1
|
Han Y, Bowen DJ, Barreto BL, Zwaan RR, Strachinaru M, van der Geest RJ, Hirsch A, van den Bosch AE, Bosch JG, Voorneveld J. Validation of Left Ventricular High Frame Rate Echo-Particle Image Velocimetry against 4D Flow MRI in Patients. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2025; 51:94-101. [PMID: 39414405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurately measuring intracardiac flow patterns could provide insights into cardiac disease pathophysiology, potentially enhancing diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. This study aims to validate Echo-Particle Image Velocimetry (echoPIV) for in vivo left ventricular intracardiac flow imaging against 4D flow MRI. METHODS We acquired high frame rate contrast-enhanced ultrasound images from three standard apical views of 26 patients who required cardiac MRI. 4D flow MRI was obtained for each patient. Only echo image planes with sufficient quality and alignment with MRI were included for validation. Regional velocity, kinetic energy (KE) and viscous energy loss (EL˙) were compared between modalities using normalized mean absolute error (NMAE), cosine similarity and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS Among 24 included apical view acquisitions, we observed good correspondence between echoPIV and MRI regarding spatial flow patterns and vortex traces. The velocity profile at base-level (mitral valve) cross-section had cosine similarity of 0.92 ± 0.06 and NMAE of (14 ± 5)%. Peak spatial mean velocity differed by (3 ± 6) cm/s in systole and (6 ± 10) cm/s in diastole. The KE and rate of EL˙ also revealed a high level of cosine similarity (0.89 ± 0.09 and 0.91 ± 0.06) with NMAE of (23 ± 7)% and (52 ± 16)%. CONCLUSION Given good B-mode image quality, echoPIV provides a reliable estimation of left ventricular flow, exhibiting spatial-temporal velocity distributions comparable to 4D flow MRI. Both modalities present respective strengths and limitations: echoPIV captured inter-beat variability and had higher temporal resolution, while MRI was more robust to patient BMI and anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichuang Han
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel J Bowen
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernardo Loff Barreto
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert R Zwaan
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai Strachinaru
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Brussels University Hospital-Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob J van der Geest
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hirsch
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemien E van den Bosch
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Bosch
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Voorneveld
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leo I, Cersosimo A, Ielapi J, Sabatino J, Sicilia F, Strangio A, Figliozzi S, Torella D, De Rosa S. Intracardiac fluid dynamic analysis: available techniques and novel clinical applications. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:716. [PMID: 39702022 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-04371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the potential use of intracardiac fluid dynamic analysis to better understand cardiac mechanics and identify novel imaging biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Abnormalities of vortex formation and shape may in fact play a critical role in cardiac function, affecting both efficiency and myocardial workload. Recent advances in imaging technologies have significantly improved our ability to analyze these dynamic flow patterns in vivo, offering new insights into both normal and pathological cardiac conditions. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the available imaging techniques for intracardiac fluid dynamics analysis, highlighting their strengths and limitations. By synthesizing the current knowledge in this evolving field, the paper aims to underscore the importance of advanced fluid dynamic analysis in contemporary cardiology and to identify future directions for research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Leo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy, Viale Europa, 1, 88100
| | - Angelica Cersosimo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy, Viale Europa, 1, 88100
| | - Jessica Ielapi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy, Viale Europa, 1, 88100
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy, Viale Europa, 1, 88100
| | - Federico Sicilia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy, Viale Europa, 1, 88100
| | - Antonio Strangio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy, Viale Europa, 1, 88100
| | - Stefano Figliozzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 80131, Napoli, Italy
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy, Viale Europa, 1, 88100
| | - Salvatore De Rosa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, 1, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Voorneveld J, Keijzer LBH, Strachinaru M, Bowen DJ, Mutluer FO, van der Steen AFW, Cate FJT, de Jong N, Vos HJ, van den Bosch AE, Bosch JG. Optimization of Microbubble Concentration and Acoustic Pressure for Left Ventricular High-Frame-Rate EchoPIV in Patients. