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Baggaley RF, Zenner D, Bird P, Hargreaves S, Griffiths C, Noori T, Friedland JS, Nellums LB, Pareek M. Prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in migrants in Europe in the era of universal health coverage. The Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e876-e884. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chappell E, Kohns Vasconcelos M, Goodall RL, Galli L, Goetghebuer T, Noguera‐Julian A, Rodrigues LC, Scherpbier H, Smit C, Bamford A, Crichton S, Navarro ML, Ramos JT, Warszawski J, Spolou V, Chiappini E, Venturini E, Prata F, Kahlert C, Marczynska M, Marques L, Naver L, Thorne C, Gibb DM, Giaquinto C, Judd A, Collins IJ. Children living with HIV in Europe: do migrants have worse treatment outcomes? HIV Med 2022; 23:186-196. [PMID: 34596323 PMCID: PMC9293243 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of migrant status on treatment outcomes among children living with HIV in Europe. METHODS Children aged < 18 years at the start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in European paediatric HIV observational cohorts where ≥ 5% of children were migrants (defined as born abroad) were included. Three outcomes were considered: (i) severe immunosuppression-for-age; (ii) viraemic viral load (≥ 400 copies/mL) at 1 year after ART initiation; and (iii) AIDS/death after ART initiation. The effect of migrant status was assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic and Cox models. RESULTS Of 2620 children included across 12 European countries, 56% were migrants. At ART initiation, migrant children were older than domestic-born children (median 6.1 vs. 0.9 years, p < 0.001), with slightly higher proportions being severely immunocompromised (35% vs. 33%) and with active tuberculosis (2% vs. 1%), but a lower proportion with an AIDS diagnosis (14% vs. 19%) (all p < 0.001). At 1 year after beginning ART, a lower proportion of migrant children were viraemic (18% vs. 24%) but there was no difference in multivariable analysis (p = 0.702), and no difference in severe immunosuppression (p = 0.409). However, there was a trend towards higher risk of AIDS/death in migrant children (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.51, 95% confidence interval: 0.96-2.38, p = 0.072). CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for characteristics at ART initiation, migrant children have virological and immunological outcomes at 1 year of ART that are comparable to those who are domestic-born, possibly indicating equity in access to healthcare in Europe. However, there was some evidence of a difference in AIDS-free survival, which warrants further monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Kohns Vasconcelos
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital HygieneHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research GroupInstitute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's, University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Luisa Galli
- Infectious Disease UnitDepartment of Health SciencesMeyer Children's HospitalUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Department of PediatricsHôpital St PierreUniversité libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Antoni Noguera‐Julian
- Infectious Diseases and Systemic Inflammatory Response in Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases UnitDepartment of PediatricsSant Joan de Déu Hospital Research FoundationBarcelonaSpain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP)MadridSpain
| | - Laura C. Rodrigues
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Henriette Scherpbier
- Emma Children's Hospital/Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Colette Smit
- Stichting HIV MonitoringAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alasdair Bamford
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCLLondonUK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS TrustLondonUK
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | | | - Marissa Luisa Navarro
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP)MadridSpain
- Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón"MadridSpain
- Universidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM)MadridSpain
| | - Jose T. Ramos
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Materno‐infantilUniversidad ComplutenseHospital Clínico San CarlosInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC)MadridSpain
| | - Josiane Warszawski
- Service d'Epidémiologie et Santé PubliqueAP‐HPHôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker CochinAP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Vana Spolou
- First Department of PaediatricsInfectious Diseases Unit, “Agia Sophia” Childrens' HospitalAthensGreece
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Infectious Disease UnitDepartment of Health SciencesMeyer Children's HospitalUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Elisabetta Venturini
- Infectious Disease UnitDepartment of Health SciencesMeyer Children's HospitalUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | | | - Christian Kahlert
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland and Cantonal HospitalInfectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologySt GallenSwitzerland
| | | | - Laura Marques
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Lars Naver
- Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Claire Thorne
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | | | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Women and Child HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Ali Judd
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCLLondonUK
