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Wenninger EJ, Rashed A. Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae), and Zebra Chip Disease in Potato. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:139-157. [PMID: 37616600 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020123-014734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), transmits the pathogen "Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum" (Lso), the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease (ZC). ZC is a disease of potato that reduces yield and quality and has disrupted integrated pest management programs in parts of the Americas and New Zealand. Advances in our understanding of the ecological factors that influence ZC epidemiology have been accelerated by the relatively recent identification of Lso and motivated by the steady increase in ZC distribution and the potential for devastating economic losses on a global scale. Management of ZC remains heavily reliant upon insecticides, which is not sustainable from the standpoint of insecticide resistance, nontarget effects on natural enemies, and regulations that may limit such tools. This review synthesizes the literature on potato psyllids and ZC, outlining recent progress, identifying knowledge gaps, and proposing avenues for further research on this important pathosystem of potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Wenninger
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Kimberly Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, Idaho, USA;
| | - Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Blackstone, Virginia, USA;
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2
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Cooper WR, Swisher Grimm KD, Angelella GM, Mustafa T. Acquisition and Transmission of ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Differs Among Wolbachia-Infected and -Uninfected Haplotypes of Bactericera cockerelli. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2440-2445. [PMID: 36691279 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2701-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) causes disease symptoms and economic losses in potato, tomato, and other solanaceous crops in North America. Lso is transmitted to plants by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, which occurs as distinct haplotypes named western, central, and northwestern that differ in the presence or absence of the bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia. Previous work showed that all three vector haplotypes can transmit Lso, but it was not clear whether acquisition and transmission rates of Lso were equal among the haplotypes. The goal of our study was to compare Lso infection rates among psyllids of the western, central, and northwestern haplotypes. Using data collected from several years of periodic testing of Lso infection of laboratory-reared potato psyllid colonies, we showed that psyllids of the western and central haplotypes are more likely to harbor Lso than are psyllids of the northwestern haplotype. We then used greenhouse assays to demonstrate that psyllids of the northwestern haplotype are less likely to acquire and transmit Lso than those of the western haplotype. Lso infection rates corresponded with Wolbachia infection among the three psyllid haplotypes. The Wolbachia-infected central and western haplotypes were more likely to harbor and transmit Lso than the Wolbachia-free northwestern haplotype. Results demonstrate that potato psyllids of the western and central haplotypes pose a greater risk for spread of Lso in crops and suggest a pattern between infection with Lso and Wolbachia in potato psyllid.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rodney Cooper
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA, U.S.A
| | | | - Gina M Angelella
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA, U.S.A
| | - Tariq Mustafa
- University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Sub Campus Depalpur, Okara, Pakistan
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Cooper WR, Horton DR, Swisher-Grimm K, Krey K, Wildung MR. Bacterial Endosymbionts of Bactericera maculipennis and Three Mitochondrial Haplotypes of B. cockerelli (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:94-107. [PMID: 34864906 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insects harbor bacterial endosymbionts that provide their hosts with nutritional benefit or with protection against natural enemies, plant defenses, insecticides, or abiotic stresses. We used directed sequencing of 16S rDNA to identify and compare endosymbionts of Bactericera maculipennis (Crawford) and the western, central, and northwestern haplotypes of B. cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae). Both species are native to North America, are known to harbor the plant pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' and develop on shared host plants within the Convolvulaceae. The Old-World species Heterotrioza chenopodii (Reuter) (Psylloidea: Triozidae), now found in North America, was included as an outgroup. 16S sequencing confirmed that both Bactericera species harbor 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' and revealed that both species harbor unique strains of Wolbachia and Sodalis. However, the presence of Wolbachia and Sodalis varied among haplotypes of B. cockerelli. The central and western haplotypes harbored the same strains of Wolbachia, which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing of the wsp and ftsZ genes. Wolbachia was also detected in very low abundance from the northwestern haplotype by high-throughput sequencing of 16S but was not detected from this haplotype by PCR screening. The northwestern and central haplotypes also harbored Sodalis, which was not detected in the western haplotype. Heterotrioza chenopodii harbored an entirely different community of potential endosymbionts compared with the Bactericera spp. that included Rickettsia and an unidentified bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae. Results of this study provide a foundation for further research on the interactions between psyllids and their bacterial endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rodney Cooper
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - David R Horton
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Kylie Swisher-Grimm
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Karol Krey
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Mark R Wildung
