significantly improved the development of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos in vitro, but not donor cells. Furthermore, the treatment of reconstructed embryos with TSA enhanced expression of the pluripotency-related gene POU5F1 and stimulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mRNA expression of every group dropped drastically from donor cells to blastocysts. Interestingly, TSA is likely to prevent a decline in EGFP expression in nuclear reprogramming of porcine SCNT embryos. However DNA hypomethylation induced by modified histone acetylation of donor cells treated with TSA was significantly more effective in increasing EGFP expression in SCNT blastocysts. In conclusion, the acetylation status of both donor cells and reconstructed embryos modified by TSA treatment increased transgene expression and improved nuclear reprogramming and the developmental potential of porcine transgenic SCNT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biping Luo
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Jiangsu, 210095, China
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16
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Role of epigenetics in expression of recombinant proteins from mammalian cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Zhou Y, Zhang T, Zhang QK, Jiang Y, Xu DG, Zhang M, Shen W, Pan QJ. Unstable expression of transgene is associated with the methylation of CAG promoter in the offspring from the same litter of homozygous transgenic mice. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5177-86. [PMID: 24804614 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic animals have been established for studying gene function, improving animals' production traits, and providing organ models for the exploration of human diseases. However, the stability of inheritance and transgene expression in transgenic animals has gained extensive attention. The unstable expression of transgene through DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) targeting to the methylation of transgenic DNA such as CAG promoter and Egfp coding region in homozygous transgenic animals is still unknown. In the present study, the offspring from the same litter of homozygous transgenic mice carrying ubiquitously expressed enhanced green fluorescence protein driven by CMV early enhancer/chicken β-actin (CAG) promoter was observed to have unstable expression of transgene Egfp, quantitative PCR, western blot and bisulfite sequencing were conducted to quantify the expressional characteristics and methylation levels in various tissues. The correlation between transgene expression and methylation was analyzed. We have found that transgene expression is dependent on the methylation of CAG promoter, but not Egfp coding region. We have also characterized the correlation between the methylation of CAG promoter and DNMT, and found that only Dnmt3b expression is correlated with the methylation of CAG promoter. In conclusion, Dnmt3b-related methylation of CAG promoter can inhibit the transgene expression and may result in the unstable expression of transgene in the offspring from the same litter of homozygous transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shan Dong, China
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18
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Powers JF, Korgaonkar PG, Fliedner S, Giubellino A, Sahagian KPGG, Tischler AS. Cytocidal activities of topoisomerase 1 inhibitors and 5-azacytidine against pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma cells in primary human tumor cultures and mouse cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87807. [PMID: 24516563 PMCID: PMC3917832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no effective treatment for metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. A deficiency in current chemotherapy regimens is that the metastases usually grow very slowly. Drugs that target dividing tumor cells have therefore had limited success. To improve treatment, new strategies and valid experimental models are required for pre-clinical testing. However, development of models has itself been hampered by the absence of human pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma cell lines for cultures or xenografts. Topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitors are drugs that interfere with mechanisms that maintain DNA integrity during transcription in both quiescent and dividing cells. We used primary cultures of representative human tumors to establish the cytotoxicity of camptothecin, a prototypical TOP1 inhibitor, against non-dividing pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma cells, and then employed a mouse pheochromocytoma model (MPC) to show that efficacy of low concentrations of camptothecin and other TOP1 inhibitors is increased by intermittent coadministration of sub-toxic concentrations of 5-azacytidine, a DNA methylation inhibitor that modulates transcription. We then tested the same drugs against a clonal MPC derivative that expresses CMV reporter-driven luciferase and GFP, intended for in vivo drug testing. Unexpectedly, luciferase expression, bioluminescence and GFP expression were paradoxically increased by both camptothecin and SN38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, thereby masking cell death. Expression of chromogranin A, a marker for neuroendocrine secretory granules, was not increased, indicating that the drug effects on levels of luciferase and GFP are specific to the GFP-luciferase construct rather than generalized cellular responses. Our findings provide proof of principle for use of TOP1 inhibitors against pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma and suggest novel strategies for enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity by optimizing the combination and timing of their use in conjunction with other drugs. The paradoxical effects of TOP1 inhibitors on luciferase and GFP dictate a need for caution in the use of CMV promoter-regulated constructs for cancer-related imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Powers
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Parimal G. Korgaonkar
- Small Animal Imaging/Preclinical Testing Facility, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Fliedner
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- 1 Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alessio Giubellino
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Arthur S. Tischler
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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19
