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Wu S, Tian J, Xie N, Adnan M, Wang J, Liu G. A sensitive, accurate, and high-throughput gluco-oligosaccharide oxidase-based HRP colorimetric method for assaying lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase activity. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:15. [PMID: 35418300 PMCID: PMC8830019 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The AA9 (auxiliary activities) family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (AA9 LPMOs) is a ubiquitous and diverse group of enzymes in the fungal kingdom. They catalyse the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in lignocellulose and exhibit great potential for biorefinery applications. Robust, high-throughput and direct methods for assaying AA9 LPMO activity, which are prerequisites for screening LPMOs with excellent properties, are still lacking. Here, we present a gluco-oligosaccharide oxidase (GOOX)-based horseradish peroxidase (HRP) colorimetric method for assaying AA9 LPMO activity. Results We cloned and expressed a GOOX gene from Sarocladium strictum in Trichoderma reesei, purified the recombinant SsGOOX, validated its properties, and developed an SsGOOX-based HRP colorimetric method for assaying cellobiose concentrations. Then, we expressed two AA9 LPMOs from Thielavia terrestris, TtAA9F and TtAA9G, in T. reesei, purified the recombinant proteins, and analysed their product profiles and regioselectivity towards phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC). TtAA9F was characterized as a C1-type (class 1) LPMO, while TtAA9G was characterized as a C4-type (class 2) LPMO. Finally, the SsGOOX-based HRP colorimetric method was used to quantify the total concentration of reducing lytic products from the LPMO reaction, and the activities of both the C1- and C4-type LPMOs were analysed. These LPMOs could be effectively analysed with limits of detection (LoDs) less than 30 nmol/L, and standard curves between the A515 and LPMO concentrations with determination coefficients greater than 0.994 were obtained. Conclusions A novel, sensitive and accurate assay method that directly targets the main activity of both C1- and C4-type AA9 LPMOs was established. This method is easy to use and could be performed on a microtiter plate for high-throughput screening of AA9 LPMOs with desirable properties. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02112-2.
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Park S, Kim J, Kim S, Kim G, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Yang H. Combined Signal Amplification Using a Propagating Cascade Reaction and a Redox Cycling Reaction for Sensitive Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Detection. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7894-7901. [PMID: 31184125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Propagating cascade reactions based on two proteases are promising for obtaining high signal amplification. However, in many cases, biosensors that use cascade reactions do not have low detection limits because of the inherent slowness of proteolytic reactions. Here, we report a sensitive electrochemical immunosensor using a high-signal-amplification method that combines a propagating cascade reaction and a redox cycling reaction. The cascade reaction uses ecarin and prothrombin: the ecarin label proteolytically converts inactive prothrombin into active thrombin, which then proteolytically liberates electroactive p-aminophenol (AP) from an AP-conjugated peptide. The liberated AP is electrochemically oxidized to p-benzoquinone imine (QI), regenerated by the reduction of QI by NADH, and then electrochemically reoxidized. This electrochemical-chemical (EC) redox cycling reaction significantly increases the electrochemical signal. The developed immunosensor is also compared with an immunosensor that uses only a propagating cascade reaction and an immunosensor that uses a single proteolytic reaction and an EC redox cycling reaction. The detection limits for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) obtained using the three immunosensors are 3 pg/mL, 2 ng/mL, and 4 ng/mL, respectively, indicating that the newly developed immunosensor is more sensitive than the other two. The measured concentrations of TSH in clinical serum are found to agree well with those determined using a commercial instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | - Jihyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | - Seheon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
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Peroxidyme-Amplified Radical Chain Reaction (PARCR): Visible Detection of a Catalytic Reporter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13411-13415. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Goertz JP, White IM. Peroxidyme-Amplified Radical Chain Reaction (PARCR): Visible Detection of a Catalytic Reporter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Goertz
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Maryland; College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Ian M. White
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Maryland; College Park MD 20742 USA
