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Metzler M, Bitsch A, Degen GH. The life of Hans-Günter Neumann and his contributions to chemical carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1773-1778. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wheelock K, Zhang JJ, McConnell R, Tang D, Volk HE, Wang Y, Herbstman JB, Wang S, Phillips DH, Camann D, Gong J, Perera F. A novel method for source-specific hemoglobin adducts of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:10.1039/C7EM00522A. [PMID: 29561551 PMCID: PMC6150855 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous air pollutants associated with negative impacts on growth, development and behavior in children. Source-specific biological markers of PAH exposure are needed for targeting interventions to protect children. Nitro-derivatives of PAH can act as markers of exposure to diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust, or general combustion sources. Using a novel HPLC-APCI-MS/MS detection method, we examined four hemoglobin (Hb) adducts of nitro-PAH metabolites and the Hb adduct of a benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolite in 22 umbilical cord blood samples. The samples were collected from a birth cohort with comprehensive data on prenatal PAH exposure, including prenatal personal air monitoring and DNA adducts in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Using non-parametric analyses, heat maps, and principal component analysis (PCA), we analyzed the relationship between the five Hb adducts and previous PAH measurements, with each measurement representing a different duration of exposure. We found that Hb adducts derived from several diesel-related nitro-PAHs (2-nitrofluorene and 1-nitropyrene) were significantly correlated (r = 0.77, p ≤ 0.0001) and grouped together in PCA. Nitro-PAH derived Hb adducts were largely unrelated to previously collected measures of exposure to a number of PAH parent compounds. These measures need to be validated in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Wheelock
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th St., 12th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, LSRC Room A309, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Deliang Tang
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th St., 12th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Heather E Volk
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Ya Wang
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th St., 12th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA. and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA
| | - Julie B Herbstman
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th St., 12th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Shuang Wang
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th St., 12th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA. and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Environmental Toxicology Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London, UK
| | - David Camann
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, USA
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, LSRC Room A309, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA. and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering & BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Frederica Perera
- Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th St., 12th Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Rubino FM, Pitton M, Di Fabio D, Colombi A. Toward an "omic" physiopathology of reactive chemicals: thirty years of mass spectrometric study of the protein adducts with endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:725-84. [PMID: 19127566 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and degenerative diseases are major causes of morbidity and death, derived from the permanent modification of key biopolymers such as DNA and regulatory proteins by usually smaller, reactive molecules, present in the environment or generated from endogenous and xenobiotic components by the body's own biochemical mechanisms (molecular adducts). In particular, protein adducts with organic electrophiles have been studied for more than 30 [see, e.g., Calleman et al., 1978] years essentially for three purposes: (a) as passive monitors of the mean level of individual exposure to specific chemicals, either endogenously present in the human body or to which the subject is exposed through food or environmental contamination; (b) as quantitative indicators of the mean extent of the individual metabolic processing which converts a non-reactive chemical substance into its toxic products able to damage DNA (en route to cancer induction through genotoxic mechanisms) or key proteins (as in the case of several drugs, pesticides or otherwise biologically active substances); (c) to relate the extent of protein modification to that of biological function impairment (such as enzyme inhibition) finally causing the specific health damage. This review describes the role that contemporary mass spectrometry-based approaches employed in the qualitative and quantitative study of protein-electrophile adducts play in the discovery of the (bio)chemical mechanisms of toxic substances and highlights the future directions of research in this field. A particular emphasis is given to the measurement of often high levels of the protein adducts of several industrial and environmental pollutants in unexposed human populations, a phenomenon which highlights the possibility that a number of small organic molecules are generated in the human organism through minor metabolic processes, the imbalance of which may be the cause of "spontaneous" cases of cancer and of other degenerative diseases of still uncharacterized etiology. With all this in mind, it is foreseen that a holistic description of cellular functions will take advantage of new analytical methods based on time-integrated metabolomic measurements of a new biological compartment, the "adductome," aimed at better understanding integrated organism response to environmental and endogenous stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Rubino
- Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabonomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, Università degli Studi di Milano at Ospedale San Paolo, v. Antonio di Rudinì 8, Milano I-20142, Italy.
