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Chong YK, Ho CC, Leung SY, Lau SK, Woo PC. Clinical Mass Spectrometry in the Bioinformatics Era: A Hitchhiker's Guide. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:316-334. [PMID: 30237866 PMCID: PMC6138949 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a sensitive, specific and versatile analytical technique in the clinical laboratory that has recently undergone rapid development. From initial use in metabolic profiling, it has matured into applications including clinical toxicology assays, target hormone and metabolite quantitation, and more recently, rapid microbial identification and antimicrobial resistance detection by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In this mini-review, we first succinctly outline the basics of clinical mass spectrometry. Examples of hard ionization (electron ionization) and soft ionization (electrospray ionization, MALDI) are presented to demonstrate their clinical applications. Next, a conceptual discourse on mass selection and determination is presented: quadrupole mass filter, time-of-flight mass spectrometer and the Orbitrap; and MS/MS (tandem-in-space, tandem-in-time and data acquisition), illustrated with clinical examples. Current applications in (1) bacterial and fungal identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phylogenetic classification, (2) general unknown urine toxicology screening and expanded new-born metabolic screening and (3) clinical metabolic profiling by gas chromatography are outlined. Finally, major limitations of MS-based techniques, including the technical challenges of matrix effect and isobaric interference; and novel challenges in the post-genomic era, such as protein molecular variants, are critically discussed from the perspective of service laboratories. Computer technology and structural biology have played important roles in the maturation of this field. MS-based techniques have the potential to replace current analytical techniques, and existing expertise and instrument will undergo rapid evolution. Significant automation and adaptation to regulatory requirements are underway. Mass spectrometry is unleashing its potentials in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeow-Kuan Chong
- Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH), Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Chemical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH), Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Chun Ho
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital (PYNEH), Hong Kong
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital (QMH), Hong Kong
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shui-Yee Leung
- Department of Ocean Science, School of Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K.P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick C.Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Palfreyman MG, Huot S, Wagner J. Value of monoamine metabolite determinations in CSF as an index of their concentrations in rat brain following various pharmacological manipulations. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS 1982; 8:183-96. [PMID: 6984110 DOI: 10.1016/0160-5402(82)90073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection it is possible to measure concomitantly the concentration of several monoamines, their metabolites and aminoacid precursors in 100 microliters of rat cerebrospinal fluid. To study the quantitative relationship between CSF and brain, alterations in brain monoamines and monoamine metabolites were effected by treatment with L-DOPA or L-5HTP administered with or without concomitant inhibition of extracerebral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and by treatment with alpha-monofluoromethyldopa, probenecid, haloperidol, or probenecid plus haloperidol. The concentrations of the monoamine metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid as well as of the L-DOPA metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalanine in the cerebrospinal fluid were linearly correlated with the concentrations of these metabolites in the brain. However, these correlations need to be interpreted cautiously, since the slopes of the individual regression lines obtained after different pharmacological treatments differed significantly.
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Hattox SE, Murphy RC. Mass spectrometry and gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of catecholamine related molecules. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1978; 5:338-45. [PMID: 656558 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The trimethylsilyl derivatives of approximately 50 compounds related in structure to biogenic catecholamines have been studied in terms of their gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behavior. The electron impact mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine and deuterated isotopic variants were compared to determine fragmentation characteristics of the amines, acids, alcohols and amino acids within this class of compounds. Analysis of shifts in the masses of major diagnostic ions in the spectra of structural analogs of these compounds has shown that structural modification of the structure can be identified and localized within these molecules. The gas chromatographic characteristics of these derivatives are reported, in terms of methylene unit values.
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Jellum E. Profiling of human body fluids in healthy and diseased states using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, with special reference to organic acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1977; 143:427-62. [PMID: 330556 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in the application of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to the study of human diseases. Emphasis is placed upon the organic acid profiles of the various body fluids. Methods for sample work-up prior to separation and mass spectrometric analysis are reviewed, and artifacts and pitfalls are discussed. Organic acid profiles, obtained with packed or capillary columns attached to mass spectrometers with or without computer systems, have led to the discovery of new normal metabolites, new metabolic disorders, and to new knowledge about a number of other diseases. Stable isotopes and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry are suitable for quantitative analysis of many compounds in the body fluids, and well suited for investigation of metabolic pathways.
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Watson E, Wilk S. Assessment of cerebrospinal fluid levels of dopamine metabolites by gas chromatography. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1975; 42:57-6. [PMID: 1153623 DOI: 10.1007/bf00428826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The acid metabolites of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were determined in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a new procedure. After gas chromatographic separation, the pentafluoroprionyl 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propionyl esters of DOPAC and HVA were analyzed by electron capture detection. Normal HVA levels were quantitated in as little as 0.1 ml CSF. No significant amounts of DOPAC (less than 1 ng/ml) were found in any of the drug-free samples analyzed. Levels of DOPAC increased only marginally in the CSF of patients receiving acute or chronic doses of L-Dopa. Baseline HVA levels ranged from 4.5--50 ng/ml with a mean value of 23 ng/ml. These studies demonstrate that HVA is the major dopamine metabolite in human CSF.
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Sharman D. Metabolites of catecholamines in the cerebrospinal fluid. Biochem Pharmacol 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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