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Chiappini E, Lisi C, Giacomet V, Erba P, Bernardi S, Zangari P, Di Biagio A, Taramasso L, Giaquinto C, Rampon O, Gabiano C, Garazzino S, Tagliabue C, Esposito S, Bruzzese E, Badolato R, Zanaboni D, Cellini M, Dedoni M, Mazza A, Pession A, Giannini AM, Salvini F, Dodi I, Carloni I, Cazzato S, Tovo PA, de Martino M, Galli L. Off-label use of combined antiretroviral therapy, analysis of data collected by the Italian Register for HIV-1 infection in paediatrics in a large cohort of children. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:55. [PMID: 35033018 PMCID: PMC8760752 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early start of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in perinatally HIV-1 infected children is the optimal strategy to prevent immunological and clinical deterioration. To date, according to EMA, only 35% of antiretroviral drugs are licenced in children < 2 years of age and 60% in those aged 2-12 years, due to the lack of adequate paediatric clinical studies on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug safety in children. METHODS An observational retrospective study investigating the rate and the outcomes of off-label prescription of HAART was conducted on 225 perinatally HIV-1 infected children enrolled in the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and followed-up from 2001 to 2018. RESULTS 22.2% (50/225) of included children were receiving an off-label HAART regimen at last check. Only 26% (13/50) of off-label children had an undetectable viral load (VL) before the commencing of the regimen and the 52.0% (26/50) had a CD4 + T lymphocyte percentage > 25%. At last check, during the off label regimen, the 80% (40/50) of patients had an undetectable VL, and 90% (45/50) of them displayed CD4 + T lymphocyte percentage > 25%. The most widely used off-label drugs were: dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (16%; 8/50), emtricitbine/tenofovir disoproxil (22%; 11/50), lopinavir/ritonavir (20%; 10/50) and elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/ tenofovir alafenamide (10%; 10/50). At logistic regression analysis, detectable VL before starting the current HAART regimen was a risk factor for receiving an off-label therapy (OR: 2.41; 95% CI 1.13-5.19; p = 0.024). Moreover, children < 2 years of age were at increased risk for receiving off-label HAART with respect to older children (OR: 3.24; 95% CI 1063-7.3; p = 0.001). Even if our safety data regarding off-label regimens where poor, no adverse event was reported. CONCLUSION The prescription of an off-label HAART regimen in perinatally HIV-1 infected children was common, in particular in children with detectable VL despite previous HAART and in younger children, especially those receiving their first regimen. Our data suggest similar proportions of virological and immunological successes at last check among children receiving off-label or on-label HAART. Larger studies are needed to better clarify efficacy and safety of off-label HAART regimens in children, in order to allow the enlargement of on-label prescription in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiappini
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50100, Florence, Italy.
| | - Catiuscia Lisi
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50100, Florence, Italy
| | - Vania Giacomet
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, ASST FBF SACCO, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Erba
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, ASST FBF SACCO, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Bernardi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zangari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Lucia Taramasso
- Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Women and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Osvalda Rampon
- Department of Women and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Clara Gabiano
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Garazzino
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Tagliabue
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Paediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Eugenia Bruzzese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Zanaboni
- Department On Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, IRCCS Policlinico "S. Matteo" Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Cellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Dedoni
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale Microcitemico, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazza
- Paediatric Unit, "S. Chiara" Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Andrea Pession, Paediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital Policlinico Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo Salvini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Milan, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Icilio Dodi
- Paediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ines Carloni
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Salesi Children's Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Pier Angelo Tovo
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50100, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50100, Florence, Italy
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Parigi S, Licari A, Marseglia GL, Galli L, Chiappini E. What the paediatrician needs to know about HIV-1 infection. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31 Suppl 24:28-31. [PMID: 32017207 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is spreading the false perception that pediatric HIV infection has been almost completely disappeared in Italy, as well as in other Western countries, and it does not deserve the attention of the primary care pediatrician anymore. Hereby, we report the important role still played by the primary care pediatrician in management and prevention of pediatric HIV infection in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Parigi
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Science Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amelia Licari
