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Tonko JB, Lambiase PD. The proarrhythmogenic role of autonomics and emerging neuromodulation approaches to prevent sudden death in cardiac ion channelopathies. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:114-131. [PMID: 38195920 PMCID: PMC10936753 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias in cardiac channelopathies are linked to autonomic triggers, which are sub-optimally targeted in current management strategies. Improved molecular understanding of cardiac channelopathies and cellular autonomic signalling could refine autonomic therapies to target the specific signalling pathways relevant to the specific aetiologies as well as the central nervous system centres involved in the cardiac autonomic regulation. This review summarizes key anatomical and physiological aspects of the cardiac autonomic nervous system and its impact on ventricular arrhythmias in primary inherited arrhythmia syndromes. Proarrhythmogenic autonomic effects and potential therapeutic targets in defined conditions including the Brugada syndrome, early repolarization syndrome, long QT syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia will be examined. Pharmacological and interventional neuromodulation options for these cardiac channelopathies are discussed. Promising new targets for cardiac neuromodulation include inhibitory and excitatory G-protein coupled receptors, neuropeptides, chemorepellents/attractants as well as the vagal and sympathetic nuclei in the central nervous system. Novel therapeutic strategies utilizing invasive and non-invasive deep brain/brain stem stimulation as well as the rapidly growing field of chemo-, opto-, or sonogenetics allowing cell-specific targeting to reduce ventricular arrhythmias are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Tonko
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, London, UK
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, London, UK
- Department for Cardiology, Bart’s Heart Centre, West Smithfield EC1A 7BE, London, UK
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Ruan H, Mandla R, Ravi N, Galang G, Soe AW, Olgin JE, Lang D, Vedantham V. Cholecystokinin-A signaling regulates automaticity of pacemaker cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1284673. [PMID: 38179138 PMCID: PMC10764621 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1284673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: The behavior of pacemaker cardiomyocytes (PCs) in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is modulated by neurohormonal and paracrine factors, many of which signal through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The aims of the present study are to catalog GPCRs that are differentially expressed in the mammalian SAN and to define the acute physiological consequences of activating the cholecystokinin-A signaling system in isolated PCs. Methods and results: Using bulk and single cell RNA sequencing datasets, we identify a set of GPCRs that are differentially expressed between SAN and right atrial tissue, including several whose roles in PCs and in the SAN have not been thoroughly characterized. Focusing on one such GPCR, Cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCKAR), we demonstrate expression of Cckar mRNA specifically in mouse PCs, and further demonstrate that subsets of SAN fibroblasts and neurons within the cardiac intrinsic nervous system express cholecystokinin, the ligand for CCKAR. Using mouse models, we find that while baseline SAN function is not dramatically affected by loss of CCKAR, the firing rate of individual PCs is slowed by exposure to sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (sCCK-8), the high affinity ligand for CCKAR. The effect of sCCK-8 on firing rate is mediated by reduction in the rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization of PCs and is mitigated by activation of beta-adrenergic signaling. Conclusion: (1) PCs express many GPCRs whose specific roles in SAN function have not been characterized, (2) Activation of the cholecystokinin-A signaling pathway regulates PC automaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Ruan
- *Correspondence: Hongmei Ruan, Vasanth Vedantham,
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Ruan H, Mandla R, Ravi N, Galang G, Soe AW, Olgin JE, Lang D, Vedantham V. Cholecystokinin-A Signaling Regulates Automaticity of Pacemaker Cardiomyocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.24.525392. [PMID: 36747643 PMCID: PMC9900793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aims The behavior of pacemaker cardiomyocytes (PCs) in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is modulated by neurohormonal and paracrine factors, many of which signal through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The aims of the present study are to catalog GPCRs that are differentially expressed in the mammalian SAN and to define the acute physiological consequences of activating the cholecystokinin-A signaling system in isolated PCs. Methods and Results Using bulk and single cell RNA sequencing datasets, we identify a set of GPCRs that are differentially expressed between SAN and right atrial tissue, including several whose roles in PCs and in the SAN have not been thoroughly characterized. Focusing on one such GPCR, Cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCK A R), we demonstrate expression of Cckar mRNA specifically in mouse PCs, and further demonstrate that subsets of SAN fibroblasts and neurons within the cardiac intrinsic nervous system express cholecystokinin, the ligand for CCK A R. Using mouse models, we find that while baseline SAN function is not dramatically affected by loss of CCK A R, the firing rate of individual PCs is slowed by exposure to sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (sCCK-8), the high affinity ligand for CCK A R. The effect of sCCK-8 on firing rate is mediated by reduction in the rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization of PCs and is mitigated by activation of beta-adrenergic signaling. Conclusions (1) PCs express many GPCRs whose specific roles in SAN function have not been characterized, (2) Activation of the the cholecystokinin-A signaling pathway regulates PC automaticity.
