Quantification and Validation of Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Efavirenz in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form using Quality by Design (QbD): A Shifting Paradigm

Quality by design (QbD) based development and validation of RP-HPLC method for buserelin acetate in polymeric nanoparticles: Release study

Buserelin acetate (BA) is the first gonadotropin hormone to reduce the level of estrogen for the treatment of breast cancer. In the present study, RP-HPLC study has been developed and validated subsequently using the analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach. Initially, an analytical target profile (ATP) was defined that outlined the performance of the established method. The risk identification and its assessment were performed using the Ishikawa fishbone diagram and risk assessment method (RAM) to identify critical method parameters (CMPs) having influence on critical analytical attributes (CAAs). The flow rate and pH of buffer were identified as CMPs and retention time (Rt) and peak area (Pa) were recognized as CAAs. The optimization of the method was determined by response surface methodology based on central composite design (CCD). The chromatographic separation was achieved by mobile phase (water: acetonitrile, 80:20 %, v/v) and pH was adjusted using orthophosphoric acid with Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm × 5 μm) column. Elution was monitored at 220 nm using a photodiode array (PDA) detector. The calibration curve showed the linearity (regression coefficient, R2 = 0.9991) over the concentration range of 10-60 μg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 0.051 μg/mLand 0.254 μg/mL respectively. The method for analysis of BA was accurate using recovery ranging from 100.55 ± 0.93 to 103.45 ± 0.32 whereas the method was precise with % RSD for all parameters of chromatographic system was found to be not more than 1.0 %. Further, the method was robust based on intentionally changing the chromatographic conditions according to the recommended ICH Q2 (R1). Furthermore, poly D, L-lactic-co-glycolic (PLGA- Resomer RG505 and Resomer RG750) (50:50) based nanoparticles were prepared to encapsulate BA and understand the release of BA over the period of 48 h with Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics model. The stability of the stock solution was assessed over the 8th day and found to be stable for a longer duration of time. The method has been successfully applied for the analysis of BA in polymeric nanoparticles.

A brief review on application of design of experiment for the analysis of pharmaceuticals using HPLC

The quality pioneer Dr. Joseph M. Juran first proposed the idea of quality by design. According to him, pharmaceutical quality by design is an organised approach to product development that starts with predetermined goals and places an emphasis on product, process understanding, control based on reliable science and quality risk management. The quality of a product or process can typically be affected by a number of input elements. Design of experiments has been employed widely recently to understand the impacts of multidimensional and interactions of input parameters on the output responses of analytical procedures and pharmaceutical goods. Depending on the design of experiments objectives, screening, characterization, or optimization of the process and formulation, a variety of designs, such as factorial or mixture, can be used. The most popular designs used in the stage of screening or factor selection are the 2-Level Factorial and Plackett-Burman designs, both of which have two levels for each factor (k), both economical and effective, and in optimization widely used designs in this step are full factorial at three levels, central composite, Box-Behnken design. The analysis of variance, regression significance, and lack of fit of the regression model were some of the key topics covered in the discussion of the main components of multiple regression model adjustment. Design of experiments is thus the primary element of the formulation and analytical quality by design. The details about design of experiments used for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation using HPLC.