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George S, Paulick S, Knütter I, Röber N, Hiemann R, Roggenbuck D, Conrad K, Küpper JH. Stable expression of human muscle-specific kinase in HEp-2 M4 cells for automatic immunofluorescence diagnostics of myasthenia gravis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83924. [PMID: 24416182 PMCID: PMC3886972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) belongs to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor complex which is targeted by pathogenic autoantibodies causing Myasthenia gravis. While up to 95% of patients with generalized Myasthenia gravis were shown to be positive for acetylcholine receptor-specific autoantibodies, up to 70% of the remaining patients develop autoantibodies against MuSK. Discrimination of the autoantibody specificity is important for therapy of Myasthenia gravis. Recently, the new automatic fluorescence assessment platform AKLIDES has been developed for immunofluorescence-based diagnostics of autoimmune diseases. In order to establish an AKLIDES procedure for the detection of MuSK-specific autoantibodies (anti-MuSK), we developed a recombinant HEp-2 cell clone expressing the human MuSK cDNA. Here we show at the mRNA and protein level that the cell clone HEp-2 M4 stably expresses human MuSK. We provide evidence for a localization of MuSK at the cell membrane. Using cell clone HEp-2 M4 on the AKLIDES system, we investigated 34 patient sera that were previously tested anti-MuSK positive by radioimmunoassay as positive controls. As negative controls, we tested 29 acetylcholine receptor-positive but MuSK-negative patient sera, 30 amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient sera and 45 blood donors. HEp-2 M4 cells revealed a high specificity for the detection of MuSK autoantibodies from 25 patient sera assessed by a specific pattern on HEp-2 M4 cells. By using appropriate cell culture additives, the fraction of cells stained positive with anti-MuSK containing sera can be increased from 2-16% to 10-48%, depending on the serum. In conclusion, we provide data showing that the novel recombinant cell line HEp-2 M4 can be used to screen for anti-MuSK with the automatic AKLIDES system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra George
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Paulick
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Ilka Knütter
- GA Generic Assays GmbH, Dahlewitz/Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Röber
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rico Hiemann
- GA Generic Assays GmbH, Dahlewitz/Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
- GA Generic Assays GmbH, Dahlewitz/Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
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20
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Kantor B, Bailey RM, Wimberly K, Kalburgi SN, Gray SJ. Methods for gene transfer to the central nervous system. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2014; 87:125-97. [PMID: 25311922 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800149-3.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer is an increasingly utilized approach for research and clinical applications involving the central nervous system (CNS). Vectors for gene transfer can be as simple as an unmodified plasmid, but more commonly involve complex modifications to viruses to make them suitable gene delivery vehicles. This chapter will explain how tools for CNS gene transfer have been derived from naturally occurring viruses. The current capabilities of plasmid, retroviral, adeno-associated virus, adenovirus, and herpes simplex virus vectors for CNS gene delivery will be described. These include both focal and global CNS gene transfer strategies, with short- or long-term gene expression. As is described in this chapter, an important aspect of any vector is the cis-acting regulatory elements incorporated into the vector genome that control when, where, and how the transgene is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kantor
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rachel M Bailey
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keon Wimberly
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sahana N Kalburgi
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Kia A, Yata T, Hajji N, Hajitou A. Inhibition of histone deacetylation and DNA methylation improves gene expression mediated by the adeno-associated virus/phage in cancer cells. Viruses 2013; 5:2561-72. [PMID: 24153059 PMCID: PMC3814604 DOI: 10.3390/v5102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage (phage), viruses that infect bacteria only, have become promising vectors for targeted systemic delivery of genes to cancer, although, with poor efficiency. We previously designed an improved phage vector by incorporating cis genetic elements of adeno-associated virus (AAV). This novel AAV/phage hybrid (AAVP) specifically targeted systemic delivery of therapeutic genes into tumors. To advance the AAVP vector, we recently introduced the stress-inducible Grp78 tumor specific promoter and found that this dual tumor-targeted AAVP provides persistent gene expression, over time, in cancer cells compared to silenced gene expression from the CMV promoter in the parental AAVP. Herein, we investigated the effect of histone deacetylation and DNA methylation on AAVP-mediated gene expression in cancer cells and explored the effect of cell confluence state on AAVP gene expression efficacy. Using a combination of AAVP expressing the GFP reporter gene, flow cytometry, inhibitors of histone deacetylation, and DNA methylation, we have demonstrated that histone deacetylation and DNA methylation are associated with silencing of gene expression from the CMV promoter in the parental AAVP. Importantly, inhibitors of histone deacetylases boost gene expression in cancer cells from the Grp78 promoter in the dual tumor-targeted AAVP. However, cell confluence had no effect on AAVP-guided gene expression. Our findings prove that combination of histone deacetylase inhibitor drugs with the Grp78 promoter is an effective approach to improve AAVP-mediated gene expression in cancer cells and should be considered for AAVP-based clinical cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Kia
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK; E-Mails: (A.K.); (T.Y.)
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK; E-Mails: (A.K.); (T.Y.)
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Epigenetic Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK; E-Mails: (A.K.); (T.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-207-594-6546; Fax: +44-207-549-6548
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22
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Viñuelas J, Kaneko G, Coulon A, Vallin E, Morin V, Mejia-Pous C, Kupiec JJ, Beslon G, Gandrillon O. Quantifying the contribution of chromatin dynamics to stochastic gene expression reveals long, locus-dependent periods between transcriptional bursts. BMC Biol 2013; 11:15. [PMID: 23442824 PMCID: PMC3635915 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have established that stochasticity in gene expression may play an important role in many biological phenomena. This therefore calls for further investigations to identify the molecular mechanisms at stake, in order to understand and manipulate cell-to-cell variability. In this work, we explored the role played by chromatin dynamics in the regulation of stochastic gene expression in higher eukaryotic cells. RESULTS For this purpose, we generated isogenic chicken-cell populations expressing a fluorescent reporter integrated in one copy per clone. Although the clones differed only in the genetic locus at which the reporter was inserted, they showed markedly different fluorescence distributions, revealing different levels of stochastic gene expression. Use of chromatin-modifying agents showed that direct manipulation of chromatin dynamics had a marked effect on the extent of stochastic gene expression. To better understand the molecular mechanism involved in these phenomena, we fitted these data to a two-state model describing the opening/closing process of the chromatin. We found that the differences between clones seemed to be due mainly to the duration of the closed state, and that the agents we used mainly seem to act on the opening probability. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report biological experiments combined with computational modeling, highlighting the importance of chromatin dynamics in stochastic gene expression. This work sheds a new light on the mechanisms of gene expression in higher eukaryotic cells, and argues in favor of relatively slow dynamics with long (hours to days) periods of quiet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Viñuelas