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Mangmool S, Duangrat R, Parichatikanond W, Kurose H. New Therapeutics for Heart Failure: Focusing on cGMP Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12866. [PMID: 37629047 PMCID: PMC10454066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Current drugs for treating heart failure (HF), for example, angiotensin II receptor blockers and β-blockers, possess specific target molecules involved in the regulation of the cardiac circulatory system. However, most clinically approved drugs are effective in the treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Novel drug classes, including angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blocker, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulator/activator, and cardiac myosin activator, have recently been introduced for HF intervention based on their proposed novel mechanisms. SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to be effective not only for HFrEF but also for HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In the myocardium, excess cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulation has detrimental effects on HFrEF, whereas cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling inhibits cAMP-mediated responses. Thus, molecules participating in cGMP signaling are promising targets of novel drugs for HF. In this review, we summarize molecular pathways of cGMP signaling and clinical trials of emerging drug classes targeting cGMP signaling in the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Ratchanee Duangrat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Morais-Silva G, Campbell RR, Nam H, Basu M, Pagliusi M, Fox ME, Chan CS, Iñiguez SD, Ament S, Cramer N, Marin MT, Lobo MK. Molecular, Circuit, and Stress Response Characterization of Ventral Pallidum Npas1-Neurons. J Neurosci 2023; 43:405-418. [PMID: 36443000 PMCID: PMC9864552 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0971-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered activity of the ventral pallidum (VP) underlies disrupted motivation in stress and drug exposure. The VP is a very heterogeneous structure composed of many neuron types with distinct physiological properties and projections. Neuronal PAS 1-positive (Npas1+) VP neurons are thought to send projections to brain regions critical for motivational behavior. While Npas1+ neurons have been characterized in the globus pallidus external, there is limited information on these neurons in the VP. To address this limitation, we evaluated the projection targets of the VP Npas1+ neurons and performed RNA-sequencing on ribosome-associated mRNA from VP Npas1+ neurons to determine their molecular identity. Finally, we used a chemogenetic approach to manipulate VP Npas1+ neurons during social defeat stress (SDS) and behavioral tasks related to anxiety and motivation in Npas1-Cre mice. We used a similar approach in females using the chronic witness defeat stress (CWDS). We identified VP Npas1+ projections to the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial and lateral habenula, lateral hypothalamus, thalamus, medial and lateral septum, and periaqueductal gray area. VP Npas1+ neurons displayed distinct translatome representing distinct biological processes. Chemogenetic activation of hM3D(Gq) receptors in VP Npas1+ neurons increased susceptibility to a subthreshold SDS and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field while the activation of hM4D(Gi) receptors in VP Npas1+ neurons enhanced resilience to chronic SDS and CWDS. Thus, the activity of VP Npas1+ neurons modulates susceptibility to social stressors and anxiety-like behavior. Our studies provide new information on VP Npas1+ neuron circuitry, molecular identity, and their role in stress response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure connected to both reward-related and aversive brain centers. It is a key brain area that signals the hedonic value of natural rewards. Disruption in the VP underlies altered motivation in stress and substance use disorder. However, VP is a very heterogeneous area with multiple neuron subtypes. This study characterized the projection pattern and molecular signatures of VP Neuronal PAS 1-positive (Npas1+) neurons. We further used tools to alter receptor signaling in VP Npas1+ neurons in stress to demonstrate a role for these neurons in stress behavioral outcomes. Our studies have implications for understanding brain cell type identities and their role in brain disorders, such as depression, a serious disorder that is precipitated by stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessynger Morais-Silva
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800903, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos/Sao Paulo State University, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos/Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rianne R Campbell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Hyungwoo Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Mahashweta Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Marco Pagliusi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, SP-13083-872, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Megan E Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sergio D Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902