- Pediatri Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatri Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Science Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Science Health, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Chiappini E, Galli L, Lisi C, Gabiano C, Esposito S, Giacomet V, Giaquinto C, Rampon O, Badolato R, Genovese O, Buffolano W, Osimani P, Cellini M, Bernardi S, Maccabruni A, Dodi I, Salvini F, Faldella G, Quercia M, Gotta C, Rabusin M, Natale F, Mazza A, Merighi M, Tovo PA, de Martino M. Strategies for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Adopted in the "Real-World" Setting: Data From the Italian Register for HIV-1 Infection in Children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 79:54-61. [PMID: 29957673 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies for prevention of HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) have been continuously optimized. However, cases of vertical transmission continue to occur in high-income countries. OBJECTIVES To investigate changes in PMTCT strategies adopted by Italian clinicians over time and to evaluate risk factors for transmission. METHODS Data from mother-child pairs prospectively collected by the Italian Register, born in Italy in 1996-2016, were analyzed. Risk factors for MTCT were explored by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Six thousand five hundred three children (348 infections) were included. In our cohort, the proportion of children born to foreign mothers increased from 18.3% (563/3078) in 1996%-2003% to 66.2% (559/857) in 2011-2016 (P < 0.0001). Combination neonatal prophylaxis use significantly (P < 0.0001) increased over time, reaching 6.3% (56/857) after 2010, and it was largely (4.2%) adopted in early preterm infants. The proportion of vaginal deliveries in women with undetectable viral load (VL) increased over time and was 9.9% (85/857) in 2011-2016; no infection occurred among them. In children followed up since birth MTCT, rate was 3.5% (96/2783) in 1996-2003; 1.4% (36/2480) in 2004-2010; and 1.1% (9/835) in 2011-2016. At a multivariate analysis, factors associated with MTCT were vaginal delivery with detectable or missing VL or nonelective caesarean delivery, prematurity, breastfeeding, lack of maternal or neonatal antiretroviral therapy, detectable maternal VL, and age at first observation. Previously described increased risk of offspring of immigrant women was not confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Risk of MTCT in Italy is ongoing, even in recent years, underling the need for implementation of the current screening program in pregnancy. Large combination neonatal prophylaxis use in preterm infants was observed, even if data on safety and efficacy in prematures are poor.
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Di Biagio A, Taramasso L, Gustinetti G, Burastero G, Giacomet V, La Rovere D, Genovese O, Giaquinto C, Rampon O, Carloni I, Hyppolite TK, Palandri L, Bernardi S, Bruzzese E, Badolato R, Gabiano C, Chiappini E, De Martino M, Galli L. Missed opportunities to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Italy. HIV Med 2019; 20:330-336. [PMID: 30924576 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vertical transmission of HIV can be effectively controlled through antenatal screening, antiretroviral treatment and the services provided during and after childbirth for mother and newborn. In Italy, the National Health Service guarantees universal access to prenatal care for all women, including women with HIV infection. Despite this, children are diagnosed with HIV infection every year. The aim of the study was to identify missed opportunities for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. METHODS The Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children, which was started in 1985 and involves 106 hospitals throughout the country, collects data on all new cases of HIV infection in children. For this analysis, we reviewed the database for the period 2005 to 2015. RESULTS We found 79 HIV-1-infected children newly diagnosed after birth in Italy. Thirty-two of the mothers were Italian. During the pregnancy, only 15 of 19 women with a known HIV diagnosis were treated with antiretroviral treatment, while, of 34 women who had received an HIV diagnosis before labour began, only 23 delivered by caesarean section and 17 received intrapartum prophylaxis. In 25 mothers, HIV infection was diagnosed during pregnancy or in the peripartum period. Thirty-one newborns received antiretroviral prophylaxis and 39 received infant formula. CONCLUSIONS We found an unacceptable number of missed opportunities to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MCTC). Eliminating HIV MTCT is a universal World Health Organization goal. Elucidating organization failures in Italy over the past decade should help to improve early diagnosis and to reach the zero transmission target in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Taramasso
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Gustinetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Burastero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - V Giacomet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milan, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - D La Rovere
- Ospedale Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - O Genovese
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, A. Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Giaquinto
- Department of Child's and Woman's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - O Rampon
- Department of Child's and Woman's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - I Carloni
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Child and Mother Health, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - T K Hyppolite
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - L Palandri
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - S Bernardi
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - E Bruzzese
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - R Badolato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine 'Angelo Nocivelli', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Gabiano