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Gao Z, Xu M, Lu M, Chen G, Tang D. Urchin-like (gold core)@(platinum shell) nanohybrids: A highly efficient peroxidase-mimetic system for in situ amplified colorimetric immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ferrari AR, Gaber Y, Fraaije MW. A fast, sensitive and easy colorimetric assay for chitinase and cellulase activity detection. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:37. [PMID: 24612932 PMCID: PMC3975300 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the current colorimetric methods for detection of chitinase or cellulase activities on the insoluble natural polymers chitin and cellulose depend on a chemical redox reaction. The reaction involves the reducing ends of the hydrolytic products. The Schales' procedure and the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method are two examples that are commonly used. However, these methods lack sensitivity and present practical difficulties of usage in high-throughput screening assays as they require boiling or heating steps for color development. RESULTS We report a novel method for colorimetric detection of chitinase and cellulase activity. The assay is based on the use of two oxidases: wild-type chito-oligosaccharide oxidase, ChitO, and a mutant thereof, ChitO-Q268R. ChitO was used for chitinase, while ChitO-Q268R was used for cellulase activity detection. These oxidases release hydrogen peroxide upon the oxidation of chitinase- or cellulase-produced hydrolytic products. The hydrogen peroxide produced can be monitored using a second enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and a chromogenic peroxidase substrate. The developed ChitO-based assay can detect chitinase activity as low as 10 μU within 15 minutes of assay time. Similarly, cellulase activity can be detected in the range of 6 to 375 mU. A linear response was observed when applying the ChitO-based assay for detecting individual chito-oligosaccharides and cello-oligosaccharides. The detection limits for these compounds ranged from 5 to 25 μM. In contrast to the other commonly used methods, the Schales' procedure and the DNS method, no boiling or heating is needed in the ChitO-based assays. The method was also evaluated for detecting hydrolytic activity on biomass-derived substrates, that is, wheat straw as a source of cellulose and shrimp shells as a source of chitin. CONCLUSION The ChitO-based assay has clear advantages for the detection of chitinase and cellulase activity over the conventional Schales' procedure and DNS method. The detection limit is lower and there is no requirement for harsh conditions for the development of the signal. The assay also involves fewer and easier handling steps. There is no need for boiling to develop the color and results are available within 15 minutes. These aforementioned features render this newly developed assay method highly suitable for applications in biorefinery-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro R Ferrari
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gao Z, Hou L, Xu M, Tang D. Enhanced colorimetric immunoassay accompanying with enzyme cascade amplification strategy for ultrasensitive detection of low-abundance protein. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3966. [PMID: 24509941 PMCID: PMC3918910 DOI: 10.1038/srep03966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods based on enzyme labels have been developed for colorimetric immunoassays, but most involve poor sensitivity and are unsuitable for routine use. Herein, we design an enhanced colorimetric immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) coupling with an enzyme-cascade-amplification strategy (ECAS-CIA). In the presence of target PSA, the labeled alkaline phosphatase on secondary antibody catalyzes the formation of palladium nanostructures, which catalyze 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine-H2O2 system to produce the colored products, thus resulting in the signal cascade amplification. Results indicated that the ECAS-CIA presents good responses toward PSA, and allows detection of PSA at a concentration as low as 0.05 ng mL−1. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation are below 9.5% and 10.7%, respectively. Additionally, the methodology is validated for analysis of clinical serum specimens with consistent results obtained by PSA ELISA kit. Importantly, the ECAS-CIA opens a new horizon for protein diagnostics and biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangqiang Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China
| | - Li Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China
| | - Mingdi Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P.R. China
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Properties and applications of microbial D-amino acid oxidases: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hafner G, Peetz D, Dati F, Post F, Blankenberg S, Peivandi AA, Sucké B, Rupprecht HJ, Dahm M, von Kleist R, Prellwitz W. Analytical and clinical evaluation of troponin I determination on dimension RXL-HM. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38:355-61. [PMID: 10928657 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2000.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) on the Dimension RxL-HM analyzer is presented. The one-step enzyme immunoassay is based on two cTnI specific monoclonal antibodies. Performed on a separate module of the analyzer, assay-time is 17 minutes. Using as criterion a between-run impression CV <20% the functional limit of detection was set at 0.1 microg/l. Cutoff level for minor myocardial damage of 0.1 microg/l was found. In Duchenne's dystrophy, patients showed increased cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) but no increased cTnI. In patients with a history of coronary heart disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis, cTnT and cTnI were increased. In different patients with submassive pulmonary embolism, increased cTnI was determined. In coronary artery bypass surgery without perioperative myocardial infarction, patients with extracorporeal circulation showed significantly higher cTnI at 24 h after surgery than those with minimal cardiac surgery. In patients with unstable angina, increased cTnI was found more often than on Stratus analyzer. In conclusion, the new assay is a very sensitive cTnI assay, fast and easy to perform in parallel to enzyme and substrate assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hafner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany.
