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Reis Medeiros KA, da Costa LG, Bifano Manea GK, de Moraes Maciel R, Caliman E, da Silva MT, de Sena RC, de Oliveira EC. Determination of Total Sulfur Content in Fuels: A Comprehensive and Metrological Review Focusing on Compliance Assessment. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37610291 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2249564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing compounds are naturally found in crude oil, and they can be partially removed during the refining process. The wide use of fossil fuels has a significant contribution to sulfur emissions into the atmosphere, and Governments are striving to reduce the amount of the fuels by environmental regulations. The reduction of sulfur levels in diesel and other transportation fuels is beneficial from economic and environmental points, but meeting this standard represents a major operational and economic challenge for the oil and gas industry. Quantitative measurement of the sulfur amount must be taken along the oil refining chains guided by standards of measurement and recommended analytical methods such as various American Society for Testing and Materials methods (ASTM D2622, ASTM D5453, ASTM D7039, and ASTM D7220). Advancement in the refining processes and environmental regulations also require reliable measurements and well-defined criteria for compliance assessment. This work presented a brief review of the ASTM Standards used in the laboratories of the Brazilian oil and gas industry to determine the total sulfur content in fuels. We also presented an approach based on the reproducibility of the measurement methods and the guard band concept to evaluate the conformity statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrissy Aracélly Reis Medeiros
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Optical Fiber Sensors Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ednéia Caliman
- Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Caciano de Sena
- Brazilian Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elcio Cruz de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Programme in Metrology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Logistics, Operational Planning and Control, Measurement and Product Inventory Management, PETROBRAS S.A, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ni L, Geng X, Li S, Ning H, Gao Y, Guan Y. A flame photometric detector with a silicon photodiode assembly for sulfur detection. Talanta 2020; 207:120283. [PMID: 31594573 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A flame photometric detector with a silicon photodiode assembly instead of a photomultiplier tube for sulfur detection was developed and evaluated. The photosensitive area of photodiode, the optical design, and band-pass filters, were optimized. It was found that the optimal photosensitive area of the photodiode was 100 (mm)2, and three focus lenses combined with a broad band-pass filter of 378/52 nm and a QB21 glass yielded the best result. This design fully utilized the wide emission spectrum of S2*, the response characteristics of silicon photodiode, and effective absorption of strong emission spectrums of OH* at wavelength around 310 nm by QB21 glass. The limits of detection for nine kinds of sulfur containing compounds were between 5.8 × 10-12 to 9.5 × 10-12 g s-1. This mode provided a linear response of 3 orders of magnitude for compounds being tested and a selectivity of sulfur over carbon of 105. It is demonstrated for the first time that the overall performance of the flame photometric detector integrated with a silicon photodiode assembly work at room temperature was comparable to a conventional detector coupled with a photomultiplier tube, with advantages of short equilibration time, robust to electromagnetic interference and vibration, and low cost. The new detector can find wide application in gas chromatography and on-line monitoring instruments for sulfur measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiu Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xuhui Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Haijing Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.
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McKelvie KH, Thurbide KB. A Rapid Analytical Method for the Selective Quenching-Free Determination of Thiols by GC-FPD. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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An improved multiple flame photometric detector for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:154-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mondal S, Hangun-Balkir Y, Alexandrova L, Link D, Howard B, Zandhuis P, Cugini A, Horwitz CP, Collins TJ. Oxidation of sulfur components in diesel fuel using Fe-TAML® catalysts and hydrogen peroxide. Catal Today 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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