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CGPhiMC), CNRS UMR5534, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Gaël Kaneko
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CGPhiMC), CNRS UMR5534, F-69622 Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRIA, Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), CNRS UMR5205, F-69621 Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Coulon
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elodie Vallin
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CGPhiMC), CNRS UMR5534, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Morin
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CGPhiMC), CNRS UMR5534, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Camila Mejia-Pous
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CGPhiMC), CNRS UMR5534, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | | | - Guillaume Beslon
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRIA, Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), CNRS UMR5205, F-69621 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Gandrillon
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CGPhiMC), CNRS UMR5534, F-69622 Lyon, France
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23
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Kia A, Przystal JM, Nianiaris N, Mazarakis ND, Mintz PJ, Hajitou A. Dual systemic tumor targeting with ligand-directed phage and Grp78 promoter induces tumor regression. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2566-77. [PMID: 23053496 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-specific Grp78 promoter is overexpressed in aggressive tumors. Cancer patients would benefit greatly from application of this promoter in gene therapy and molecular imaging; however, clinical benefit is limited by lack of strategies to target the systemic delivery of Grp78-driven transgenes to tumors. This study aims to assess the systemic efficacy of Grp78-guided expression of therapeutic and imaging transgenes relative to the standard cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Combination of ligand and Grp78 transcriptional targeting into a single vector would facilitate systemic applications of the Grp78 promoter. We generated a dual tumor-targeted phage containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tumor homing ligand and Grp78 promoter. Next, we combined flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, bioluminescence imaging of luciferase, and HSVtk/ganciclovir gene therapy and compared efficacy to conventional phage carrying the CMV promoter in vitro and in vivo in subcutaneous models of rat and human glioblastoma. We show that double-targeted phage provides persistent transgene expression in vitro and in tumors in vivo after systemic administration compared with conventional phage. Next, we showed significant tumor killing in vivo using the HSVtk/ganciclovir gene therapy and found a systemic antitumor effect of Grp78-driven HSVtk against therapy-resistant tumors. Finally, we uncovered a novel mechanism of Grp78 promoter activation whereby HSVtk/ganciclovir therapy upregulates Grp78 and transgene expression via the conserved unfolded protein response signaling cascade. These data validate the potential of Grp78 promoter in systemic cancer gene therapy and report the efficacy of a dual tumor targeting phage that may prove useful for translation into gene therapy and molecular imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Kia
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Degeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, United Kingdom
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24
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Silencing of fat-1 transgene expression in sheep may result from hypermethylation of its driven cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Theriogenology 2012; 78:793-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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De Vocht N, Reekmans K, Bergwerf I, Praet J, Hoornaert C, Le Blon D, Daans J, Berneman Z, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P. Multimodal imaging of stem cell implantation in the central nervous system of mice. J Vis Exp 2012:e3906. [PMID: 22733218 DOI: 10.3791/3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, both in preclinical and clinical studies. However, to date results regarding functional outcome and/or tissue regeneration following stem cell transplantation are quite diverse. Generally, a clinical benefit is observed without profound understanding of the underlying mechanism(s). Therefore, multiple efforts have led to the development of different molecular imaging modalities to monitor stem cell grafting with the ultimate aim to accurately evaluate survival, fate and physiology of grafted stem cells and/or their micro-environment. Changes observed in one or more parameters determined by molecular imaging might be related to the observed clinical effect. In this context, our studies focus on the combined use of bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological analysis to evaluate stem cell grafting. BLI is commonly used to non-invasively perform cell tracking and monitor cell survival in time following transplantation, based on a biochemical reaction where cells expressing the Luciferase-reporter gene are able to emit light following interaction with its substrate (e.g. D-luciferin). MRI on the other hand is a non-invasive technique which is clinically applicable and can be used to precisely locate cellular grafts with very high resolution, although its sensitivity highly depends on the contrast generated after cell labeling with an MRI contrast agent. Finally, post-mortem histological analysis is the method of choice to validate research results obtained with non-invasive techniques with highest resolution and sensitivity. Moreover end-point histological analysis allows us to perform detailed phenotypic analysis of grafted cells and/or the surrounding tissue, based on the use of fluorescent reporter proteins and/or direct cell labeling with specific antibodies. In summary, we here visually demonstrate the complementarities of BLI, MRI and histology to unravel different stem cell- and/or environment-associated characteristics following stem cell grafting in the CNS of mice. As an example, bone marrow-derived stromal cells, genetically engineered to express the enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) and firefly Luciferase (fLuc), and labeled with blue fluorescent micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs), will be grafted in the CNS of immune-competent mice and outcome will be monitored by BLI, MRI and histology (Figure 1).