| | - Seth Ament
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Nathan Cramer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Marcelo Tadeu Marin
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800903, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos/Sao Paulo State University, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos/Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Acute Myocardial Ischemic Injury and Long QT Interval in Mice through the α1A-Adrenergic Receptor: Electrophysiological, Morphological, and Molecular Evidence. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1984706. [PMID: 35814274 PMCID: PMC9262560 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1984706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) is a condition caused by a decrease in blood flow to the heart that can sometimes predispose to acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS), thereby resulting in sudden cardiac death. Recent evidence indicates that electroacupuncture (EA) can alleviate MI injury, but its specific mechanism remains unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of EA, which utilizes α1A-adrenergic receptors (α1A-AR) in alleviating MI injury as well as the resulting LQTS. The AMI model was established by ligating the left anterior descending arteries (LAD) of both the wild-type and α1A gene-knockout mice and treating them with EA for three consecutive days. A PowerLab 16 physiological recorder was used to collect the electrocardiogram (ECG) while the serum creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and norepinephrine (NE) levels in myocardial tissue were determined by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Moreover, TTC staining was used to observe the myocardial ischemic area, while H&E and TUNEL staining determined the pathological morphology of the myocardium. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the α1A mRNA, and Western blot was used to detect the specific proteins, such as α1A, cleaved caspase-3, Gq, PLC, p-PKCα, and p-hERG. Our results showed that EA could effectively reduce elevated ST-segment, shorten the extended QT interval, and reduce the serum myocardial enzyme content and the degree of pathological injury in wild mice with MI. EA can also decrease the expression of α1A-AR, PLC, p-PKCα, and NE content in myocardial tissues of wild mice, while those of p-hERG increased in ischemic myocardial tissue. These findings suggested that α1A-AR is involved in the development of MI as well as LQTS. Additionally, EA treatment improves the cardiac function and ischemic long QT interval and plays an important role in reducing the hERG inhibition through the α1A-AR-mediated Gq/PLC/PKCα pathway and myocardial apoptosis. Hence, it is suggested that α1A-AR might become a potential target for EA in treating AMI treatment of myocardial ischemia injury and acquired long QT intervals caused by MI.
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Miura Y, Senoo A, Doura T, Kiyonaka S. Chemogenetics of cell surface receptors: beyond genetic and pharmacological approaches. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:269-287. [PMID: 35359495 PMCID: PMC8905536 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors transmit extracellular information into cells. Spatiotemporal regulation of receptor signaling is crucial for cellular functions, and dysregulation of signaling causes various diseases. Thus, it is highly desired to control receptor functions with high spatial and/or temporal resolution. Conventionally, genetic engineering or chemical ligands have been used to control receptor functions in cells. As the alternative, chemogenetics has been proposed, in which target proteins are genetically engineered to interact with a designed chemical partner with high selectivity. The engineered receptor dissects the function of one receptor member among a highly homologous receptor family in a cell-specific manner. Notably, some chemogenetic strategies have been used to reveal the receptor signaling of target cells in living animals. In this review, we summarize the developing chemogenetic methods of transmembrane receptors for cell-specific regulation of receptor signaling. We also discuss the prospects of chemogenetics for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Akinobu Senoo