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:2432-2443. [PMID: 33720832 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3066082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-frame-rate (HFR) echo-particle image velocimetry (echoPIV) is a promising tool for measuring intracardiac blood flow dynamics. In this study, we investigate the optimal ultrasound contrast agent (UCA: SonoVue) infusion rate and acoustic output to use for HFR echoPIV (PRF = 4900 Hz) in the left ventricle (LV) of patients. Three infusion rates (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 ml/min) and five acoustic output amplitudes (by varying transmit voltage: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 V-corresponding to mechanical indices of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06 at 60-mm depth) were tested in 20 patients admitted for symptoms of heart failure. We assess the accuracy of HFR echoPIV against pulsed-wave Doppler acquisitions obtained for mitral inflow and aortic outflow. In terms of image quality, the 1.2-ml/min infusion rate provided the highest contrast-to-background ratio (CBR) (3-dB improvement over 0.3 ml/min). The highest acoustic output tested resulted in the lowest CBR. Increased acoustic output also resulted in increased microbubble disruption. For the echoPIV results, the 1.2-ml/min infusion rate provided the best vector quality and accuracy; mid-range acoustic outputs (corresponding to 15-20-V transmit voltages) provided the best agreement with the pulsed-wave Doppler. Overall, the highest infusion rate (1.2 ml/min) and mid-range acoustic output amplitudes provided the best image quality and echoPIV results.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The success of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy is hampered by complications such as thrombosis and bleeding. Understanding blood flow interactions between the heart and the LVAD might help optimize treatment and decrease complication rates. We hypothesized that LVADs modify shear stresses and blood transit in the left ventricle (LV) by changing flow patterns and that these changes can be characterized using 2D echo color Doppler velocimetry (echo-CDV). We used echo-CDV and custom postprocessing methods to map blood flow inside the LV in patients with ongoing LVAD support (Heartmate II, N = 7). We compared it to healthy controls (N = 20) and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, N = 20). We also analyzed intraventricular flow changes during LVAD ramp tests (baseline ± 400 rpm). LVAD support reversed the increase in blood stasis associated with DCM, but it did not reduce intraventricular shear exposure. Within the narrow range studied, the ventricular flow was mostly insensitive to changes in pump speed. Patients with significant aortic insufficiency showed abnormalities in blood stasis and shear indices. Overall, this study suggests that noninvasive flow imaging could potentially be used in combination with standard clinical methods for adjusting LVAD settings to optimize flow transport and minimize stasis on an individual basis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Petrescu A, D'hooge J, Voigt JU. Concepts and applications of ultrafast cardiac ultrasound imaging. Echocardiography 2021; 38:7-15. [PMID: 33471395 DOI: 10.1111/echo.14971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of ultrafast echocardiographic imaging has been around for decades. However, only recent progress in ultrasound machine hardware and computer technology allowed to apply this concept to echocardiography. High frame rate echocardiography can visualize phenomena that have never been captured before. It enables a wide variety of potential new applications, including shear wave imaging, speckle tracking, ultrafast Doppler imaging, and myocardial perfusion imaging. The principles of these applications and their potential clinical use will be presented in this manuscript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniela Petrescu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Heart Valve Center, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan D'hooge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens-Uwe Voigt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meyers BA, Goergen CJ, Segers P, Vlachos PP. Colour-Doppler echocardiography flow field velocity reconstruction using a streamfunction-vorticity formulation. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200741. [PMID: 33259749 PMCID: PMC7811584 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a new method (Doppler Velocity Reconstruction or DoVeR), for reconstructing two-component velocity fields from colour Doppler scans. DoVeR employs the streamfunction-vorticity equation, which satisfies mass conservation while accurately approximating the flow rate of rotation. We validated DoVeR using artificial colour Doppler images generated from computational fluid dynamics models of left ventricle (LV) flow. We compare DoVeR against the conventional intraventricular vector flow mapping (iVFM1D) and reformulated iVFM (iVFM2D). LV model error analysis showed that DoVeR is more robust to noise and probe placement, with noise RMS errors (nRMSE) between 3.81% and 6.67%, while the iVFM methods delivered 4.16-24.17% for iVFM1D and 4.06-400.21% for iVFM2D. We test the DoVeR and iVFM methods using in vivo mouse LV ultrasound scans. DoVeR yielded more haemodynamically accurate reconstructions, suggesting that it can provide a more reliable approach for robust quantification of cardiac flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Meyers
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Craig J. Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Patrick Segers
- bioMMeda Research Group, Institute Biomedical Technology (IBiTech), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pavlos P. Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vos HJ, Voorneveld JD, Groot Jebbink E, Leow CH, Nie L, van den Bosch AE, Tang MX, Freear S, Bosch JG. Contrast-Enhanced High-Frame-Rate Ultrasound Imaging of Flow Patterns in Cardiac Chambers and Deep Vessels. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2875-2890. [PMID: 32843233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac function and vascular function are closely related to the flow of blood within. The flow velocities in these larger cavities easily reach 1 m/s, and generally complex spatiotemporal flow patterns are involved, especially in a non-physiologic state. Visualization of such flow patterns using ultrasound can be greatly enhanced by administration of contrast agents. Tracking the high-velocity complex flows is challenging with current clinical echographic tools, mostly because of limitations in signal-to-noise ratio; estimation of lateral velocities; and/or frame rate of the contrast-enhanced imaging mode. This review addresses the state of the art in 2-D high-frame-rate contrast-enhanced echography of ventricular and deep-vessel flow, from both technological and clinical perspectives. It concludes that current advanced ultrasound equipment is technologically ready for use in human contrast-enhanced studies, thus potentially leading to identification of the most clinically relevant flow parameters for quantifying cardiac and vascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Vos