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Bioanalysis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Reyes Corral CA, Cooper WR, Horton D, Miliczky E, Riebe J, Waters T, Wildung M, Karasev AV. Association of Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) With the Perennial Weed Physalis longifolia (Solanales: Solanaceae) in the Potato-Growing Regions of Western Idaho. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1416-1424. [PMID: 34392334 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), is a major pest of potato (Solanales: Solanaceae) as a vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso). Bactericera cockerelli colonizes potato from noncrop host plants, yet we do not yet know which noncrop species are the primary sources of Lso-infected psyllids. The perennial weed, Physalis longifolia Nutt., is a high-quality host for B. cockerelli and Lso under laboratory conditions but has been overlooked in recent field studies as a source of Lso-infected psyllids. Our current study had four objectives: 1) determine whether P. longifolia is abundant in potato-growing regions of Washington and Idaho, 2) determine whether stands of P. longifolia harbor B. cockerelli and Lso, 3) identify the psyllid haplotypes occurring on P. longifolia, and 4) use molecular gut content analysis to infer which plant species the psyllids had previously fed upon prior to their capture from P. longifolia. Online herbaria and field searches revealed that P. longifolia is abundant in western Idaho and is present at low densities in the Columbia Basin of Washington. Over 200 psyllids were collected from P. longifolia stands in 2018 and 2019, confirming that B. cockerelli colonizes stands of this plant. Gut content analysis indicated that a proportion of B. cockerelli collected from P. longifolia had arrived there from potato. Confirmation that P. longifolia is abundant in certain potato-growing regions of the Pacific Northwest, and that B. cockerelli readily uses this plant, could improve models to predict the risk of future psyllid and Lso outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Reyes Corral
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 110 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - W Rodney Cooper
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - David Horton
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Eugene Miliczky
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | | | - Timothy Waters
- Washington State University Extension, Pasco, WA 99301, USA
| | - Mark Wildung
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioanalysis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Alexander V Karasev
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Reyes-Corral CA, Cooper WR, Karasev AV, Delgado-Luna C, Sanchez-Peña SR. ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Infection of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. (Solanales: Solanaceae) in Saltillo, Mexico. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2560-2566. [PMID: 33455443 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2240-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a pest of solanaceous crops (order Solanales), including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato (S. lycopersicum L.). Feeding by high populations of nymphs causes psyllid yellows while adults and nymphs are vectors of the plant pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Foliar symptoms that were consistent with either 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection or psyllid yellows were observed in 2019 on tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.; family Solanaceae) grown within an experimental plot located near Saltillo, Mexico. This study had three primary objectives: 9i) determine whether the foliar symptoms observed on tomatillo were associated with 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection, (ii) identify the haplotypes of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' and potato psyllids present in the symptomatic plot, and (iii) use gut content analysis to infer the plant sources of 'Ca. L. solanacearum'-infected psyllids. Results confirmed that 71% of symptomatic plants and 71% of psyllids collected from the plants were infected with 'Ca. L. solanacearum'. The detection of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' in plants and psyllids and the lack of nymphal populations associated with psyllid yellows strongly suggests that the observed foliar symptoms were caused by 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection. All infected plants and insects harbored the more virulent 'Ca. L. solanacearum' haplotype B but one psyllid was also coinfected with haplotype A. The potato psyllids were predominantly of the central haplotype but one psyllid was identified as the western haplotype. Molecular gut content analysis of psyllids confirmed the movement of psyllids between noncrop habitats and tomatillo and indicated that 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection of psyllids was associated with increased plant diversity in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Reyes-Corral
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA 98951, U.S.A
| | - W Rodney Cooper
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA 98951, U.S.A
| | - Alexander V Karasev
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, U.S.A
| | - Carolina Delgado-Luna
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25315 Mexico
| | - Sergio R Sanchez-Peña
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25315 Mexico
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Mayo-Hernández J, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, Guillén-Cisneros MDL, Rodríguez-Herrera R, Hernández-Castillo F, Flores-Olivas A, Valenzuela-Soto JH. Effects of Bactericera cockerelli Herbivory on Volatile Emissions of Three Varieties of Solanum lycopersicum. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110509. [PMID: 31731734 PMCID: PMC6918368 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops have presented an increased susceptibility to pests under field and greenhouse conditions. Among these pests is tomato/potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli Sulc (Hemiptera: Triozidae), a major pest in solanaceous crops. In this study, we evaluated volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the headspace in three healthy varieties of tomato plants (Floradade, Micro-Tom and wild) under greenhouse conditions using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). Later, independent bioassays were performed to evaluate VOC emissions with three varieties infested with nymphs of B. cockerelli. The results in healthy plants showed markedly different VOC profiles in each variety (14 compounds for wild, 17 for Floradade and 4 for Micro-Tom). Plants infested with nymphs showed changes in VOC emissions distinctly in Floradade and wild varieties. We suggest that these qualitative differences in VOC profiles by the degree of domestication could explain the preferences of B. cockerelli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mayo-Hernández
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Buenavista, Saltillo, C.P. 25315, Coahuila, Mexico; (J.M.-H.); (F.H.-C.)
