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Wang Q, S Abdul S, Almeida L, Ananiadou S, Balderas-Martínez YI, Batista-Navarro R, Campos D, Chilton L, Chou HJ, Contreras G, Cooper L, Dai HJ, Ferrell B, Fluck J, Gama-Castro S, George N, Gkoutos G, Irin AK, Jensen LJ, Jimenez S, Jue TR, Keseler I, Madan S, Matos S, McQuilton P, Milacic M, Mort M, Natarajan J, Pafilis E, Pereira E, Rao S, Rinaldi F, Rothfels K, Salgado D, Silva RM, Singh O, Stefancsik R, Su CH, Subramani S, Tadepally HD, Tsaprouni L, Vasilevsky N, Wang X, Chatr-Aryamontri A, Laulederkind SJF, Matis-Mitchell S, McEntyre J, Orchard S, Pundir S, Rodriguez-Esteban R, Van Auken K, Lu Z, Schaeffer M, Wu CH, Hirschman L, Arighi CN. Overview of the interactive task in BioCreative V. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:baw119. [PMID: 27589961 PMCID: PMC5009325 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fully automated text mining (TM) systems promote efficient literature searching, retrieval, and review but are not sufficient to produce ready-to-consume curated documents. These systems are not meant to replace biocurators, but instead to assist them in one or more literature curation steps. To do so, the user interface is an important aspect that needs to be considered for tool adoption. The BioCreative Interactive task (IAT) is a track designed for exploring user-system interactions, promoting development of useful TM tools, and providing a communication channel between the biocuration and the TM communities. In BioCreative V, the IAT track followed a format similar to previous interactive tracks, where the utility and usability of TM tools, as well as the generation of use cases, have been the focal points. The proposed curation tasks are user-centric and formally evaluated by biocurators. In BioCreative V IAT, seven TM systems and 43 biocurators participated. Two levels of user participation were offered to broaden curator involvement and obtain more feedback on usability aspects. The full level participation involved training on the system, curation of a set of documents with and without TM assistance, tracking of time-on-task, and completion of a user survey. The partial level participation was designed to focus on usability aspects of the interface and not the performance per se. In this case, biocurators navigated the system by performing pre-designed tasks and then were asked whether they were able to achieve the task and the level of difficulty in completing the task. In this manuscript, we describe the development of the interactive task, from planning to execution and discuss major findings for the systems tested. Database URL:http://www.biocreative.org
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Shabbir S Abdul
- International Centre of Health Information Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lara Almeida
- DETI/IEETA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sophia Ananiadou
- National Centre for Text Mining, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lucy Chilton
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, New Castle, UK
| | - Hui-Jou Chou
- Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Gabriela Contreras
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laurel Cooper
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Hong-Jie Dai
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Barbra Ferrell
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Juliane Fluck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 St. Augustin, Germany
| | - Socorro Gama-Castro
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Georgios Gkoutos
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Afroza K Irin
- Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars J Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvia Jimenez
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Biotech Campus, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Toni R Jue
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sumit Madan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 St. Augustin, Germany
| | - Sérgio Matos
- DETI/IEETA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Marija Milacic
- Department of Informatics and Bio-Computing, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G0A3, Canada
| | - Matthew Mort
- HGMD, Institute of Medical Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Evangelos Pafilis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emiliano Pereira
- Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Shruti Rao
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics (ICBI), Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karen Rothfels
- Department of Informatics and Bio-Computing, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G0A3, Canada
| | - David Salgado
- GMGF, Aix-Marseille Universite, 13385 Marseille, France Inserm, UMR_S 910, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Raquel M Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED & IEETA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Onkar Singh
- Taipei Medical University Graduate Institute of Biomedical informatics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chu-Hsien Su
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Loukia Tsaprouni
- Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Nicole Vasilevsky
- Ontology Development Group, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- WormBase Consortium, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Orchard
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Sangya Pundir
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Kimberly Van Auken
- WormBase Consortium, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Mary Schaeffer
- MaizeGDB USDA ARS and University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cathy H Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | | | - Cecilia N Arighi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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17
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Comeau DC, Batista-Navarro RT, Dai HJ, Doğan RI, Yepes AJ, Khare R, Lu Z, Marques H, Mattingly CJ, Neves M, Peng Y, Rak R, Rinaldi F, Tsai RTH, Verspoor K, Wiegers TC, Wu CH, Wilbur WJ. BioC interoperability track overview. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2014; 2014:bau053. [PMID: 24980129 PMCID: PMC4074764 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BioC is a new simple XML format for sharing biomedical text and annotations and libraries to read and write that format. This promotes the development of interoperable tools for natural language processing (NLP) of biomedical text. The interoperability track at the BioCreative IV workshop featured contributions using or highlighting the BioC format. These contributions included additional implementations of BioC, many new corpora in the format, biomedical NLP tools consuming and producing the format and online services using the format. The ease of use, broad support and rapidly growing number of tools demonstrate the need for and value of the BioC format. Database URL:http://bioc.sourceforge.net/
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Comeau
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Riza Theresa Batista-Navarro
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Hong-Jie Dai
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Rezarta Islamaj Doğan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Antonio Jimeno Yepes
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Ritu Khare
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Hernani Marques
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Carolyn J Mattingly
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Mariana Neves
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USANational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Univers
| | - Yifan Peng
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Rafal Rak
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Fabio Rinaldi
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Richard Tzong-Han Tsai
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Karin Verspoor
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USANational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Univers
| | - Thomas C Wiegers
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Cathy H Wu
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USANational Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Univers
| | - W John Wilbur
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA, National Centre for Text Mining and School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK, Graduate Institute of BioMedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA, WBI, Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10099, Germany, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C., Health and Biomedical Informatics Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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