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Jason D Voorneveld
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Groot Jebbink
- M3i: Multi-modality Medical Imaging Group, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Chee Hau Leow
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luzhen Nie
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Meng-Xing Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Freear
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Johan G Bosch
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mele D, Smarrazzo V, Pedrizzetti G, Capasso F, Pepe M, Severino S, Luisi GA, Maglione M, Ferrari R. Intracardiac Flow Analysis: Techniques and Potential Clinical Applications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32:319-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
9
|
van Sloun RJG, Demi L, Schalk SG, Caresio C, Mannaerts C, Postema AW, Molinari F, van der Linden HC, Huang P, Wijkstra H, Mischi M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound tractography for 3D vascular imaging of the prostate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14640. [PMID: 30279545 PMCID: PMC6168586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) enables visualization of fiber trajectories in soft tissue using magnetic resonance imaging. DTT exploits the anisotropic nature of water diffusion in fibrous structures to identify diffusion pathways by generating streamlines based on the principal diffusion vector. Anomalies in these pathways can be linked to neural deficits. In a different field, contrast-enhanced ultrasound is used to assess anomalies in blood flow with the aim of locating cancer-induced angiogenesis. Like water diffusion, blood flow and transport of contrast agents also shows a principal direction; however, this is now determined by the local vasculature. Here we show how the tractographic techniques developed for magnetic resonance imaging DTT can be translated to contrast-enhanced ultrasound, by first estimating contrast flow velocity fields from contrast-enhanced ultrasound acquisitions, and then applying tractography. We performed 4D in-vivo contrast-enhanced ultrasound of three human prostates, proving the feasibility of the proposed approach with clinically acquired datasets. By comparing the results to histopathology after prostate resection, we observed qualitative agreement between the contrast flow tracts and typical markers of cancer angiogenic microvasculature: higher densities and tortuous geometries in tumor areas. The method can be used in-vivo using a standard contrast-enhanced ultrasound protocol, opening up new possibilities in the area of vascular characterization for cancer diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud J G van Sloun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Libertario Demi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefan G Schalk
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Caresio
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Biolab, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Christophe Mannaerts
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud W Postema
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filippo Molinari
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Biolab, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Hans C van der Linden
- Department of Pathology/DNA laboratories, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Pingtong Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated University Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hessel Wijkstra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mischi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Siciliano M, Migliore F, Badano L, Bertaglia E, Pedrizzetti G, Cavedon S, Zorzi A, Corrado D, Iliceto S, Muraru D. Cardiac resynchronization therapy by multipoint pacing improves response of left ventricular mechanics and fluid dynamics: a three-dimensional and particle image velocimetry echo study. Europace 2018; 19:1833-1840. [PMID: 28025231 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To characterize the effect of multipoint pacing (MPP) compared to biventricular pacing (BiV) on left ventricle (LV) mechanics and intraventricular fluid dynamics by three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) and echocardiographic particle imaging velocimetry (Echo-PIV). Methods and results In 11 consecutive patients [8 men; median age 65 years (57-75)] receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with a quadripolar LV lead (Quartet,St.Jude Medical,Inc.), 3DE and Echo-PIV data were collected for each pacing configuration (CRT-OFF, BiV, and MPP) at follow-up after 6 months. 