| | - Enrique Ramírez-Chávez
- CINVESTAV-Unidad Irapuato, Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C.P. 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- CINVESTAV-Unidad Irapuato, Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C.P. 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - María de Lourdes Guillén-Cisneros
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Laboratorio Central de Instrumentación Analítica, Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo, C.P. 25294, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza y José Cárdenas S/N, Saltillo, C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Hernández-Castillo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Buenavista, Saltillo, C.P. 25315, Coahuila, Mexico; (J.M.-H.); (F.H.-C.)
| | - Alberto Flores-Olivas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Buenavista, Saltillo, C.P. 25315, Coahuila, Mexico; (J.M.-H.); (F.H.-C.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.-O.); (J.H.V.-S.)
| | - José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Departamento de Biocienciasy Agrotecnología, Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, Saltillo, C.P. 25294, Coahuila, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.F.-O.); (J.H.V.-S.)
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The Effects of Locality and Host Plant on the Body Size of Aeolothrips intermedius (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) in the Southwest of Poland. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090266. [PMID: 31443520 PMCID: PMC6780419 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aeolothrips intermedius is a thrips predator often found in phytocoenoses worldwide. Both the adults and larvae of this species prey on small invertebrates, including phytophagous species from Thysanoptera group. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological variability of the A. intermedius relative to the locality and, indirectly, to the species of host plant. Insects were collected from five localities in southwest Poland and five different host plants. For each of the sexes, six morphometric features were assessed: body length, length of antennae, wing length, head length, head width and length of pronotum. Additionally, the body mass for each individual was estimated. The findings revealed that in females, both the locality and host plant had a significant impact on almost all of these features. In males, the morphometric features under study correlated strongly with locality and only moderately with the host plant. Certain differences were observed between males and females, mainly in terms of antennae length. The results show that A. intermedius exhibits significant variability in this respect, which is indicative of the species’ phenotypic plasticity. The body length was the trait with the most distinct response to the locality and host plant.
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Survival and development of potato psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Convolvulaceae: Effects of a plant-fungus symbiosis (Periglandula). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201506. [PMID: 30204748 PMCID: PMC6133269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species in the family Solanaceae are the usual hosts of potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae). However, the psyllid has also been shown to develop on some species of Convolvulaceae (bindweeds and morning glories). Developmental success on Convolvulaceae is surprising given the rarity of psyllid species worldwide associated with this plant family. We assayed 14 species of Convolvulaceae across four genera (Convolvulus, Calystegia, Ipomoea, Turbina) to identify species that allow development of potato psyllid. Two populations of psyllids were assayed (Texas, Washington). The Texas population overlaps extensively with native Convolvulaceae, whereas Washington State is noticeably lacking in Convolvulaceae. Results of assays were overlain on a phylogenetic analysis of plant species to examine whether Convolvulaceae distantly related to the typical host (potato) were less likely to allow development than species of Convolvulaceae more closely related. Survival was independent of psyllid population and location of the plant species on our phylogenetic tree. We then examined whether presence of a fungal symbiont of Convolvulaceae (Periglandula spp.) affected psyllid survival. These fungi associate with Convolvulaceae and produce a class of mycotoxins (ergot alkaloids) that may confer protection against plant-feeding arthropods. Periglandula was found in 11 of our 14 species, including in two genera (Convolvulus, Calystegia) not previously known to host the symbiont. Of these 11 species, leaf tissues from five contained large quantities of two classes of ergot alkaloids (clavines, amides of lysergic acid) when evaluated by LC-MS/MS. All five species also harbored Periglandula. No ergot alkaloids were detected in species free of the fungal symbiont. Potato psyllid rapidly died on the five species that harbored Periglandula and contained ergot alkaloids, but survived to adulthood on seven of the nine species in which ergot alkaloids were not detected. These results support the hypothesis that a plant-fungus symbiotic relationship affects the suitability of certain Convolvulaceae to potato psyllid.
