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Overchuk M, Harmatys KM, Sindhwani S, Rajora MA, Koebel A, Charron DM, Syed AM, Chen J, Pomper MG, Wilson BC, Chan WCW, Zheng G. Subtherapeutic Photodynamic Treatment Facilitates Tumor Nanomedicine Delivery and Overcomes Desmoplasia. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:344-352. [PMID: 33301689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited tumor nanoparticle accumulation remains one of the main challenges in cancer nanomedicine. Here, we demonstrate that subtherapeutic photodynamic priming (PDP) enhances the accumulation of nanoparticles in subcutaneous murine prostate tumors ∼3-5-times without inducing cell death, vascular destruction, or tumor growth delay. We also found that PDP resulted in an ∼2-times decrease in tumor collagen content as well as a significant reduction of extracellular matrix density in the subendothelial zone. Enhanced nanoparticle accumulation combined with the reduced extravascular barriers improved therapeutic efficacy in the absence of off-target toxicity, wherein 5 mg/kg of Doxil with PDP was equally effective in delaying tumor growth as 15 mg/kg of Doxil. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of PDP to enhance tumor nanomedicine accumulation and alleviate tumor desmoplasia without causing cell death or vascular destruction, highlighting the utility of PDP as a minimally invasive priming strategy that can improve therapeutic outcomes in desmoplastic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Overchuk
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kara M Harmatys
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shrey Sindhwani
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Maneesha A Rajora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Adam Koebel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Danielle M Charron
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Abdullah M Syed
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, PMCRT 5-354, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Kandasamy S, Adhikary G, Rorke EA, Friedberg JS, Mickle MB, Alexander HR, Eckert RL. The YAP1 Signaling Inhibitors, Verteporfin and CA3, Suppress the Mesothelioma Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:343-351. [PMID: 31732616 PMCID: PMC7064165 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer that has a poor prognosis. Tumors develop in the mesothelial lining of the pleural and peritoneal cavities in response to asbestos exposure. Surgical debulking followed by chemotherapy is initially effective, but this treatment ultimately selects for resistant cells that form aggressive and therapy-resistant recurrent tumors. Mesothelioma cancer stem cells (MCS) are a highly aggressive subpopulation present in these tumors that are responsible for tumor maintenance and drug resistance. In this article, we examine the impact of targeting YAP1/TAZ/TEAD signaling in MCS cells. YAP1, TAZ, and TEADs are transcriptional mediators of the Hippo signaling cascade that activate gene expression to drive tumor formation. We show that two YAP1 signaling inhibitors, verteporfin and CA3, attenuate the MCS cell phenotype. Verteporfin or CA3 treatment reduces YAP1/TEAD level/activity to suppress MCS cell spheroid formation, Matrigel invasion, migration, and tumor formation. These agents also increase MCS cell apoptosis. Moreover, constitutively active YAP1 expression antagonizes inhibitor action, suggesting that loss of YAP1/TAZ/TEAD signaling is required for response to verteporfin and CA3. These agents are active against mesothelioma cells derived from peritoneal (epithelioid) and patient-derived pleural (sarcomatoid) mesothelioma, suggesting that targeting YAP1/TEAD signaling may be a useful treatment strategy. IMPLICATIONS: These studies suggest that inhibition of YAP1 signaling may be a viable approach to treating mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaveera Kandasamy
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ellen A Rorke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph S Friedberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - McKayla B Mickle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - H Richard Alexander
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cavin S, Riedel T, Rosskopfova P, Gonzalez M, Baldini G, Zellweger M, Wagnières G, Dyson PJ, Ris H, Krueger T, Perentes JY. Vascular‐targeted low dose photodynamic therapy stabilizes tumor vessels by modulating pericyte contractility. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51:550-561. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Cavin
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Tina Riedel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Petra Rosskopfova
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Michel Gonzalez
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Greg Baldini
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Matthieu Zellweger
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Georges Wagnières
- Institute of PhysicsSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Hans‐Beat Ris
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Thorsten Krueger
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jean Y. Perentes
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanneSwitzerland