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Talaska G, Al-Zoughool M. Aromatic amines and biomarkers of human exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2003; 21:133-164. [PMID: 15845223 DOI: 10.1081/gnc-120026234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Talaska
- The Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
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Hughes K, Meek ME, Walker M, Beauchamp R. 1,3-Butadiene: exposure estimation, hazard characterization, and exposure-response analysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2003; 6:55-83. [PMID: 12587254 DOI: 10.1080/10937400306478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene has been assessed as a Priority Substance under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. The general population in Canada is exposed to 1,3-butadiene primarily through ambient air. Inhaled 1,3-butadiene is carcinogenic in both mice and rats, inducing tumors at multiple sites at all concentrations tested in all identified studies. In addition, 1,3-butadiene is genotoxic in both somatic and germ cells of rodents. It also induces adverse effects in the reproductive organs of female mice at relatively low concentrations. The greater sensitivity in mice than in rats to induction of these effects by 1,3-butadiene is likely related to species differences in metabolism to active epoxide metabolites. Exposure to 1,3-butadiene in the occupational environment has been associated with the induction of leukemia; there is also some limited evidence that 1,3-butadiene is genotoxic in exposed workers. Therefore, in view of the weight of evidence of available epidemiological and toxicological data, 1,3-butadiene is considered highly likely to be carcinogenic, and likely to be genotoxic, in humans. Estimates of the potency of butadiene to induce cancer have been derived on the basis of both epidemiological investigation and bioassays in mice and rats. Potencies to induce ovarian effects have been estimated on the basis of studies in mice. Uncertainties have been delineated, and, while there are clear species differences in metabolism, estimates of potency to induce effects are considered justifiably conservative in view of the likely variability in metabolism across the population related to genetic polymorphism for enzymes for the critical metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hughes
- Existing Substances Division, Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, Environmental Health Centre, Tunney's Pasture PL0802B1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2
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Hughes K, Meek ME, Walker M. Health risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene as a Priority Substance in Canada. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 135-136:109-35. [PMID: 11397385 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene was included in the second list of Priority Substances to be assessed under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Potential hazards to human health were characterized on the basis of critical examination of available data on health effects in experimental animals and occupationally exposed human populations, as well as information on mode of action. Based on consideration of all relevant data identified as of April 1998, butadiene was considered highly likely to be carcinogenic to humans, and likely to be a somatic and germ cell genotoxicant in humans. In addition, butadiene may also be a reproductive toxicant in humans. Estimates of the potency of butadiene to induce these effects have been derived on the basis of quantitation of observed exposure-response relationships for the purposes of characterization of risk to the general population in Canada exposed to butadiene in the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hughes
- Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture PL0802B1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2.
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Zwirner-Baier I, Neumann HG. Polycyclic nitroarenes (nitro-PAHs) as biomarkers of exposure to diesel exhaust. Mutat Res 1999; 441:135-44. [PMID: 10224330 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust contains numerous genotoxic carcinogens. It is essentially unknown to which extent this source contributes to the total load of these chemicals in humans. One possible approach to the problem is to find suitable biomarkers. To this end five polycyclic mononitroarenes (nitro-PAH) were selected and methods developed to determine the sulfinic acid-type hemoglobin adducts they form in vivo. The nitro-PAHs are: 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 9-nitrophenanthrene, and 6-nitrochrysene. Hydrolysis of the hemoglobin adducts yields the respective arylamines which were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The detection limit was 0.01-0.08 pmol/g Hb. Blood samples were analyzed from 29 bus garage workers, occupationally exposed to diesel exhaust, and from 20 urban hospital workers and 14 rural council workers as controls. Hb adducts above the detection limit were found in most blood samples. The most abundant cleavage products were 1-aminopyrene and 2-aminofluorene with levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.68 pmol/g Hb. However, there was no significant difference between the groups for 1-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluorene supporting the conclusion that both are widespread environmental contaminants resulting in significant background exposures. A significant difference on a group from individuals from urban and rural areas was found only if all five adducts were added, this may indicate an additional exposure from traffic. The new specific nitro-PAH Hb adducts are proposed to be used as biomarkers to trace the sources and to identify above-background exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zwirner-Baier
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strabetae 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