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26
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Kwon YR, Son MJ, Kim HJ, Kim YJ. Reactivation of Silenced WT1 Transgene by Hypomethylating Agents - Implications for in vitro Modeling of Chemoimmunotherapy. Immune Netw 2012; 12:58-65. [PMID: 22740791 PMCID: PMC3382665 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cell line with transfected Wilms' tumor protein 1 (WT1) is has been used for the preclinical evaluation of novel treatment strategies of WT1 immunotherapy for leukemia due to the lack of appropriate murine leukemia cell line with endogenous WT1. However, silencing of the transgene occurs. Regarding the effects of hypomethylating agents (HMAs) on reactivation of silenced genes, HMAs are considered to be immune enhancers. METHODS We treated murine WT1- transfected C1498 (mWT1-C1498) with increasing doses of decitabine (DAC) and azacitidine (AZA) to analyze their effects on transgene reactivation. RESULTS DAC and AZA decreased the number of viable cells in a dose- or time-dependent manner. Quantification of WT1 mRNA level was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction after mWT1-C1498 treated with increasing dose of HMA. DAC treatment for 48 h induced 1.4-, 14.6-, and 15.5-fold increment of WT1 mRNA level, compared to untreated sample, at 0.1, 1, and 10µM, respectively. Further increment of WT1 expression in the presence of 1 and 10µM DAC was evident at 72 h. AZA treatment also induced up-regulation of mRNA, but not to the same degree as with DAC treatment. The correlation between the incremental increases in WT1 mRNA by DAC was confirmed by Western blot and concomitant down-regulation of WT1 promoter methylation was revealed. CONCLUSION The in vitro data show that HMA can induce reactivation of WT1 transgene and that DAC is more effective, at least in mWT1-C1498 cells, which suggests that the combination of DAC and mWT1-C1498 can be used for the development of the experimental model of HMA-combined WT1 immunotherapy targeting leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Rim Kwon
- Laboratory of Hematological Disease and Transplant Immunology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Yin Z, Kong QR, Zhao ZP, Wu ML, Mu YS, Hu K, Liu ZH. Position effect variegation and epigenetic modification of a transgene in a pig model. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:355-69. [PMID: 22370938 DOI: 10.4238/2012.february.16.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sequences proximal to transgene integration sites are able to regulate transgene expression, resulting in complex position effect variegation. Position effect variegation can cause differences in epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation. However, it is not known which factor, position effect or epigenetic modification, plays a more important role in the regulation of transgene expression. We analyzed transgene expression patterns and epigenetic modifications of transgenic pigs expressing green fluorescent protein, driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. DNA hypermethylation and loss of acetylation of specific histone H3 and H4 lysines, except H4K16 acetylation in the CMV promoter, were consistent with a low level of transgene expression. Moreover, the degree of DNA methylation and histone H3/H4 acetylation in the promoter region depended on the integration site; consequently, position effect variegation caused variations in epigenetic modifications. The transgenic pig fibroblast cell lines were treated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Transgene expression was promoted by reversing the DNA hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation status. The differences in DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the CMV promoter region in these cell lines were not significant; however, significant differences in transgene expression were detected, demonstrating that variegation of transgene expression is affected by the integration site. We conclude that in this pig model, position effect variegation affects transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
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Magnusson T, Haase R, Schleef M, Wagner E, Ogris M. Sustained, high transgene expression in liver with plasmid vectors using optimized promoter-enhancer combinations. J Gene Med 2011; 13:382-91. [PMID: 21721074 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmid-based gene therapy approaches often lack long-term transgene expression in vivo as a result of silencing or loss of the vector. One way to overcome these limitations is to combine nonsilenced promoters with strong enhancers. METHODS In the present study, we combine murine or human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-derived enhancer elements with the human elongation factor 1α (EF1α) promoter in a plasmid backbone devoid of potentially immunostimulating cytosine-guanine repeat sequences. Luciferase transgene activity was monitored in mouse liver after hydrodynamic plasmid delivery. RESULTS Luciferase activity of a CMV-promoter driven plasmid rapidly declined within days, whereas the activity of the EF1α driven plasmid remained high for 2 weeks (murine enhancer) and detectable for > 80 days (human enhancer). Expression levels clearly correlated with higher plasmid copy number found in the liver at 2 months after gene delivery. Furthermore, we developed a novel synthetic CMV-EF1α hybrid promoter (SCEP) combining the high activity of CMV and sustained activity of EF1α promoter. The SCEP led to a constitutive three-fold increase in expression levels compared to the EF1α promoter in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This novel combination of enhancer and promoter element with optimized plasmid backbones will pave the way for more efficient nonviral approaches in gene therapy.
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Vandenberghe LH, Bell P, Maguire AM, Cearley CN, Xiao R, Calcedo R, Wang L, Castle MJ, Maguire AC, Grant R, Wolfe JH, Wilson JM, Bennett J. Dosage thresholds for AAV2 and AAV8 photoreceptor gene therapy in monkey. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:88ra54. [PMID: 21697530 PMCID: PMC5027886 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is emerging as a therapeutic modality for treating disorders of the retina. Photoreceptor cells are the primary cell type affected in many inherited diseases of retinal degeneration. Successfully treating these diseases with gene therapy requires the identification of efficient and safe targeting vectors that can transduce photoreceptor cells. One serotype of adeno-associated virus, AAV2, has been used successfully in clinical trials to treat a form of congenital blindness that requires transduction of the supporting cells of the retina in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Here, we determined the dose required to achieve targeting of AAV2 and AAV8 vectors to photoreceptors in nonhuman primates. Transgene expression in animals injected subretinally with various doses of AAV2 or AAV8 vectors carrying a green fluorescent protein transgene was correlated with surgical, clinical, and immunological observations. Both AAV2 and AAV8 demonstrated efficient transduction of RPE, but AAV8 was markedly better at targeting photoreceptor cells. These preclinical results provide guidance for optimal vector and dose selection in future human gene therapy trials to treat retinal diseases caused by loss of photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luk H. Vandenberghe
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Albert M. Maguire
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Cassia N. Cearley
- W. F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Stokes Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ru Xiao
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roberto Calcedo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J. Castle