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Schreiter J, Meyer S, Schmidt C, Schulz RM, Langer S. Dorsal skinfold chamber models in mice. GMS INTERDISCIPLINARY PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY DGPW 2017; 6:Doc10. [PMID: 28706772 PMCID: PMC5506728 DOI: 10.3205/iprs000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background/purpose: The use of dorsal skinfold chamber models has substantially improved the understanding of micro-vascularisation in pathophysiology over the last eight decades. It allows in vivo pathophysiological studies of vascularisation over a continuous period of time. The dorsal skinfold chamber is an attractive technique for monitoring the vascularisation of autologous or allogenic transplants, wound healing, tumorigenesis and compatibility of biomaterial implants. To further reduce the animals’ discomfort while carrying the dorsal skinfold chamber, we developed a smaller chamber (the Leipzig Dorsal Skinfold Chamber) and summarized the commercial available chamber models. In addition we compared our model to the common chamber. Methods: The Leipzig Dorsal Skinfold Chamber was applied to 66 C57Bl/6 female mice with a mean weight of 22 g. Angiogenesis within the dorsal skinfold chamber was evaluated after injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran with an Axio Scope microscope. The mean vessel density within the dorsal skinfold chamber was assessed over a period of 21 days at five different time points. The gained data were compared to previous results using a bigger and heavier dorsal skinfold model in mice. A PubMed and a patent search were performed and all papers related to “dorsal skinfold chamber” from 1st of January 2006 to 31st of December 2015 were evaluated regarding the dorsal skinfold chamber models and their technical improvements. The main models are described and compared to our titanium Leipzig Dorsal Skinfold Chamber model. Results: The Leipzig Dorsal Skinfold Chamber fulfils all requirements of continuous in vivo models known from previous chamber models while reducing irritation to the mice. Five different chamber models have been identified showing substantial regional diversity. The newly elaborated titanium dorsal skinfold chamber may replace the pre-existing titanium chamber model used in Germany so far, as it is smaller and lighter than the former ones. However, the new chamber does not reach the advantages of already existing chamber models used in Asia and the US, which are smaller and lighter. Conclusion: Elaborating a smaller and lighter dorsal skinfold chamber allows research studies on smaller animals and reduces the animals’ discomfort while carrying the chamber. Greater research exchange should be done to spread the use of smaller and lighter chamber models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Schreiter
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Special Hand Surgery, Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia Meyer
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Special Hand Surgery, Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Special Hand Surgery, Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany.,Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny M Schulz
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Special Hand Surgery, Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany.,Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Langer
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Special Hand Surgery, Clinic and Polyclinic for Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany
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Cavin S, Wang X, Zellweger M, Gonzalez M, Bensimon M, Wagnières G, Krueger T, Ris HB, Gronchi F, Perentes JY. Interstitial fluid pressure: A novel biomarker to monitor photo-induced drug uptake in tumor and normal tissues. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49:773-780. [PMID: 28544068 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-dose photodynamic therapy PDT (photoinduction) can modulate tumor vessels and enhance the uptake of liposomal cisplatin (Lipoplatin®) in pleural malignancies. However, the photo-induction conditions must be tightly controlled as overtreatment shuts down tumor vessels and enhances normal tissue drug uptake. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a pleural sarcoma and adenocarcinoma rat model (n = 12/group), we applied photoinduction (0.0625 mg/kg Visudyne®, 10 J/cm2 ) followed by intravenous Lipoplatin® (5 mg/kg) administration. Tumor and normal tissue IFP were assessed before and up to 1 hour following photoinduction. Lipoplatin® uptake was determined 60 minutes following photoinduction. We then treated the pleura of tumor-free minipigs with high dose photodynamic therapy (PDT) (0.0625 mg/kg Visudyne®, 30 J/cm2 , n = 5) followed by Lipoplatin (5 mg/kg) administration. RESULTS In rodents, photoinduction resulted in a significant decrease of IFP (P < 0.05) in both tumor types but not in the surrounding normal lung, equally exposed to light. Also, photoinduction resulted in a significant increase of Lipoplatin® uptake in both tumor types (P < 0.05) but not in normal lung. Tumor IFP variation and Lipoplatin® uptake fitted an inverted parabola. In minipigs, high dose photodynamic treatment resulted in pleural IFP increase of some animals which predicted higher Lipoplatin® uptake levels. CONCLUSION Normal and tumor vasculatures react differently to PDT. Continuous IFP monitoring in normal and tumor tissues is a promising biomarker of vessel photoinduction. Moderate drop in tumor with no change in normal tissue IFP are predictive of specific Lipoplatin® uptake by cancer following PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:773-780, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Cavin