- SC Pediatric Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - E Chiappini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - M De Martino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - L Galli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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European Pregnancy and Paediatric HIV Cohort Collaboration (EPPICC) Study Group. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbones and pregnancy outcomes. AIDS 2019; 33:295-304. [PMID: 30562172 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether specific nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbones are associated with risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN Seven observational studies across eight European countries of pregnancies in HIV-positive women. METHODS Individual-level data were pooled on singleton pregnancies conceived off-ART in which a single combination ART regimen was initiated at least 2 weeks before delivery, and ending in a live birth in 2008-2014. Preterm delivery (PTD) was defined as less than 37 gestational weeks and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) as less than 10th percentile according to INTERGROWTH standards. Poisson regression models were fitted to investigate associations between NRTI backbones and PTD/SGA. RESULTS Out of 7193 pregnancies, 45% (3207) were in UK/Ireland, 44% (3134) in Ukraine. 10% (722/7193) of deliveries were preterm and 11.1% (785/7089) of newborns SGA. The most common NRTI backbones were zidovudine (ZDV)-lamivudine (3TC) (71%), tenofovir (TDF)-XTC (16%) and abacavir (ABC)-3TC (10%) with TDF-containing backbone use increasing over time. Overall, 77% of regimens contained ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r). There was no association between NRTI backbone and PTD in main adjusted analyses [adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.73-1.28] for ABC-3TC and aPR 1.06 (95% CI 0.83-1.35) for TDF-XTC, both vs. ZDV-3TC) or in 4720 pregnancies on LPV/r [aPR 1.03 (95% CI 0.74-1.43) for ABC-3TC and aPR 1.16 [0.85-1.57] for TDF-XTC, both vs. ZDV-3TC]. Infants exposed to ABC-3TC or TDF-XTC in utero were less likely to be SGA than those exposed to ZDV-3TC [aPR 0.72 (95% CI 0.53-0.97) and aPR 0.70 (95% CI 0.53-0.93), respectively]. CONCLUSION Results support the safety of TDF-XTC backbones initiated in pregnancy with respect to gestation length and birthweight.
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Favarato G, Bailey H, Burns F, Prieto L, Soriano-Arandes A, Thorne C. Migrant women living with HIV in Europe: are they facing inequalities in the prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV?: The European Pregnancy and Paediatric HIV Cohort Collaboration (EPPICC) study group in EuroCoord. Eur J Public Health 2019; 28:55-60. [PMID: 28449111 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In pregnancy early interventions are recommended for prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. We examined whether pregnant women who live with HIV in Europe and are migrants encounter barriers in accessing HIV testing and care. Methods Four cohorts within the European Pregnancy and Paediatric HIV Cohort Collaboration provided data for pooled analysis of 11 795 pregnant women who delivered in 2002-12 across ten European countries. We defined a migrant as a woman delivering in a country different from her country of birth and grouped the countries into seven world regions. We compared three suboptimal PMTCT interventions (HIV diagnosis in late pregnancy in women undiagnosed at conception, late anti-retroviral therapy (ART) start in women diagnosed but untreated at conception and detectable viral load (VL) at delivery in women on antenatal ART) in native and migrant women using multivariable logistic regression models. Results Data included 9421 (79.9%) migrant women, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); 4134 migrant women were diagnosed in the current pregnancy, often (48.6%) presenting with CD4 count <350 cells/µl. Being a migrant was associated with HIV diagnosis in late pregnancy [OR for SSA vs. native women, 2.12 (95% CI 1.67, 2.69)] but not with late ART start if diagnosed but not on ART at conception, or with detectable VL at delivery once on ART. Conclusions Migrant women were more likely to be diagnosed in late pregnancy but once on ART virological response was good. Good access to antenatal care enables the implementation of PMTCT protocols and optimises both maternal and children health outcomes generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Favarato
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, UCL, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - H Bailey
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, UCL, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - F Burns
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, UK.,Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - L Prieto
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Soriano-Arandes
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Thorne
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, UCL, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-1 epidemiology is changing and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) strategies have been continuously optimized over time. However, the correct management of infected women during pregnancy is crucial for PMTCT and cases of vertical transmission continue to occur. OBJECTIVE To review the most recent evidence regarding the prevention of MTCT in resource-rich and resource-limited settings, focalizing on new possible approaches. RESULTS New issues regard the optimal antiretroviral therapy regimen for pregnant women with good immunological control, the use of intrapartum zidovudine (ZDV) in pregnant women with low viral load, the optimization of prophylaxis in the settings where breastfeeding is recommended and use of combined neonatal prophylaxis (CNP) in infants at high-risk for MTCT. Complete viral control, in recent years, has been achieved in most infected pregnant women, has led to change the recommended mode of delivery, since vaginal birth has become a safe option and is now largely recommended. Recent data reported a large use of CNP in preterm infants: this practice may be dangerous, due to the lack of safety data, and its efficacy and effectiveness is unproven. CONCLUSION Data are accumulating on efficacy, effectiveness and safety of different PMTCT strategies in various possible clinical scenarios, however further researches are needed in order to optimize the management of infants at extremely low risk for MTCT as well as in those presenting with high risk for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lumaca