- W. F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Stokes Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Maguire
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Grant
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John H. Wolfe
- W. F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Stokes Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Irradiation, cisplatin, and 5-azacytidine upregulate cytomegalovirus promoter in tumors and muscles: implementation of non-invasive fluorescence imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:43-52. [PMID: 20396957 PMCID: PMC3023030 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter is one of the most commonly used promoters for expression of transgenes in mammalian cells. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of methylation and upregulation of the CMV promoter by irradiation and the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin in vivo using non-invasive fluorescence in vivo imaging. Procedures Murine fibrosarcoma LPB and mammary carcinoma TS/A cells were stably transfected with plasmids encoding CMV and p21 promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. Solid TS/A tumors were induced by subcutaneous injection of fluorescent tumor cells, while leg muscles were transiently transfected with plasmid encoding GFP under the control of the CMV promoter. Cells, tumors, and legs were treated either by DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine, irradiation, or cisplatin. GFP expression was determined using a fluorescence microplate reader in vitro and by non-invasive fluorescence imaging in vivo. Results Treatment of cells, tumors, and legs with 5-azacytidine (re)activated the CMV promoter. Furthermore, treatment with irradiation or cisplatin resulted in significant upregulation of GFP expression both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Observed alterations in the activity of the CMV promoter limit the usefulness of this widely used promoter as a constitutive promoter. On the other hand, inducibility of CMV promoters can be beneficially used in gene therapy when combined with standard cancer treatment, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Effect of trichostatin A and 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine on transgene reactivation and epigenetic modification in transgenic pig fibroblast cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 355:157-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qiu GH, Leung CHW, Yun T, Xie X, Laban M, Hooi SC. Recognition and suppression of transfected plasmids by protein ZNF511-PRAP1, a potential molecular barrier to transgene expression. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1478-86. [PMID: 21540836 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonviral vectors present considerable advantages over viral counterparts in gene transfer. However, the poor expression efficiency of the transfected genes poses a challenge for their use in gene therapy, primarily due to the inability of these vectors to overcome various barriers, including the biological barriers. Here, we report that ZNF511-PRAP1 may be involved in the recognition and inactivation of transfected plasmids. ZNF511-PRAP1 is induced by transfection of plasmid DNA and suppresses the transcription of transfected plasmids. It binds directly to the p21 promoter in transfected plasmids but not the endogenous counterpart. Similarly, ZNF511-PRAP1 suppresses the expression of the green fluorescent protein reporter gene on transiently transfected plasmids but not an integrated red fluorescence reporter gene with the same cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Therefore, ZNF511-PRAP1 is able to differentiate between exogenous/nonintegrated and endogenous/integrated DNA. The suppression by ZNF511-PRAP1 is independent of DNA methylation and can be abolished by trichostatin A (TSA) treatment and knockdown of HDAC2 and/or ZNF511-PRAP1. Furthermore, ZNF511-PRAP1 interacts directly with HDAC2. Our results revealed that transfected plasmids are recognized by ZNF511-PRAP1 and suppressed by a repressor complex comprising ZNF511-PRAP1 and HDAC2 and suggest that ZNF511-PRAP1 could play a role as a potential molecular barrier in nonviral transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Almarza E, Zhang F, Santilli G, Blundell M, Howe S, Thornhill S, Bueren J, Thrasher A. Correction of SCID-X1 Using an EnhancerlessVavPromoter. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:263-70. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Almarza
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), 28040 Madrid, España
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, U.K
| | - F. Zhang
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, U.K
| | - G. Santilli
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, U.K
| | - M.P. Blundell
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, U.K
| | - S.J. Howe
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, U.K
| | - S.I. Thornhill
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, U.K
| | - J.A. Bueren
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), 28040 Madrid, España
| | - A.J. Thrasher
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, U.K
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, WC1N 3JH, London, U.K
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Deruelle MJ, Favoreel HW. Keep it in the subfamily: the conserved alphaherpesvirus US3 protein kinase. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:18-30. [PMID: 20943887 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.025593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The US3 protein kinase is conserved over the alphaherpesvirus subfamily. Increasing evidence shows that, although the kinase is generally not required for virus replication in cell culture, it plays a pivotal and in some cases an essential role in virus virulence in vivo. The US3 protein is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that is involved in viral gene expression, virion morphogenesis, remodelling the actin cytoskeleton and the evasion of several antiviral host responses. In the current review, both the well conserved and virus-specific functions of alphaherpesvirus US3 protein kinase orthologues will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Deruelle
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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Effect of trichostatin A on transfected donor cells and subsequent development of porcine cloned embryos. ZYGOTE 2010; 19:237-43. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199410000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTransgenes integrated into mammalian cells are silenced rapidly. This phenomenon correlates with repressed chromatin structure marked by histone hypoacetylation. This study investigated the effect of trichostatin A (TSA; a histone-deacetylase inhibitor) on EGFP expression in transfected cells and embryonic development after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Porcine adult fibroblasts were transfected with a pEGFP-C1 vector. Then transfected cells, donor cells for SCNT, were pretreated with TSA, with the untreated cells being used as the control. Expression of EGFP in donor cells and reconstructed embryos was detected when exposed to blue light. Results showed that the percentage of EGFP-positive cells significantly increased when the transfected cells were treated with TSA and the increased expression of EGFP was sustained to at least the morula stage. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of TSA on the transfected cells was dose dependent. In conclusion, TSA can rescue the silencedEGFPgene. Even after transferring the TSA-treated cells to enucleated recipient oocytes, TSA retained the ability to rescue a silencedEGFPgene. In addition, TSA had an impact on cell proliferation.