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Doura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kiyonaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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Steinhorn B, Eroglu E, Michel T. Chemogenetic Approaches to Probe Redox Pathways: Implications for Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 62:551-571. [PMID: 34530645 PMCID: PMC10507364 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-012221-082339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemogenetics refers to experimental systems that dynamically regulate the activity of a recombinant protein by providing or withholding the protein's specific biochemical stimulus. Chemogenetic tools permit precise dynamic control of specific signaling molecules to delineate the roles of those molecules in physiology and disease. Yeast d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) enables chemogenetic manipulation of intracellular redox balance by generating hydrogen peroxide only in the presence of d-amino acids. Advances in biosensors have allowed the precise quantitation of these signaling molecules. The combination of chemogenetic approaches with biosensor methodologies has opened up new lines of investigation, allowing the analysis of intracellular redox pathways that modulate physiological and pathological cell responses. We anticipate that newly developed transgenic chemogenetic models will permit dynamic modulation of cellularredox balance in diverse cells and tissues and will facilitate the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets involved in both physiological redox pathways and pathological oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Steinhorn
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Emrah Eroglu
- Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Michel
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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Bourque K, Hawey C, Jiang A, Mazarura GR, Hébert TE. Biosensor-based profiling to track cellular signalling in patient-derived models of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cell Signal 2022; 91:110239. [PMID: 34990783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM) represent a diverse group of cardiovascular diseases impacting the structure and function of the myocardium. To better treat these diseases, we need to understand the impact of such cardiomyopathies on critical signalling pathways that drive disease progression downstream of receptors we often target therapeutically. Our understanding of cellular signalling events has progressed substantially in the last few years, in large part due to the design, validation and use of biosensor-based approaches to studying such events in cells, tissues and in some cases, living animals. Another transformative development has been the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate disease-relevant models from individual patients. We highlight the importance of going beyond monocellular cultures to incorporate the influence of paracrine signalling mediators. Finally, we discuss the recent coalition of these approaches in the context of DCM. We discuss recent work in generating patient-derived models of cardiomyopathies and the utility of using signalling biosensors to track disease progression and test potential therapeutic strategies that can be later used to inform treatment options in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Bourque
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Cara Hawey
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Alyson Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Grace R Mazarura
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Overexpression of MiR-29b-3p Inhibits Atrial Remodeling in Rats by Targeting PDGF-B Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3763529. [PMID: 33520084 PMCID: PMC7817267 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3763529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Studies have found that microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely associated with atrial fibrillation, but their specific mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the function of miR-29b-3p in regulating atrial remodeling by targeting PDGF-B signaling pathway and thereby also explore the potential mechanisms. Methods We randomly divided twenty-four rats into four groups. Caudal intravenous injections of angiotensin-II (Ang-II) were administered to establish atrial fibrosis models. Expressions of miR-29b-3p and PDGF-B were then tested via RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Binding sites were then analyzed via the bioinformatics online software TargetScan and verified by Luciferase Reporter. We used Masson staining to detect the degree of atrial fibrosis, while immunofluorescence and western blot were used to detect the expressions of Collagen-I and a-SMA. We used immunohistochemistry and western blot to detect the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43). Results In comparison with the Ang-II group, miR-29b-3p was seen to lower the degree of atrial fibrosis, decrease the expression of fibrosis markers such as Collagen-I and a-SMA, and increase the protein expression of Cx43. MiR-29b-3p can lower the expression of PDGF-B, while the Luciferase Reporter showed that PDGF-B is the verified target gene of miR-29b-3p. Conclusions MiR-29b-3p was able to reduce atrial structural and electrical remodeling in the study's rat fibrosis model. This biological function may be expressed through the targeted regulation of the PDGF-B signaling pathway.