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Zellweger
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Michel Gonzalez
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Michaël Bensimon
- Central Environmental Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Georges Wagnières
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Krueger
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Beat Ris
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Gronchi
- Division of Anesthesiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Jean Y Perentes
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
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Ogawara KI, Higaki K. Nanoparticle-Based Photodynamic Therapy: Current Status and Future Application to Improve Outcomes of Cancer Treatment. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:637-641. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Ogawara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Kazutaka Higaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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Araki T, Ogawara KI, Suzuki H, Kawai R, Watanabe TI, Ono T, Higaki K. Augmented EPR effect by photo-triggered tumor vascular treatment improved therapeutic efficacy of liposomal paclitaxel in mice bearing tumors with low permeable vasculature. J Control Release 2015; 200:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Wang Y, Wang X, Le Bitoux MA, Wagnieres G, Vandenbergh H, Gonzalez M, Ris HB, Perentes JY, Krueger T. Fluence plays a critical role on the subsequent distribution of chemotherapy and tumor growth delay in murine mesothelioma xenografts pre-treated by photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:323-30. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marie-Aude Le Bitoux
- Department of Pathology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Georges Wagnieres
- Department of Chemistry; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Hubert Vandenbergh
- Department of Chemistry; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Michel Gonzalez
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Hans-Beat Ris
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jean Y Perentes
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Krueger
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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Maehara S, Usuda J, Ishizumi T, Ichinose S, Ohtani K, Inoue T, Imai K, Furumoto H, Kudo Y, Kajiwara N, Ohira T, Ikeda N. Combination effect of photodynamic therapy using NPe6 with pemetrexed for human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:741-9. [PMID: 25385189 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify a possible new treatment modality for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), we examined whether combination treatment consisting of pemetrexed chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizer NPe6, enhanced the antitumor effect in both in vitro and in vivo models. We also investigated preclinical treatment schedules. Four human malignant mesothelioma cell lines (MSTO‑211H, H2052, H2452 and H28) were assayed using the WST assay after treatment with pemetrexed and NPe6‑PDT. The treatment schedule for the combination treatment was examined using nude mice. Pemetrexed pre‑treatment enhanced the lethal effect of NPe6‑PDT in the four malignant mesothelioma cell lines, but NPe6‑PDT followed by pemetrexed treatment did not enhance cell lethality in the in vitro assay. Pemetrexed pre‑treatment did not enhance the intracellular accumulation of NPe6, which is one of the determinants of the antitumor effect of PDT. In nude mice injected with MSTO‑211H cells and then treated using a combination of pemetrexed and NPe6‑PDT (10 mg/kg NPe6, 10 J/cm(2) laser irradiation), the tumor volume decreased by 50% but subsequently increased, reaching the pre‑treatment value after 14 days. Pemetrexed treatment followed by NPe6‑PDT resulted in an 80% reduction in the tumor size and inhibited re‑growth. NPe6‑PDT followed by pemetrexed treatment resulted in a 60% reduction in tumor size but did not inhibit re‑growth. NPe6‑PDT induced the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS), which confers resistance to pemetrexed, and NPe6‑PDT followed by pemetrexed treatment did not enhance the treatment outcome in vivo. In conclusion, combination treatment, consisting of pemetrexed followed by NPe6‑PDT, should be further investigated as a new treatment modality for MPM. In the future, this combination treatment may contribute to a reduction in local recurrence and a prolonged survival period in patients with MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Maehara
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Jitsuo Usuda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113‑8603, Japan
| | - Taichiro Ishizumi
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Shuji Ichinose
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Keishi Ohtani
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Kentaro Imai
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Yujin Kudo
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kajiwara
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohira
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
| | - Norihiko Ikeda
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160‑0023, Japan
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