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Senkel S, Waldner C, Ryffel GU, Thomas H. Improved conditional expression systems resulting in physiological level of HNF4alpha expression confirm HNF4alpha induced apoptosis in the pancreatic beta-cell line INS-1. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:210. [PMID: 19835622 PMCID: PMC2768738 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To analyze gene function in mammalian cells tetracycline inducible expression of a gene-of-interest at a specific genomic location (Flp-In T-REx™) is most attractive. However, leakiness of basal transgene expression and artificially high expression level upon tetracycline addition may be disadvantageous. Findings To solve these problems, we developed two different approaches to improve our pancreatic β-cell line INS-1 Flp-In T-REx™ expressing the tissue restricted transcription factor HNF4α under control of tetracycline. On the one hand we replaced the strong full length CMV promoter (CMV-Wt) with a weaker 5'-deleted CMV promoter fragment of 138 nucleotides in length (CMV-138). On the other hand we extended our INS-1 Flp-In T-REx™ cell lines with a Shield-1 dependent conditional control system of protein stability. Therefore, we fused HNF4α to the destabilization domain (DD) deduced from human FKBP12 protein. As a result in both approaches basal transgene expression level was markedly reduced, but HNF4α induction could still be maintained. Additionally, we could show that a low increase in HNF4α induces caspase activity indicating an apoptotic effect of HNF4α in these cells. Conclusion In the present study we considerably improved our INS-1 Flp-In T-REx™ cell lines conditionally expressing HNF4α to reduce leakiness and to optimize exogenous HNF4α protein expression to a physiological level. As an important result we could extend our previous results that HNF4α induces apoptosis in the pancreatic β-cell line INS-1 with the new aspect that an expression level of the HNF4α transgene marginally exceeding the endogenous level is sufficient to trigger apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Senkel
- Institut für Zellbiologie (Tumorforschung), Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität, Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
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Kong Q, Wu M, Huan Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Bou G, Luo Y, Mu Y, Liu Z. Transgene expression is associated with copy number and cytomegalovirus promoter methylation in transgenic pigs. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6679. [PMID: 19688097 PMCID: PMC2723931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animals have been used for years to study gene function, produce important proteins, and generate models for the study of human diseases. However, inheritance and expression instability of the transgene in transgenic animals is a major limitation. Copy number and promoter methylation are known to regulate gene expression, but no report has systematically examined their effect on transgene expression. In the study, we generated two transgenic pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by cytomegalovirus (CMV). Absolute quantitative real-time PCR and bisulfite sequencing were performed to determine transgene copy number and promoter methylation level. The correlation of transgene expression with copy number and promoter methylation was analyzed in individual development, fibroblast cells, various tissues, and offspring of the transgenic pigs. Our results demonstrate that transgene expression is associated with copy number and CMV promoter methylation in transgenic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingran Kong
- College of life science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Wu
- College of life science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Huan
- College of life science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of life science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of life science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Luo
- College of life science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshuang Mu
- College of life science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of life science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Alvarez-Castelao B, Martín-Guerrero I, García-Orad Á, Castaño JG. Cytomegalovirus promoter up-regulation is the major cause of increased protein levels of unstable reporter proteins after treatment of living cells with proteasome inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28253-28262. [PMID: 19679666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.004101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent unstable proteins obtained by the fusion of a fluorescent protein coding sequence with specific amino acid sequences that promote its fast degradation have become popular to gauge the activity of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in living cells. The steady-state levels of expression of these unstable proteins is low in agreement with their short half-lives, and they accumulate in the cell upon treatment with proteasome inhibitors. We show here that this accumulation is mainly due to transcriptional up-regulation of the cytomegalovirus promoter by proteasome inhibitors and mediated, at least in part, by AP1 transactivation. These simple facts put under quarantine conclusions reached about the activity of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in animal cells in culture or in transgenic mice, where popular cytomegalovirus-driven constructs are used, as transcriptional regulation of the expression of the reporter protein construct and not degradation of the unstable protein by the ubiquitin/proteasome system may contribute significantly to the interpretation of the results observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Alvarez-Castelao
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Universidad Autónoma de Madrid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UAM-CSIC) y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Idoia Martín-Guerrero
- Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - África García-Orad
- Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José G Castaño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Universidad Autónoma de Madrid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UAM-CSIC) y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Facultad de Medicina UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Leevy WM, Orton SP, Gammon ST, Che W, Feke GD, Ji T, Muenker MC, Schmidt M, Jacobs V, Vizard D, McLaughlin W. Kodak X-Sight 761 Nanospheres effectively label living cells for longitudinal cell tracking in mice. Nat Methods 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.f.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Treatment with demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine enhances therapeutic HPV DNA vaccine potency. Vaccine 2009; 27:4363-9. [PMID: 19481843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have emerged as a potential alternative to current strategies to control cancer for their safety, stability and ease of preparation. We have previously demonstrated that a DNA vaccine encoding calreticulin (CRT) linked to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E7 antigen (CRT/E7) can generate significant E7-specific immune responses and antitumor effects in vaccinated mice, thus enhancing DNA vaccine potency. Another strategy to improve DNA vaccine potency is by enhancing the level of expression of the antigen encoded in the vaccine. DNA methylation has been shown to lead to silencing of the genes that would affect the expression of the encoded antigen of the DNA vaccines. In the current study, we reasoned that CRT/E7 DNA vaccination combined with demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) would lead to upregulation of CRT/E7 expression, resulting in improved DNA vaccine potency. We found that pre-treatment with DAC led to increased CRT/E7 DNA expression, leading to enhanced E7-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses as well as the antitumor effects generated by the CRT/E7 DNA vaccine. Thus, our data suggest that combination of CRT/E7 DNA vaccination with DAC treatment may represent a potentially promising approach to control HPV-associated malignancies. The clinical implications of this study are discussed.