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Vincent SG, Fisher JT. In vivo cardiopulmonary impact of skeletal M 3Dq DREADD expression: a pilot study. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:1059-1070. [PMID: 34272586 PMCID: PMC8572194 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The muscarinic M3 receptor (M3R) is implicated in cardiopulmonary control and many other peripheral physiologic functions. Previous observations report mortality in mice expressing a Gq-linked designer G-protein coupled receptor (Dq) selectively in striated muscle, while M3Dq DREADD (Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug), selectively expressed in skeletal muscle (SKM) impacts glucose metabolism. We investigated whether activation of SKM M3Dq impacts cardiopulmonary function. Heart rate (HR), body temperature (Tb) and locomotor activity (ACT) were measured in 4 conscious, chronically instrumented M3Dq DREADD mice and 4 wildtype controls. Circadian values of HR, BT and ACT were not different between genotypes (p > 0.05). Activation of the M3Dq DREADD by clozapine N-oxide (CNO; 0.1 mg/kg) resulted in: a significant drop in heart rate, 2 h after injection, compared with a time-matched baseline control period from the same animals (460 ± 28 vs. 532 ± 6, p < 0.05), significantly lower ACT compared to the baseline control (p < 0.05) and reduced pulmonary minute ventilation compared to pre-CNO control (p < 0.05). M3Dq DREADD activation did not cause bronchoconstriction (separate protocol), however, there was a concomitant reduction in HR, Tb and ventilation, accompanied by cardiac arrhythmias. We speculate that reductions in Tb, HR and ventilation reflect a mechanistic link between SKM Gq signaling and the metabolic responses associated with the initiation of torpor. Supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR MOP-81211).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G. Vincent
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - John T. Fisher
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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Marciante AB, Farmer GE, Cunningham JT. G q DREADD activation of CaMKIIa MnPO neurons stimulates nitric oxide activity. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:591-609. [PMID: 32697679 PMCID: PMC7500373 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00239.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) modify cellular activity following administration of the exogenous ligand clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). However, some reports indicate CNO may have off-target effects. The current studies investigate the use of Gq DREADDs in CaMKIIa-expressing neurons in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 g) anesthetized with isoflurane were stereotaxically microinjected in the MnPO with the Gq DREADD (AAV5-CaMKIIa-HM3D-mCherry) or control virus (AAV5-CaMKIIa-mCherry). Following a 2-wk recovery, rats were used for either immunohistochemical Fos analysis or in vitro patch-clamp electrophysiology. In Gq DREADD-injected rats, CNO induced significant increases in Fos staining in the MnPO and in regions that receive direct or indirect projections from the MnPO. In electrophysiological studies, CNO depolarized and augmented firing frequency in both Gq DREADD-positive neurons (Gq DREADD) as well as unlabeled MnPO neurons in slices from Gq DREADD-injected rats (Gq DREADDx). Gq DREADDx neurons also displayed increases in spontaneous postsynaptic current (sPSC) frequency in response to CNO. Additionally, CaMKIIa-positive MnPO neurons, which also express nitric oxide synthase (NOS), were treated with Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA; competitive inhibitor of NOS) and hemoglobin (NO scavenger) to assess the role of NO in Gq DREADDx neuron recruitment. Both l-NNA and hemoglobin blocked CNO-induced effects in Gq DREADDx neurons without affecting Gq DREADD neurons. These findings indicate that Gq DREADD-mediated activation of CaMKIIa/NOS expressing neurons in the MnPO can influence the activity of neighboring neurons. Future studies utilizing the use of Gq DREADDs will need to consider the potential recruitment of additional cell populations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rats were injected in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) with either an adeno-associated virus (AAV) and excitatory (Gq) designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) construct or a control AAV. In the Gq DREADD-injected rats only, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) increased Fos staining in the MnPO and its targets and increased neuron action potential frequency. In electrophysiology experiments with slices with DREADD cells, unlabeled cells were activated and this was likely due to nitric oxide release by the DREADD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B Marciante
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - George E Farmer
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas
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Brown SK, Sheikh AM, Guzik TJ. Cardiovascular Research at the frontier of biomedical science. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:e83-e86. [PMID: 32406499 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Brown
