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Qian N, Wang Y, Hu W, Cao N, Qian Y, Chen J, Fang J, Xu D, Hu H, Yang S, Zhou D, Dai H, Wei D, Wang J, Liu X. A novel mouse model of calcific aortic valve stenosis. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38372410 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is one of the most challenging heart diseases in clinical with rapidly increasing prevalence. However, study of the mechanism and treatment of CAVS is hampered by the lack of suitable, robust and efficient models that develop hemodynamically significant stenosis and typical calcium deposition. Here, we aim to establish a mouse model to mimic the development and features of CAVS. METHODS The model was established via aortic valve wire injury (AVWI) combined with vitamin D subcutaneous injected in wild type C57/BL6 mice. Serial transthoracic echocardiography was applied to evaluate aortic jet peak velocity and mean gradient. Histopathological specimens were collected and examined in respect of valve thickening, calcium deposition, collagen accumulation, osteogenic differentiation and inflammation. RESULTS Serial transthoracic echocardiography revealed that aortic jet peak velocity and mean gradient increased from 7 days post model establishment in a time dependent manner and tended to be stable at 28 days. Compared with the sham group, simple AVWI or the vitamin D group, the hybrid model group showed typical pathological features of CAVS, including hemodynamic alterations, increased aortic valve thickening, calcium deposition, collagen accumulation at 28 days. In addition, osteogenic differentiation, fibrosis and inflammation, which play critical roles in the development of CAVS, were observed in the hybrid model. CONCLUSIONS We established a novel mouse model of CAVS that could be induced efficiently, robustly and economically, and without genetic intervention. It provides a fast track to explore the underlying mechanisms of CAVS and to identify more effective pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangxing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naifang Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dilin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haochang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanyi Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianbao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Novais EJ, Narayanan R, Canseco JA, van de Wetering K, Kepler CK, Hilibrand AS, Vaccaro AR, Risbud MV. A new perspective on intervertebral disc calcification-from bench to bedside. Bone Res 2024; 12:3. [PMID: 38253615 PMCID: PMC10803356 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Disc degeneration primarily contributes to chronic low back and neck pain. Consequently, there is an urgent need to understand the spectrum of disc degeneration phenotypes such as fibrosis, ectopic calcification, herniation, or mixed phenotypes. Amongst these phenotypes, disc calcification is the least studied. Ectopic calcification, by definition, is the pathological mineralization of soft tissues, widely studied in the context of conditions that afflict vasculature, skin, and cartilage. Clinically, disc calcification is associated with poor surgical outcomes and back pain refractory to conservative treatment. It is frequently seen as a consequence of disc aging and progressive degeneration but exhibits unique molecular and morphological characteristics: hypertrophic chondrocyte-like cell differentiation; TNAP, ENPP1, and ANK upregulation; cell death; altered Pi and PPi homeostasis; and local inflammation. Recent studies in mouse models have provided a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this phenotype. It is essential to recognize that the presentation and nature of mineralization differ between AF, NP, and EP compartments. Moreover, the combination of anatomic location, genetics, and environmental stressors, such as aging or trauma, govern the predisposition to calcification. Lastly, the systemic regulation of calcium and Pi metabolism is less important than the local activity of PPi modulated by the ANK-ENPP1 axis, along with disc cell death and differentiation status. While there is limited understanding of this phenotype, understanding the molecular pathways governing local intervertebral disc calcification may lead to developing disease-modifying drugs and better clinical management of degeneration-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel J Novais
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Unidade Local de Saúde do Litoral Alentejano, Orthopedic Department, Santiago do Cacém, Portugal
| | - Rajkishen Narayanan
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jose A Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher K Kepler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alan S Hilibrand
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Chen L, Liu H, Sun C, Pei J, Li J, Li Y, Wei K, Wang X, Wang P, Li F, Gai S, Zhao Y, Zheng Z. A Novel LncRNA SNHG3 Promotes Osteoblast Differentiation Through BMP2 Upregulation in Aortic Valve Calcification. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:899-914. [PMID: 36317131 PMCID: PMC9617132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA SNHG3 was upregulated in the leaflets of both patients and mice with calcific aortic valve disease. SNHG3 can associate with EZH2 in the nucleus of hVICs to epigenetically upregulate BMP2, a key mediator of calcification. SNHG3 promoted osteoblast differentiation of hVICs via upregulation of the BMP2 pathway. SNHG3 silencing significantly ameliorated aortic valve calcification in experimental animals, providing a novel therapeutic target for CAVD.
Based on high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing, SNHG3 was among the most highly expressed long noncoding RNAs in calcific aortic valve disease. SNHG3 upregulation was verified in human and mouse calcified aortic valves. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro studies showed SNHG3 silencing markedly ameliorated aortic valve calcification. In-depth functional assays showed SNHG3 physically interacted with polycomb repressive complex 2 to suppress the H3K27 trimethylation BMP2 locus, which in turn activated BMP2 expression and signaling pathways. Taken together, SNHG3 promoted aortic valve calcification by upregulating BMP2, which might be a novel therapeutic target in human calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhe Zheng
- Address for correspondence: Dr Zhe Zheng, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, PR China.