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Epigenetic regulation of cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter activity in transgenic mice. Gene 2009; 428:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wu X, Li Y, Li GP, Yang D, Yue Y, Wang L, Li K, Xin P, Bou S, Yu H. Trichostatin A improved epigenetic modifications of transfected cells but did not improve subsequent cloned embryo development. Anim Biotechnol 2008; 19:211-24. [PMID: 18855246 DOI: 10.1080/10495390802271482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming impairment of DNA methylation may be partly responsible for the low efficiency in somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this study, bovine fibroblast cells were transfected with enhancer green fluorescence protein (eGFP), and then treated with a histone-deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA). The results showed that the effect of TSA on transfected cells was dose dependent. When the TSA concentration was over 5 ng/ml, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited. The majority of the cells died when TSA reached 100 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The number of cells in the S phase was significantly decreased in the 5- to 50-ng/ml TSA-treated groups, while the majority of the cells were at the G0/G1 phases. The number of eGFP-expressed cells were approximately twofold higher in 25-ng/ml (30.5%) and 50-ng/ml (29.5%) TSA groups than the control (15.0%). Reduced DNA methylation and improved histone acetylation were observed when the cells were treated with 10 to 50 ng/ml of TSA. Transfer of the TSA-treated cells to enucleated recipient oocytes resulted in similar cleavage rates among the experimental groups and the control. Cells treated with 50 ng/ml of TSA resulted in significantly lower blastocyst development (9.9%) than the other experimental and the control groups (around 20%). Analysis of the putative blastocysts showed that 86.7% of the embryos derived from TSA-treated cells were eGFP positive, which was higher than that from untreated cells (68.8%). In conclusion, treatment of transfected cells with TSA decreased the genome DNA methylation level, increased histone acetylation, and eGFP gene expression was activated. Donor cells with reduced DNA methylation did not improve subsequent cloned embryo development; however, transgene expression was improved in cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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Lagranha VL, Baldo G, de Carvalho TG, Burin M, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Matte U, Giugliani R. In vitro correction of ARSA deficiency in human skin fibroblasts from metachromatic leukodystrophy patients after treatment with microencapsulated recombinant cells. Metab Brain Dis 2008; 23:469-84. [PMID: 18797988 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-008-9107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to arylsulfatase A (ARSA) deficiency that affects primarily the central nervous system. Ongoing treatments include enzyme replacement therapy and bone marrow transplantation, both limited in their effects due to the blood-brain barrier. An alternative approach would be the in situ implantation of encapsulated cells over expressing ARSA. Based on that, we tested the ability of encapsulated BHK cells over expressing ARSA to correct the enzyme deficiency in MLD patients' fibroblasts. Three groups were analyzed: fibroblasts treated with ARSA-over expressing BHK cells (rBHK) trapped in alginate capsules (capsules group), fibroblasts treated with supernatant of non-encapsulated rBHK (uptake control) and fibroblasts treated with empty capsules (empty group). Untreated and normal fibroblasts were used as controls. rBHK obtained by clone selection after non-viral transfection with pTARSA-CMV2. ARSA activity was measured after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of treatment and beta-gal was used as reference enzyme. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. Normal fibroblasts showed ARSA activity of 23.9 + /- 2.01 nmol/h/mg of protein, whereas untreated MLD fibroblasts had the low ARSA activity (2.22 + /- 0.17). In the empty group, ARSA activity was equal to that of untreated fibroblasts (2.71 + /- 0.34). Capsules and uptake control groups showed higher enzymatic activity levels, compared to MLD untreated, 23.42 + /- 6.39 and 42.35 + /- 5.20, respectively (p < 0.01 for all groups). Encapsulated rBHK clones show potential as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MLD, reaching normal enzyme levels in human MLD fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Lizzi Lagranha
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Chung H, Sidhu KS. Epigenetic modifications of embryonic stem cells: current trends and relevance in developing regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Cloning 2008; 1:11-21. [PMID: 24198501 PMCID: PMC3781683 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is a growing field not only in the area of cancer research but recently in stem cells including human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research. The hallmark of profiling epigenetic changes in stem cells lies in maintaining pluripotency or multipotency and in attaining lineage specifications that are relevant for regenerative medicine. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation, play important roles in regulating gene expressions. Other epigenetic modifications include X chromosome silencing, genomic stability and imprinting and mammalian development. This review attempts to elucidate the mechanism(s) behind epigenetic modifications and review techniques scientists use for identifying each modification. We also discuss some of the trends of epigenetic modifications in the fields of directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells and de-differentiation of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Chung
- Stem Cell Lab, Faculty of Medicine, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kuldip S Sidhu
- Stem Cell Lab, Faculty of Medicine, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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45
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Tevz G, Pavlin D, Kamensek U, Kranjc S, Mesojednik S, Coer A, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Gene electrotransfer into murine skeletal muscle: a systematic analysis of parameters for long-term gene expression. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2008; 7:91-101. [PMID: 18345697 DOI: 10.1177/153303460800700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an attractive target tissue for delivery of therapeutic genes, since it is well vascularized, easily accessible, and has a high capacity for protein synthesis. For efficient transfection in skeletal muscle, several protocols have been described, including delivery of low voltage electric pulses and a combination of high and low voltage electric pulses. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different parameters of electrotransfection on short-term and long-term transfection efficiency in murine skeletal muscle, and to evaluate histological changes in the treated tissue. Different parameters of electric pulses, different time lags between plasmid DNA injection and application of electric pulses, and different doses of plasmid DNA were tested for electrotransfection of tibialis cranialis muscle of C57Bl/6 mice using DNA plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transfection efficiency was assessed on frozen tissue sections one week after electrotransfection using a fluorescence microscope and also noninvasively, followed by an in vivo imaging system using a fluorescence stereo microscope over a period of several months. Histological changes in muscle were evaluated immediately or several months after electrotransfection by determining infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells and presence of necrotic muscle fibers. The most efficient electrotransfection into skeletal muscle of C57Bl/6 mice in our experiments was achieved when one high voltage (HV) and four low voltage (LV) electric pulses were applied 5 seconds after the injection of 30 microg of plasmid DNA. This protocol resulted in the highest short-term as well as long-term transfection. The fluorescence intensity of the transfected area declined after 2-3 weeks, but GFP fluorescence was still detectable 18 months after electrotransfection. Extensive inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltration was observed immediately after the electrotransfection procedure using the described parameters, but no necrosis or late tissue damage was observed. This study showed that electric pulse parameters, time lag between the injection of DNA and application of electric pulses, and dose of plasmid DNA affected the duration of transgene expression in murine skeletal muscle. Therefore, transgene expression in muscle can be controlled by appropriate selection of electrotransfection protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Tevz