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Zeilinger AR, Rapacciuolo G, Turek D, Oboyski PT, Almeida RPP, Roderick GK. Museum specimen data reveal emergence of a plant disease may be linked to increases in the insect vector population. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1827-1837. [PMID: 28459124 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence rate of new plant diseases is increasing due to novel introductions, climate change, and changes in vector populations, posing risks to agricultural sustainability. Assessing and managing future disease risks depends on understanding the causes of contemporary and historical emergence events. Since the mid-1990s, potato growers in the western United States, Mexico, and Central America have experienced severe yield loss from Zebra Chip disease and have responded by increasing insecticide use to suppress populations of the insect vector, the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Despite the severe nature of Zebra Chip outbreaks, the causes of emergence remain unknown. We tested the hypotheses that (1) B. cockerelli occupancy has increased over the last century in California and (2) such increases are related to climate change, specifically warmer winters. We compiled a data set of 87,000 museum specimen occurrence records across the order Hemiptera collected between 1900 and 2014. We then analyzed changes in B. cockerelli distribution using a hierarchical occupancy model using changes in background species lists to correct for collecting effort. We found evidence that B. cockerelli occupancy has increased over the last century. However, these changes appear to be unrelated to climate changes, at least at the scale of our analysis. To the extent that species occupancy is related to abundance, our analysis provides the first quantitative support for the hypothesis that B. cockerelli population abundance has increased, but further work is needed to link B. cockerelli population dynamics to Zebra Chip epidemics. Finally, we demonstrate how this historical macro-ecological approach provides a general framework for comparative risk assessment of future pest and insect vector outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Zeilinger
- Berkeley Initiative for Global Change Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Giovanni Rapacciuolo
- Berkeley Initiative for Global Change Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, New York, 11789, USA
| | - Daniel Turek
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, 01267, USA
| | - Peter T Oboyski
- Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California Berkeley, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - George K Roderick
- Berkeley Initiative for Global Change Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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Dahan J, Wenninger EJ, Thompson B, Eid S, Olsen N, Karasev AV. Relative Abundance of Potato Psyllid Haplotypes in Southern Idaho Potato Fields During 2012 to 2015, and Incidence of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Causing Zebra Chip Disease. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:822-829. [PMID: 30678563 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-16-0668-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Zebra chip (ZC) disease, a serious threat to the potato industry, is caused by the bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso). Five haplotypes (hapA to hapE) of this pathogen have been described so far in different crops, with only hapA and hapB being associated with ZC in potato. Both haplotypes are vectored and transmitted to a variety of solanaceaeous plants by the tomato/potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc). Psyllids are native to North America, and four haplotypes have been identified and named based on their predominant geographic association: Northwestern, Central, Western, and Southwestern. Although all psyllid haplotypes have been found in southern Idaho potato fields, data on relative haplotype abundances and dynamic changes in the fields over time have not previously been reported. Here, psyllid samples collected in Idaho potato fields from 2012 to 2015 were used to clarify spatial and temporal patterns in distribution and abundance of psyllid and Lso haplotypes. A shift from hapA toward hapB population of Lso was revealed during these four seasons, indicating possible evolution of Lso in Idaho fields. Although we confirmed that Western psyllids were the most abundant by far during the four seasons of observation, we also observed changes in abundance of other haplotypes, including increased diversity of psyllid haplotypes during 2015. Seasonal changes observed for the Northwestern and Central haplotypes could potentially be linked to psyllid migration and/or habitat changes. South-central Idaho exhibited more diversity in psyllid haplotypes than southwestern Idaho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dahan
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences (PSES), University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - Erik J Wenninger
- Department of PSES and Kimberly Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly 83341
| | | | - Sahar Eid
- Department of PSES, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - Nora Olsen
- Department of PSES and Kimberly Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly 83341
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Mustafa T, Horton DR, Cooper WR, Swisher KD, Zack RS, Pappu HR, Munyaneza JE. Use of Electrical Penetration Graph Technology to Examine Transmission of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' to Potato by Three Haplotypes of Potato Psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli; Hemiptera: Triozidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138946. [PMID: 26407093 PMCID: PMC4583427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a vector of the phloem-limited bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso), the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease of potato. Little is known about how potato psyllid transmits Lso to potato. We used electrical penetration graph (EPG) technology to compare stylet probing behaviors and efficiency of Lso transmission of three haplotypes of potato psyllid (Central, Western, Northwestern). All haplotypes exhibited the full suite of stylet behaviors identified in previous studies with this psyllid, including intercellular penetration and secretion of the stylet pathway, xylem ingestion, and phloem activities, the latter comprising salivation and ingestion. The three haplotypes exhibited similar frequency and duration of probing behaviors, with the exception of salivation into phloem, which was of higher duration by psyllids of the Western haplotype. We manipulated how long psyllids were allowed access to potato (“inoculation access period”, or IAP) to examine the relationship between phloem activities and Lso transmission. Between 25 and 30% of psyllids reached and salivated into phloem at an IAP of 1 hr, increasing to almost 80% of psyllids as IAP was increased to 24 h. Probability of Lso-transmission was lower across all IAP levels than probability of phloem salivation, indicating that a percentage of infected psyllids which salivated into the phloem failed to transmit Lso. Logistic regression showed that probability of transmission increased as a function of time spent salivating into the phloem; transmission occurred as quickly as 5 min following onset of salivation. A small percentage of infected psyllids showed extremely long salivation events but nonetheless failed to transmit Lso, for unknown reasons. Information from these studies increases our understanding of Lso transmission by potato psyllid, and demonstrates the value of EPG technology in exploring questions of vector efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mustafa
- USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - David R. Horton
- USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, Washington, United States of America
| | - W. Rodney Cooper
- USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kylie D. Swisher
- USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Zack
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Munyaneza
- USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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