3DE data included LV volumes, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), strain, and systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI). Echo-PIV was used to evaluate the directional distribution of global blood flow momentum, ranging from zero, when flow force is predominantly along the base-apex direction, up to 90° when it becomes transversal. MPP resulted in significant reduction in end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes compared with both CRT-OFF (P = 0.02; P = 0.008, respectively) and BiV (P = 0.04; P = 0.03, respectively). LVEF and cardiac output were significant superior in MPP compared with CRT-OFF, but similar between MPP and BiV. Statistical significant differences when comparing global longitudinal and circumferential strain and SDI with MPP vs. CRT-OFF were observed (P = 0.008; P = 0.008; P = 0.01, respectively). There was also a trend towards improvement in strain between BiV and MPP that did not reach statistical significance. MPP reflected into a significant reduction of the deviation of global blood flow momentum compared with both CRT-OFF and BiV (P = 0.002) indicating a systematic increase of longitudinal alignment from the base-apex orientation of the haemodynamic forces. Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that MPP resulted in significant improvement of LV mechanics and fluid dynamics compared with BiV. However, larger studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Siciliano
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Migliore
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Badano
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bertaglia
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Pedrizzetti
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, P. Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Cavedon
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Denisa Muraru
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sampath K, Harfi TT, George RT, Katz J. Optimized Time-Resolved Echo Particle Image Velocimetry– Particle Tracking Velocimetry Measurements Elucidate Blood Flow in Patients With Left Ventricular Thrombus. J Biomech Eng 2018; 140:2668583. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4038886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contrast ultrasound is a widely used clinical tool to obtain real-time qualitative blood flow assessments in the heart, liver, etc. Echocardiographic particle image velocimetry (echo-PIV) is a technique for obtaining quantitative velocity maps from contrast ultrasound images. However, unlike optical particle image velocimetry (PIV), routine echo images are prone to nonuniform spatiotemporal variations in tracer distribution, making analysis difficult for standard PIV algorithms. This study introduces optimized procedures that integrate image enhancement, PIV, and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to obtain reliable time-resolved two-dimensional (2D) velocity distributions. During initial PIV analysis, multiple results are obtained by varying processing parameters. Optimization involving outlier removal and smoothing is used to select the correct vector. These results are used in a multiparameter PTV procedure. To demonstrate their clinical value, the procedures are implemented to obtain velocity and vorticity distributions over multiple cardiac cycles using images acquired from four left ventricular thrombus (LVT) patients. Phase-averaged data elucidate flow structure evolution over the cycle and are used to calculate penetration depth and strength of left ventricular (LV) vortices, as well as apical velocity induced by them. The present data are consistent with previous time-averaged results for the minimum vortex penetration depth associated with LVT occurrence. However, due to decay and fragmentation of LV vortices, as they migrate away from the mitral annulus, in two cases with high penetration, there is still poor washing near the resolved clot throughout the cycle. Hence, direct examination of entire flow evolution may be useful for assessing risk of LVT relapse before prescribing anticoagulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Sampath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Latrobe 223, Baltimore, MD 21218 e-mail:
| | - Thura T. Harfi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 e-mail:
| | - Richard T. George
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 e-mail:
| | - Joseph Katz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Latrobe 122, Baltimore, MD 21218 e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Meyers BA, Goergen CJ, Vlachos PP. Development and Validation of a Phase-Filtered Moving Ensemble Correlation for Echocardiographic Particle Image Velocimetry. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:477-488. [PMID: 29195751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new processing method for echocardiographic particle image velocimetry (EchoPIV) using moving ensemble (ME) correlation with dynamic phase correlation filtering was developed to improve velocity measurement accuracy for routine clinical evaluation of cardiac function. The proposed method was tested using computationally generated echocardiogram images. Error analysis indicated that ME EchoPIV yields a twofold improvement in bias and random error over the current standard correlation method (βPairwise = -0.15 vs. βME = -0.06; σPairwise = 1.00 vs. σME = 0.49). Subsequently a cohort of eight patients with impaired diastolic filling underwent similar evaluation. Comparison of patient EchoPIV velocity time series with corresponding color M-mode velocity time series revealed better agreement for ME EchoPIV compared with standard PIV processing (RME = 0.90 vs. RPairwise = 0.70). Further time series analysis was performed to measure filling propagation velocity and 1-D intraventricular pressure gradients. Comparison against CMM values indicated that both measurements are completely decorrelated for pairwise processing (R2Vp = 0.15, R2IVPD = 0.07), whereas ME processing correlates decently (R2Vp = 0.69, R2IVPD = 0.69). This new approach enables more robust processing of routine clinical scans and can increase the utility of EchoPIV for the assessment of left ventricular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Meyers