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Chiu NHL, Christopoulos TK. Two-Site Expression Immunoassay Using a Firefly Luciferase-coding DNA Label. Clin Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/45.11.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: We report the first two-site, “sandwich type” expression immunoassay using as a label an expressible DNA fragment encoding firefly luciferase.Methods: The DNA label consisted of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter, a firefly luciferase-coding sequence, and a poly(dA/dT) tail. The 3′ end of the DNA label was biotinylated and complexed with streptavidin. A sandwich immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was developed in which the antigen was first bound to an immobilized monoclonal antibody and then reacted with a biotinylated polyclonal antibody. The streptavidin-luciferase-coding DNA complex was then bound to the immunocomplex. The DNA label was subsequently expressed in vitro by coupled transcription and translation. The generated luciferase was measured by its characteristic bioluminescent reaction.Results: The bioluminescence was linearly related to the concentration of PSA in the sample. As low as 30 ng/L PSA was measured (12.5-μL sample) with a signal-to-background ratio of 2.3, and the linear range extended to 3 μg/L. The results obtained from the proposed assay agreed well to those determined by IMx immunoassay (y = 0.98x + 0.74 μg/L; r = 0.971; n = 44).Conclusions: The use of the newly developed DNA label in a two-site immunoassay was demonstrated for the first time. The assay was applied successfully to the measurement of serum PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore K Christopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4 Canada
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Brown RC, Weeks I, Fisher M, Harbron S, Taylorson CJ, Woodhead JS. Employment of a phenoxy-substituted acridinium ester as a long-lived chemiluminescent indicator of glucose oxidase activity and its application in an alkaline phosphatase amplification cascade immunoassay. Anal Biochem 1998; 259:142-51. [PMID: 9606155 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the employment of a novel phenoxy-substituted acridinium ester (di-ortho-bromophenyl-AE) as a chemiluminescent endpoint indicator for ligand binding assays. The reactivity of this compound is such that it is capable of generating a high-intensity chemiluminescent signal at neutral pH. Under these conditions, when present in excess, it has been used as an indicator of hydrogen peroxide generation by the action of glucose oxidase (GOx, EC 1.1.3.4) on glucose substrate. The resulting chemiluminescent signal is a long-lived glow. The magnitude of the chemiluminescent signal is directly proportional to the quantity of GOx present and has been used to measure GOx with a sensitivity of 1.8 x 10(-16) mol. In addition, this ability to monitor GOx activity has been utilized in an alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1) amplification cascade assay. Here ALP catalyzes the formation of FAD from a prosthetogenic substrate FADP. FAD, a cofactor for a number of oxidase enzymes, then converts inactive apo-GOx to holo-GOx, the activity of which is monitored by the chemiluminescent endpoint and facilitates detection of ALP over the range 10(-15) to 4.1 x 10(-19) mol. The clinical utility of this system has been demonstrated by application to the assay of human thyrotrophin (TSH, sensitivity 0.005 mU/liter).
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Brown
- Molecular Light Technology Research Ltd, Cardiff Business Technology Centre, Wales, United Kingdom
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Lövgren U, Kronkvist K, Johansson G, Edholm LE. Enzyme amplified immunoassay for steroids in biosamples at low picomolar concentrations. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)80135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fisher M, Harbron S, Eggelte HJ, Rabin BR. Purification and semienzymic synthesis of flavin adenine dinucleotide-3'-phosphate. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994; 16:281-5. [PMID: 7765339 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonradioactive immunoassays incorporating an element of amplification in their detection system require the use of components that are highly purified. Flavin adenine dinucleotide-3'-phosphate (FADP) is the primary substrate used in such an amplification assay. For incorporation into a simple, single-pot assay system, the concentration of contaminating flavin adenine dinucleotide (a prosthetic group for the enzyme D-aminoacid oxidase used in the amplification cascade assay) in this primary substrate must be minimized to achieve maximum sensitivity. Production of the substrate to a high degree of purity has been achieved using apo-glucose oxidase to specifically remove contaminating flavin adenine dinucleotide from solution and hydrolysis of a cyclic intermediate as a final production protocol by ribonuclease T2 to give the product in high yield. The use of continuous ultrafiltration reactors at each stage is described and compared to a final production step utilizing immobilized ribonuclease T2. These reactors allow large volumes of material to be handled and assist in the scale-up of these processes. The suitability of each protocol is assessed for the commercial production of FADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fisher
- London Biotechnology Limited, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
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Abstract
Ultrasensitive detection of clinically important substances using assays based on ligand:binder interactions has revolutionized laboratory medicine. Various strategies have been perfected to push the analytical sensitivity of ligand:binder assays (e.g., immunoassay, blotting, nucleic acid hybridization assay) into the attomole and zeptomole region (10(-18)-10(-21) mol). These include the use of labels with amplifying properties (e.g., enzymes), multiple labeling, and cascade reactions. In addition a wide range of ultrasensitive luminescent detection reactions have been developed for conventional enzyme labels based on chemiluminescent, bioluminescent, and time-resolved fluorescent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kricka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Harbron S, Eggelte HJ, Fisher M, Rabin BR. Amplified assay of alkaline phosphatase using flavinadeninedinucleotide phosphate as substrate. Anal Biochem 1992; 206:119-24. [PMID: 1360771 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(05)80020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple to use, robust, quantitative, and extremely sensitive colorimetric assay for alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), designed to be used as a detection system in diagnostic assays employing antibodies or gene probes, is described. This technology is based on the novel principle of prosthetogenesis, according to which a purpose-designed substrate (a prosthetogen) for a primary analyte-linked enzyme label is hydrolyzed to produce a prosthetic group for a detector enzyme system. The prosthetogen employed here is a derivative of FAD which is phosphorylated at the 3'-position of the ribose ring (FADP), the label enzyme is alkaline phosphatase, and the detector is a D-amino-acid oxidase/horseradish peroxidase-coupled system. Essentially each turnover of every molecule of alkaline phosphatase produces a molecule of D-amino-acid oxidase for detection. Thus enormous amplification of the initial signal is achieved in short time periods because of the relatively high turnover number of alkaline phosphatase for FADP. The system can be formatted as a stable, preformed, freeze-dried preparation containing all analytical components, which is reconstituted simply by addition of buffer solution. This methodology can quantitate less than 0.1 amol of alkaline phosphatase in 30 min at 25 degrees C using microtiter plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harbron
- London Biotechnology Ltd, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Large scale preparation and purification of apo-D-aminoacid oxidase for use in novel amplification assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02438689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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