- a Department of Health Sciences , Meyer University Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- a Department of Health Sciences , Meyer University Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- a Department of Health Sciences , Meyer University Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Elena Chiappini
- a Department of Health Sciences , Meyer University Hospital, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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Berti E, Thorne C, Noguera-Julian A, Rojo P, Galli L, de Martino M, Chiappini E. The new face of the pediatric HIV epidemic in Western countries: demographic characteristics, morbidity and mortality of the pediatric HIV-infected population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:S7-13. [PMID: 25894975 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The natural history of the pediatric HIV epidemic has changed since the introduction of strategies for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission and the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The demographic characteristics of the pediatric HIV-infected population and the incidence and pattern of HIV-related morbidity, as well as mortality rates, have been remarkably modified. This report gives an overview on the main changes that occurred in Western countries.
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Sollai S, Noguera-Julian A, Galli L, Fortuny C, Deyà Á, de Martino M, Chiappini E. Strategies for the prevention of mother to child transmission in Western countries: an update. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:S14-30. [PMID: 25894973 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last decades remarkable scientific advances have been made toward the prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission, in particular in developed nations. The aim of this review was to analyze the latest findings and available international recommendations on the prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission in high-income countries. METHODS We performed a literature search of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE by PubMed and EMBASE from database inception through June 2014, using the following terms: HIV, mother-to-child transmission and mother-to-child-transmission prevention. All types of articles in the English language were included. US and available European guidelines were searched and included in the analysis. RESULTS One hundred fifty articles were selected for inclusion in this review. CONCLUSIONS Global epidemiology of HIV infection is rapidly evolving, in particular in high-resource countries. The interpretation of clinical and epidemiological studies is crucial for the development of evidence-based recommendations to guide the management of HIV mother-to-child transmission. Although significant progress has been made, heterogeneity between countries in specific interventions still exists, which may address future research.
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Cohen S, van Bilsen WP, Smit C, Fraaij PL, Warris A, Kuijpers TW, Geelen SP, Wolfs TF, Scherpbier HJ, van Rossum AM, Pajkrt D. Country of birth does not influence long-term clinical, virologic, and immunological outcome of HIV-infected children living in the Netherlands: a cohort study comparing children born in the Netherlands with children born in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:178-85. [PMID: 25405830 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immigrant HIV-infected adults in industrialized countries show a poorer clinical and virologic outcome compared with native patients. We aimed to investigate potential differences in clinical, immunological, and virologic outcome in Dutch HIV-infected children born in the Netherlands (NL) versus born in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in a national cohort analysis. METHODS We included all HIV-infected children registered between 1996 and 2013. Descriptive statistics, mixed-effects models, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate differences between groups. RESULTS In total, 319 HIV-infected children were registered. The majority of these children were born in SSA (n = 148, 47%) or NL (n = 113, 36%) and most were black (n = 158, 61%). Children born in NL were diagnosed at a median age of 1.2 years and initiated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) at a median age of 2.6 years, compared with 3.7 and 5.3 years, respectively, for children born in SSA (HIV diagnosis: P < 0.001; cART initiation: P < 0.001). Despite a lower initial CD4 T-cell Z-score in children born in SSA, their immunological reconstitution was similar to children from NL. Virologic suppression was achieved in the majority of all cART-treated children (NL: 96%, SSA: 94%). There was no difference in the occurrence or timing of virologic failure. CONCLUSIONS Most immigrant HIV-infected children living in NL were born in SSA. Children born in SSA were diagnosed and initiated cART at an older age than children born in NL. Despite initial differences in CD4 T-cell counts and HIV viral load, the long-term immunological and virologic response to cART was similar in both groups.