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Li S, She J, Zeng J, Xie K, Luo Z, Su S, Chen J, Xian G, Cheng Z, Zhao J, Li S, Xu X, Xu D, Tang L, Zhou X, Zeng Q. Marine-Derived Piericidin Diglycoside S18 Alleviates Inflammatory Responses in the Aortic Valve via Interaction with Interleukin 37. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6776050. [PMID: 36035206 PMCID: PMC9402299 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6776050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a valvular disease frequently in the elderly individuals that can lead to the valve dysfunction. Osteoblastic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVICs) induced by inflammation play a crucial role in CAVD pathophysiological processes. To date, no effective drugs for CAVD have been established, and new agents are urgently needed. Piericidin glycosides, obtained from a marine-derived Streptomyces strain, were revealed to have regulatory effects on mitochondria in previous studies. Here, we discovered that 13-hydroxypiericidin A 10-O-α-D-glucose (1→6)-β-D-glucoside (S18), a specific piericidin diglycoside, suppresses lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) induced inflammatory responses of HAVICs by alleviating mitochondrial stress in an interleukin (IL)-37-dependent manner. Knockdown of IL-37 by siRNA not only exaggerated LPS-induced HAVIC inflammation and mitochondrial stress but also abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of S18 on HAVICs. Moreover, S18 alleviated aortic valve lesions in IL-37 transgenic mice of CAVD model. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) and docking analysis of five piericidin analogues suggested that diglycosides, but not monoglycosides, exert obvious IL-37-binding activity. These results indicate that S18 directly binds to IL-37 to alleviate inflammatory responses in HAVICs and aortic valve lesions in mice. Piericidin diglycoside S18 is a potential therapeutic agent to prevent the development of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianglian She
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jingxin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kaiji Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zichao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuwen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Gaopeng Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Zhendong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dingli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China
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The management of bone defect using long non-coding RNA as a potential biomarker for regulating the osteogenic differentiation process. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2443-2453. [PMID: 34973122 PMCID: PMC8863721 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineered bone brings hope to the treatment of bone defects, and the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells is the key link. Inducing osteogenic differentiation of stem cells may be a potential approach to promote bone regeneration. In recent years, lncRNA has been studied in the field increasingly, which is believed can regulate cell cycle, proliferation, metastasis, differentiation and immunity, participating in a variety of physiology and pathology processes. At present, it has been confirmed that certain lncRNAs regulate the osteogenesis of stem cells and take part in mediating signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, TGF-β/BMP, and Notch pathways. Here, we provided an overview of lncRNA, reviewed its researches in the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, emphasized the importance of lncRNA in bone regeneration, and focused on the roles of lncRNA in signaling pathways, in order to make adequate preparations for applying lncRNA to bone tissue Engineering, letting it regulate the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells for bone regeneration.
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Kim TH, Hong DG, Yang YM. Hepatokines and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Linking Liver Pathophysiology to Metabolism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121903. [PMID: 34944728 PMCID: PMC8698516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis by sensing and responding to changes in nutrient status under various metabolic conditions. Recently highlighted as a major endocrine organ, the contribution of the liver to systemic glucose and lipid metabolism is primarily attributed to signaling crosstalk between multiple organs via hepatic hormones, cytokines, and hepatokines. Hepatokines are hormone-like proteins secreted by hepatocytes, and a number of these have been associated with extra-hepatic metabolic regulation. Mounting evidence has revealed that the secretory profiles of hepatokines are significantly altered in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common hepatic manifestation, which frequently precedes other metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, deciphering the mechanism of hepatokine-mediated inter-organ communication is essential for understanding the complex metabolic network between tissues, as well as for the identification of novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in metabolic disease. In this review, we describe the hepatokine-driven inter-organ crosstalk in the context of liver pathophysiology, with a particular focus on NAFLD progression. Moreover, we summarize key hepatokines and their molecular mechanisms of metabolic control in non-hepatic tissues, discussing their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Dong-Gyun Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- KNU Researcher Training Program for Developing Anti-Viral Innovative Drugs, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yoon Mee Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- KNU Researcher Training Program for Developing Anti-Viral Innovative Drugs, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6909
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Qiu M, Lu Y, Li J, Gu J, Ji Y, Shao Y, Kong X, Sun W. Interaction of SOX5 with SOX9 promotes warfarin-induced aortic valve interstitial cell calcification by repressing transcriptional activation of LRP6. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 162:81-96. [PMID: 34520801 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an important health burden due to its increasing prevalence and lack of available approaches. Osteogenic transdifferentiation of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) contributes to valve calcification. SRY-related HMG-box transcription factor 5 (SOX5) is essential for cartilage development. Whether SOX5 is involved in AVIC calcification has not been determined. This study aimed to explore the role of SOX5 in warfarin-induced AVIC calcification. Immunostaining showed decreased SOX5 in human calcific AV and warfarin induced mouse calcific AV tissues compared with human noncalcific AV and control mouse AV tissues. In calcific human AVICs (hAVICs) and porcine AVICS (pAVICs), both knockdown and overexpression of SOX5 inhibited calcium deposition and osteogenic marker gene expression. Protein expression assays and ChIP assays showed that overexpression of SOX5 led to increased recruitment of SOX5 to the SOX9 promoter and resulted in increased mRNA and protein expression of SOX9. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence showed that SOX5 binds to SOX9 with its HMG domain in nucleus. Blue Native PAGE showed overexpression of SOX5 led to multimeric complex formation of SOX5 and resulted in decreased binding of SOX5 to SOX9 similar to the results of knockdown of SOX5. Further ChIP and western blotting assays showed that both knockdown and overexpression of SOX5 resulted in SOX9 initiating transcription of anti-calcific gene LRP6 in warfarin-treated pAVICs. Knockdown of LRP6 rescues the anti-calcification effect of SOX5 overexpression. We found that both loss and gain of function of SOX5 lead to the same phenotype: decreased warfarin induced calcification. The stoichiometry of SOX5 is crucial for cooperation with SOX9, SOX9 nuclear localization and subsequent binding of SOX9 to LRP6 promoter. These results suggest that SOX5 is a potential target for the development of anti-calcification therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qiu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Junhan Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yue Ji
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
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