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Angerer J, Weismantel A. Biological monitoring of dinitrotoluene by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid in human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:313-22. [PMID: 9746246 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The method of analysis described permits the determination of 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid down to the lower microg l(-1) range in the urine of persons exposed to dinitrotoluene. 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid is the main metabolite of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and technical dinitrotoluene. After acidic hydrolysis, which served to release the conjugated part of the 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, the analyte was selectively separated from the urine matrix via various extraction steps and then derivatised to the methyl ester. Quantitative analysis was carried out using capillary gas chromatography and mass selective detection. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid was used as an internal standard. The detection limit was 1 microg l(-1) urine. The relative standard deviations of within-series imprecision were between 5 and 6%. The relative recoveries were between 91 and 110% depending on the concentration. The analytical method developed as part of this study was used to investigate a collective consisting of 82 urine samples from persons working in the area of explosives disposal. The concentrations of 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid determined ranged from the detection limit to 95 microg l(-1) urine. The method allowed the quantification of low-level internal exposure to dinitrotoluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Angerer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Neumann HG, Zwirner-Baier I, van Dorp C. Markers of exposure to aromatic amines and nitro-PAH. ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT. = ARCHIV FUR TOXIKOLOGIE. SUPPLEMENT 1998; 20:179-87. [PMID: 9442292 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H G Neumann
- Dept. of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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van Bekkum YM, Scheepers PT, van den Broek PH, Velders DD, Noordhoek J, Bos RP. Determination of hemoglobin adducts following oral administration of 1-nitropyrene to rats using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 701:19-28. [PMID: 9389334 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) has successfully been used as a marker for environmental monitoring of exposure to diesel exhaust. This study presents a sensitive and selective method for detection of Hb adducts after oral administration of a single dose 1-NP to rats, by measuring 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) after in vitro hydrolysis of the adducts. Released 1-AP was extracted with hexane and derivatized with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride prior to GC-MS-MS analysis. Optimal conditions for the release of 1-AP were hydrolysis under nitrogen, in 1 M NaOH at 70 degrees C for 60 min. Analysis of a stock solution of Hb adducts of 1-NP utilizing these conditions showed to be reproducible over a period of several weeks with a coefficient of variance of 9.5%. The determination limit was 10-20 pg 1-AP per 70-90 mg globin. A study of the time course of Hb adduct formation showed a fast absorption and an early peak concentration of released 1-AP, approximately 39 pg 1-AP/mg globin at 3 h after exposure. After the maximum was reached, 1-AP concentrations decreased bi-phasically. Initially a fast decline was observed, followed by a slow decrease to 5.9+/-1.9 pg 1-AP/mg globin at 24 h after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M van Bekkum
- Toxicology Department 235 CPK-II, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Frantzen F. Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for modified hemoglobins. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 699:269-86. [PMID: 9392379 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the clinically important glycohemoglobin adducts and their relation to diabetes mellitus have greatly stimulated the study of other minor post-translational modifications of hemoglobin. Chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures have played an important role in these studies. Today several hemoglobin adducts are known and the formation of adducts with glucose, phosphorylated carbohydrates, urea/cyanate, aspirin, vitamins, acetaldehyde, penicillin and acetyl CoA have been described. Furthermore, new adducts, such as those observed using hemoglobin as a biochemical marker monitoring environmental, occupational and lifestyle exposures to reactive toxic chemicals are constantly being reported. This review deals with chromatographic and electrophoretic separation methods available for the study of non-enzymatic post-translational modifications of hemoglobin. Suitability, perspectives and biomedical applications are discussed.
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Abstract
It is a particular problem to set tolerance levels for mixtures containing chemicals classified as carcinogens. In the case of chlorinated dioxin and furan congeners, 'toxicity equivalence factors' (TEFs) were introduced. This concept has problems in itself and cannot be readily transferred to other mixtures, such as those of monocyclic nitroarenes in wastes of trinitrotoluene (TNT)-based explosives. The difficulties in finding suitable endpoints to compare the components are discussed (methaemoglobin formation; quantitative structure-activity relationships; mutagenicity; carcinogenicity). An alternative approach for the development tolerance levels in this instance is based on results obtained by measuring haemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of the most prevalent mixture components in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Neumann
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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