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Townsend CL, Byrne L, Cortina-Borja M, Thorne C, de Ruiter A, Lyall H, Taylor GP, Peckham CS, Tookey PA. Earlier initiation of ART and further decline in mother-to-child HIV transmission rates, 2000-2011. AIDS 2014; 28:1049-57. [PMID: 24566097 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) rates over time in light of changes in management, demographic, and pregnancy characteristics. DESIGN Population-based surveillance data on diagnosed HIV-positive women and their infants are routinely collected in the UK and Ireland. METHODS A total of 12486 singleton pregnancies delivered in 2000-2011 were analyzed. HIV infection status was available for 11515 infants (92.2%). RESULTS The rate of MTCT declined from 2.1% (17/816) in 2000-2001 to 0.46% (nine of 1975, 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.86%) in 2010-2011 (trend, P=0.01), because of a combination of factors including earlier initiation of antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Excluding 63 infants who were breastfed or acquired HIV postnatally, MTCT risk was significantly higher for all modes of delivery in women with viral load of 50-399 copies/ml (1.0%, 14/1349), compared with viral load of less than 50 copies/ml (0.09%, six of 6347, P<0.001). Among the former (viral load 50-399 copies/ml), the risk of MTCT was 0.26% (two of 777) following elective cesarean section and 1.1% (two of 188) following planned vaginal delivery (P=0.17), excluding in-utero transmissions. MTCT probability declined rapidly with each additional week of treatment initially, followed by a slower decline up to about 15 weeks of cART, with substantial differences by baseline viral load. CONCLUSION MTCT rates in the UK and Ireland have continued to decline since 2006, reaching an all-time low of 5 per 1000 in 2010-2011. This was primarily because of a reduction in transmissions associated with late initiation or nonreceipt of antenatal cART, and an increase in the proportion of women on cART at conception.
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Valle S, Pezzotti P, Floridia M, Pellegrini MG, Bernardi S, Puro V, Tamburrini E, Rinaldi I, Vittori G, Perrelli F, Morelli A, Girardi E. Percentage and determinants of missed HIV testing in pregnancy: a survey of women delivering in the Lazio region, Italy. AIDS Care 2013; 26:899-906. [PMID: 24279737 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2013.861572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV testing is recommended as part of routine preconception and prenatal care but some cases of vertical transmission still occur because of missed HIV testing in pregnancy. We estimated the percentage of women missing HIV testing before delivery, and we evaluated factors related with it. An anonymous survey was distributed to women giving birth during a two-week period in the maternity units of hospitals in the Lazio region of Italy in 2011. Among the 1568 women who filled out the questionnaire, only 33.6% had an HIV test prior to conception, while 88.2% were tested during pregnancy; main reasons reported for missed testing were: not requested by the gynaecologist (57.0%), performed previously (20.7%), requested by the gynaecologist but not done (13.3%) and structural/organisational barriers (4.4%). The percentage of women who missed the HIV test as part of preconception care or during pregnancy was 9.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 7.7-10.6). Multivariate analysis showed that those with missed test were younger (p = 0.05), of lower education level (p < 0.01), with a lower HIV-knowledge score (p < 0.01) and with fewer visits during pregnancy (p < 0.01). Around 10% of delivering women were not tested for HIV during pregnancy or as part of preconception care. Absence of a specific request by the gynaecologist was the most frequent reason given. The association of missed HIV testing with poor sociocultural level and limited maternal HIV knowledge emphasise the importance of promoting HIV information among women and prenatal care providers. Strategies to increase routine testing may include the adoption of an opt-out approach. Finally, availability of rapid HIV testing in the delivery room should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Valle
- a Laziosanità , Agenzia di Sanità Pubblica , Rome , Italy
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Cohen S, Smit C, van Rossum AM, Fraaij PL, Wolfs TF, Geelen SP, Schölvinck EH, Warris A, Scherpbier HJ, Pajkrt D. Long-term response to combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children in the Netherlands registered from 1996 to 2012. AIDS 2013; 27:2567-75. [PMID: 23842124 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000432451.75980.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe demographic and treatment characteristics of the Dutch vertically HIV-infected paediatric population from 1996 to 2012, and to investigate the long-term virological and immunological response to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), with emphasis on the influence of age at cART initiation and initial CD4 cell counts. DESIGN Descriptive cohort study. METHODS From 1996 to 2012, all paediatric HIV clinics in the Netherlands provided data on their HIV-infected population. Descriptive statistics, parametric and non-parametric comparative tests, and random-effects linear regression models were performed to investigate the different aspects of this cohort. RESULTS A total of 229 vertically HIV-infected children were included. The majority of all mothers (64%) and almost half of the children (43%) originated from sub-Saharan Africa. Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and efavirenz have replaced indinavir, nelfinavir and nevirapine as preferred first-line cART regimens. Long-term CD4 T-cell reconstitution (with CD4 cell counts corrected for age) was independent of age and CD4 cell count at cART initiation. The decline in HIV viral load after cART introduction occurred faster over the studied time period. The percentage of children with an undetectable viral load rose substantially from 1996 to 2012. Mortality was 0.3 per 100 person-years. CONCLUSION A sustained immunological response in the Dutch paediatric HIV-infected population was independent of age as well as CD4 cell count at cART initiation, despite a higher initial HIV viral load in the youngest children. The percentage of children with an undetectable HIV viral load rose substantially over the years and there was a low mortality rate in comparison with reports from other industrialized countries.