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Adam M Sheikh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Chemogenetics a robust approach to pharmacology and gene therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Suppression of β1-Adrenoceptor Autoantibodies is Involved in the Antiarrhythmic Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Male and Female Hypertensive Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020526. [PMID: 31947691 PMCID: PMC7013542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrhythmogenic potential of β1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies (β1-AA), as well as antiarrhythmic properties of omega-3 in heart diseases, have been reported while underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We aimed to test our hypothesis that omega-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid-EPA, docosahexaenoic acid-DHA) may inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) activity to prevent cleavage of β1-AR and formation of β1-AA resulting in attenuation of pro-arrhythmic connexin-43 (Cx43) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling in the diseased heart. We have demonstrated that the appearance and increase of β1-AA in blood serum of male and female 12-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was associated with an increase of inducible ventricular fibrillation (VF) comparing to normotensive controls. In contrast, supplementation of hypertensive rats with omega-3 for two months suppressed β1-AA levels and reduced incidence of VF. Suppression of β1-AA was accompanied by a decrease of elevated myocardial MMP-2 activity, preservation of cardiac cell membrane integrity and Cx43 topology. Moreover, omega-3 abrogated decline in expression of total Cx43 as well as its phosphorylated forms at serine 368 along with PKC-ε, while decreased pro-fibrotic PKC-δ levels in hypertensive rat heart regardless the sex. The implication of MMP-2 in the action of omega-3 was also demonstrated in cultured cardiomyocytes in which desensitization of β1-AR due to permanent activation of β1-AR with isoproterenol was prevented by MMP-2 inhibitor or EPA. Collectively, these data support the notion that omega-3 via suppression of β1-AA mechanistically controlled by MMP-2 may attenuate abnormal of Cx43 and PKC-ε signaling; thus, abolish arrhythmia substrate and protect rats with an advanced stage of hypertension from malignant arrhythmias.
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Caron A, Reynolds RP, Castorena CM, Michael NJ, Lee CE, Lee S, Berdeaux R, Scherer PE, Elmquist JK. Adipocyte Gs but not Gi signaling regulates whole-body glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2019; 27:11-21. [PMID: 31279640 PMCID: PMC6717754 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a key regulator of the metabolic and endocrine functions of adipose tissue. Increased SNS outflow promotes fat mobilization, stimulates non-shivering thermogenesis, promotes browning, and inhibits leptin production. Most of these effects are attributed to norepinephrine activation of the Gs-coupled beta adrenergic receptors located on the surface of the adipocytes. Evidence suggests that other adrenergic receptor subtypes, including the Gi-coupled alpha 2 adrenergic receptors might also mediate the SNS effects on adipose tissue. However, the impact of acute stimulation of adipocyte Gs and Gi has never been reported. Methods We harness the power of chemogenetics to develop unique mouse models allowing the specific and spatiotemporal stimulation of adipose tissue Gi and Gs signaling. We evaluated the impact of chemogenetic stimulation of these pathways on glucose homeostasis, lipolysis, leptin production, and gene expression. Results Stimulation of Gs signaling in adipocytes induced rapid and sustained hypoglycemia. These hypoglycemic effects were secondary to increased insulin release, likely consequent to increased lipolysis. Notably, we also observed differences in gene regulation and ex vivo lipolysis in different adipose depots. In contrast, acute stimulation of Gi signaling in adipose tissue did not affect glucose metabolism or lipolysis, but regulated leptin production. Conclusion Our data highlight the significance of adipose Gs signaling in regulating systemic glucose homeostasis. We also found previously unappreciated heterogeneity across adipose depots following acute stimulation. Together, these results highlight the complex interactions of GPCR signaling in adipose tissue and demonstrate the usefulness of chemogenetic technology to better understand adipocyte function. Chemogenetic stimulation of Gs signaling in adipose tissue potently induces hypoglycemia in mice. The magnitude by which adipose Gs stimulation reduces blood glucose is similar to the hypoglycemic effects of insulin. Chemogenetic stimulation of Gs signaling in adipose tissue ex vivo stimulates lipolysis. Chemogenetic stimulation of adipose Gi signaling does not affect glycemia or lipolysis, but increases leptin levels. Our data demonstrate the usefulness of chemogenetic technology to understand adipocytes functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Ryan P Reynolds
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos M Castorena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Natalie J Michael
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte E Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases at the Brown Foundation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center-UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Cardiomyocyte-specific Gq signalling and arrhythmias: novel insights from DREADD technology. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:992-994. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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