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Zaloska 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Clanchy FIL, Williams RO. Plasmid DNA as a safe gene delivery vehicle for treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1507-19. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.10.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wang R, Liang J, Jiang H, Qin LJ, Yang HT. Promoter-dependent EGFP expression during embryonic stem cell propagation and differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:279-89. [PMID: 18447643 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification is an important tool in embryonic stem (ES) cell research and requires efficient promoter systems. Here, we have compared the transcriptional activities of three ubiquitous promoters, elongation factor-1alpha (EF1alpha), phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK), and cytomegalovirus (CMV), during propagation and differentiation of mouse (m) ES cells by using stable mES cell lines expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under each of these promoters. In undifferentiated ES cells, the EGFP expression driven by the EF1alpha was most stable, followed by the PGK, whereas the down-regulation of EGFP expression driven by the CMV promoter was most significant during propagation up to passage 35. A similar pattern for the activities of these promoters was observed in embryoid bodies (EBs) during 14 days of differentiation, with brighter EGFP signals driven by the EF1alpha promoter versus the other two. Moreover, the EF1alpha and PGK promoters, but not CMV, were effective in almost all mES cell-differentiated neuronal cells, cardiomyocytes, and visceral endoderm cells, with the fluorescent signal intensity higher for EF1alpha and even for PGK. The CMV promoter yielded a weak fluorescent signal in about 60-80% of these differentiated cells, while a few differentiated cells with the CMV promoter showed bright EGFP expression like that with the EF1alpha promoter. These results extend previous observations for the activities of these promoters in mES cells and provide new information for choosing appropriate promoters to facilitate genetic modification of mES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology of Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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48
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Balestrin R, Baldo G, Vieira M, Sano R, Coelho J, Giugliani R, Matte U. Transient high-level expression of ß-galactosidase after transfection of fibroblasts from GM1 gangliosidosis patients with plasmid DNA. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:283-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Balestrin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - G. Baldo
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - M.B. Vieira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Serviço de Genética Médica
| | - R. Sano
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - J.C. Coelho
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Serviço de Genética Médica
| | - R. Giugliani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Serviço de Genética Médica; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - U. Matte
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil
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Radhakrishnan P, Basma H, Klinkebiel D, Christman J, Cheng PW. Cell type-specific activation of the cytomegalovirus promoter by dimethylsulfoxide and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:1944-55. [PMID: 18373939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cytomegalovirus promoter is a very potent promoter commonly used for driving the expression of transgenes, though it gradually becomes silenced in stably transfected cells. We examined the methylation status of the cytomegalovirus promoter in two different cell lines and characterized its mechanisms of activation by dimethylsulfoxide and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine. The cytomegalovirus promoter stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells is suppressed by DNA methylation-independent mechanisms, which is different from the rat embryonic cardiomyoblast H9c2-Fluc.3 cells in which the cytomegalovirus promoter is silenced by methylation. Dimethylsulfoxide and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine can activate the cytomegalovirus promoter in both cell types by overlapping mechanisms. Dimethylsulfoxide activates the cytomegalovirus promoter in Chinese hamster ovary cells by promoting histone acetylation and the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) signaling pathways, while 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine increases histone acetylation and activates the nuclear factor kappaB but not the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In H9c2-Fluc.3 cells, both agents promote demethylation of the cytomegalovirus promoter, and enhance its activity exclusively through activation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway and to a lesser extent of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Our findings suggest that suppression and activation of the cytomegalovirus promoter are cell type-specific. These results may be used for developing strategies to enhance the expression of transgenes and the production of recombinant proteins encoded by transgenes controlled by a cytomegalovirus promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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50
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Sheng L, Cai F, Zhu Y, Pal A, Athanasiou M, Orrison B, Blair DG, Hughes SH, Coffin JM, Lewis AM, Peden K. Oncogenicity of DNA in vivo: tumor induction with expression plasmids for activated H-ras and c-myc. Biologicals 2008; 36:184-97. [PMID: 18218323 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All vaccines and other biological products contain contaminating residual DNA derived from the production cell substrate. Whether this residual cell-substrate DNA can induce tumors in vaccine recipients and thus represent a risk factor has been debated for over 50 years without resolution. As a first step in resolving this issue, we have generated expression plasmids for the activated human H-ras oncogene and for the murine c-myc proto-oncogene. Their oncogenic activity was confirmed in vitro using the focus-formation transformation assay. Two strains of adult and newborn immune-competent mice were inoculated with different amounts of either plasmid alone or with a combination of the H-ras and c-myc plasmids. Tumors developed only in mice inoculated with both plasmids and only at the highest amount of DNA (12.5 microg of each plasmid). The NIH Swiss mouse was more sensitive than the C57BL/6 mouse, and newborn animals were more sensitive than adults. Cell lines were established from the tumors. PCR and Southern hybridization analyses demonstrated that both inoculated oncogenes were present in all of the tumor-derived cell lines and that the cells in the tumors were clonal. Western analysis demonstrated that both oncoproteins were expressed in these cell lines. These results demonstrate that cellular oncogenes can induce tumors following subcutaneous inoculation. Such information provides a possible way of evaluating and estimating the theoretical oncogenic risk posed by residual cell-substrate DNA in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sheng
- Division of Viral Products, OVRR, CBER, FDA, Building 29A, Room 3D08, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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