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Bailey H, Townsend CL, Cortina-Borja M, Thorne C; European Collaborative Study in EuroCoord. Improvements in virological control among women conceiving on combination antiretroviral therapy in Western Europe. AIDS 2013; 27:2312-5. [PMID: 23736151 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32836378e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among 396 HIV-infected women conceiving on combination antiretroviral therapy and enrolled in the European Collaborative Study in 2000-2011, the proportion with virological failure (>200 copies/ml after ≥24 weeks of treatment) declined substantially from 34% in 2000-2001 to 3% in 2010-2011. In adjusted analyses, younger women and those with at least two children were at increased risk of virological failure, highlighting the importance of close monitoring and adherence support.
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Chiappini E, Galli L, Giaquinto C, Ene L, Goetghebuer T, Judd A, Lisi C, Malyuta R, Noguera-Julian A, Ramos JT, Rojo-Conejo P, Rudin C, Tookey P, de Martino M, Thorne C; European Pregnancy and Paediatric HIV Cohort Collaboration (EPPICC) study group in EuroCoord. Use of combination neonatal prophylaxis for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in European high-risk infants. AIDS 2013; 27:991-1000. [PMID: 23211776 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835cffb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate use of combination neonatal prophylaxis (CNP) in infants at high risk for mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV in Europe and investigate whether CNP is more effective in preventing MTCT than single drug neonatal prophylaxis (SNP). DESIGN Individual patient-data meta-analysis across eight observational studies. METHODS Factors associated with CNP receipt and with MTCT were explored by logistic regression using data from nonbreastfed infants, born between 1996 and 2010 and at high risk for MTCT. RESULTS In 5285 mother-infant pairs, 1463 (27.7%) had no antenatal or intrapartum antiretroviral prophylaxis, 915 (17.3%) had only intrapartum prophylaxis and 2907 (55.0%) mothers had detectable delivery viral load despite receiving antenatal antiretroviral therapy. Any neonatal prophylaxis was administered to 4623 (87.5%) infants altogether; 1105 (23.9%) received CNP. Factors significantly associated with the receipt of CNP were later calendar birth year, no elective caesarean section, maternal CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/μl, maternal delivery viral load more than 1000 copies/ml, no antenatal antiretroviral therapy, receipt of intrapartum single-dose nevirapine and cohort. After adjustment, absence of neonatal prophylaxis was associated with higher risk of MTCT compared to neonatal prophylaxis [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.29; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.46-2.59; P < 0.0001]. Further, there was no association between CNP and MTCT compared to SNP (aOR 1.41; 95% CI 0.97-2.5; P = 0.07). CONCLUSION In this European population, CNP use is increasing and associated with presence of MTCT risk factors. The finding of no observed difference in MTCT risk between one drug and CNP may reflect residual confounding or the fact that CNP may be effective only in a subgroup of infants rather than the whole population of high-risk infants.
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Aebi-Popp K, Mulcahy F, Rudin C, Hoesli I, Gingelmaier A, Lyons F, Thorne C. National Guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV across Europe - how do countries differ? Eur J Public Health 2013; 23:1053-8. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pietersma FL, van Baarle D. Reply to Solano et al. Clin Infect Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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