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cimino S, Palombizio D, Cicogna F, Cantisani D, Reali M, Filomena D, Petronilli V, Iacoboni C, Agati L. Significant increase of flow kinetic energy in “nonresponders” patients to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Echocardiography 2017; 34:709-715. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cimino
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| | - Dino Palombizio
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Cicogna
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| | - Donatella Cantisani
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| | - Manuela Reali
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| | - Domenico Filomena
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| | - Valentina Petronilli
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| | - Carlo Iacoboni
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| | - Luciano Agati
- Department of Cardiovascular; Respiratory, Nephrology, Anestesiology and Geriatric Sciences; Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rajaraman PK, Manteuffel TA, Belohlavek M, Heys JJ. Combining existing numerical models with data assimilation using weighted least-squares finite element methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 33. [PMID: 26991079 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for combining and enhancing the results from an existing computational fluid dynamics model with experimental data using the weighted least-squares finite element method (WLSFEM). Development of the approach was motivated by the existence of both limited experimental blood velocity in the left ventricle and inexact numerical models of the same flow. Limitations of the experimental data include measurement noise and having data only along a two-dimensional plane. Most numerical modeling approaches do not provide the flexibility to assimilate noisy experimental data. We previously developed an approach that could assimilate experimental data into the process of numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations, but the approach was limited because it required the use of specific finite element methods for solving all model equations and did not support alternative numerical approximation methods. The new approach presented here allows virtually any numerical method to be used for approximately solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and then the WLSFEM is used to combine the experimental data with the numerical solution of the model equations in a final step. The approach dynamically adjusts the influence of the experimental data on the numerical solution so that more accurate data are more closely matched by the final solution and less accurate data are not closely matched. The new approach is demonstrated on different test problems and provides significantly reduced computational costs compared with many previous methods for data assimilation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prathish K Rajaraman
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - T A Manteuffel
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J Heys
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Inverse Problem for Color Doppler Ultrasound-Assisted Intracardiac Blood Flow Imaging. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:6371078. [PMID: 27313657 PMCID: PMC4893431 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6371078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For the assessment of the left ventricle (LV), echocardiography has been widely used to visualize and quantify geometrical variations of LV. However, echocardiographic image itself is not sufficient to describe a swirling pattern which is a characteristic blood flow pattern inside LV without any treatment on the image. We propose a mathematical framework based on an inverse problem for three-dimensional (3D) LV blood flow reconstruction. The reconstruction model combines the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with one-direction velocity component of the synthetic flow data (or color Doppler data) from the forward simulation (or measurement). Moreover, time-varying LV boundaries are extracted from the intensity data to determine boundary conditions of the reconstruction model. Forward simulations of intracardiac blood flow are performed using a fluid-structure interaction model in order to obtain synthetic flow data. The proposed model significantly reduces the local and global errors of the reconstructed flow fields. We demonstrate the feasibility and potential usefulness of the proposed reconstruction model in predicting dynamic swirling patterns inside the LV over a cardiac cycle.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gürel E, Prinz C, Van Casteren L, Gao H, Willems R, Voigt JU. The Impact of Function-Flow Interaction on Left Ventricular Efficiency in Patients with Conduction Abnormalities: A Particle Image Velocimetry and Tissue Doppler Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:431-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Pedrizzetti G, Martiniello AR, Bianchi V, D'Onofrio A, Caso P, Tonti G. Changes in electrical activation modify the orientation of left ventricular flow momentum: novel observations using echocardiographic particle image velocimetry. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 17:203-9. [PMID: 26060201 PMCID: PMC4882880 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Changes in electrical activation sequence are known to affect the timing of cardiac mechanical events. We aim to demonstrate that these also modify global properties of the intraventricular blood flow pattern. We also explore whether such global changes present a relationship with clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated 30 heart failure patients followed up after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). All subjects underwent echocardiography before implant and at follow-up after 6+ months. Left ventricular mechanics was investigated at follow-up during active CRT and was repeated after a temporary interruption <5 min later. Strain analysis, performed by speckle tracking, was used to assess the entity of contraction (global longitudinal strain) and its synchronicity (standard deviation of time to peak of radial strain). Intraventricular fluid dynamics, by echographic particle image velocimetry, was used to evaluate the directional distribution of global momentum associated with blood motion. The discontinuation of CRT pacing reflects into a reduction of deformation synchrony and into the deviation of blood flow momentum from the base-apex orientation with the development of transversal flow-mediated haemodynamic forces. The deviation of flow momentum presents a significant correlation with the degree of volumetric reduction after CRT. CONCLUSION Changes in electrical activation alter the orientation of blood flow momentum. The long-term CRT outcome correlates with the degree of re-alignment of haemodynamic forces. These preliminary results suggest that flow orientation could be used for optimizing the biventricular pacing setting. However, larger prospective studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Pedrizzetti
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1., Trieste 34127, Italy
| | | | - Valter Bianchi
- Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Onofrio
- Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pio Caso
- Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonti
- Cardiology Division, 'G. d'Annunzio' University, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A Reconstruction Method of Blood Flow Velocity in Left Ventricle Using Color Flow Ultrasound. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:108274. [PMID: 26078773 PMCID: PMC4452383 DOI: 10.1155/2015/108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vortex flow imaging is a relatively new medical imaging method for the dynamic visualization of intracardiac blood flow, a potentially useful index of cardiac dysfunction. A reconstruction method is proposed here to quantify the distribution of blood flow velocity fields inside the left ventricle from color flow images compiled from ultrasound measurements. In this paper, a 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equation with a mass source term is proposed to utilize the measurable color flow ultrasound data in a plane along with the moving boundary condition. The proposed model reflects out-of-plane blood flows on the imaging plane through the mass source term. The boundary conditions to solve the system of equations are derived from the dimensions of the ventricle extracted from 2D echocardiography data. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated numerically using synthetic flow data acquired from simulating left ventricle flows. The numerical simulations show the feasibility and potential usefulness of the proposed method of reconstructing the intracardiac flow fields. Of particular note is the finding that the mass source term in the proposed model improves the reconstruction performance.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee JM, Hong GR, Pak HN, Shim CY, Houle H, Vannan MA, Kim M, Chung N. Clinical impact of quantitative left atrial vortex flow analysis in patients with atrial fibrillation: a comparison with invasive left atrial voltage mapping. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 31:1139-48. [PMID: 25951915 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-015-0671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, left atrial (LA) vortex flow analysis using contrast transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been shown to be feasible and has demonstrated significant differences in vortex flow morphology and pulsatility between normal subjects and patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the relationship between LA vortex flow and electrophysiological properties and the clinical significance of LA vortex flow are unknown. The aims of this study were (1) to compare LA vortex flow parameters with LA voltage and (2) to assess the predictive value of LA vortex flow parameters for the recurrence of AF after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Thirty-nine patients with symptomatic non-valvular AF underwent contrast TEE before undergoing RFCA for AF. Quantitative LA vortex flow parameters were analyzed by Omega flow (Siemens Medical Solution, Mountain View, CA, USA). The morphology and pulsatility of LA vortex flow were compared with electrophysiologic parameters that were measured invasively. Hemodynamic, electrophysiological, and vortex flow parameters were compared between patients with and without early recurrence of AF after RFCA. Morphologic parameters, including LA vortex depth, length, width, and sphericity index were not associated with LA voltage or hemodynamic parameters. The relative strength (RS), which represents the pulsatility power of LA, was positively correlated with LA voltage (R = 0.53, p = 0.01) and LA appendage flow velocity (R = 0.73, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with LA volume index (R = -0.56, p < 0.001). Patients with recurrent AF after RFCA showed significantly lower RS (1.7 ± 0.2 vs 1.9 ± 0.4, p = 0.048) and LA voltage (0.9 ± 0.7 vs 1.7 ± 0.8, p = 0.004) than patients without AF recurrence. In the relatively small LA dimension group (LA volume index ≤ 33 ml/m(2)), RS was significantly lower (2.1 ± 0.3 vs 1.7 ± 0.1, p = 0.029) in patients with the recurrent AF. Quantitative LA vortex flow analysis, especially RS, correlated well with LA voltage. Decreased pulsatility strength in the LA was associated with recurrent AF. LA vortex may have incremental value in predicting the recurrence of AF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Myung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao H, Bijnens N, Coisne D, Lugiez M, Rutten M, D'hooge J. 2-D left ventricular flow estimation by combining speckle tracking with Navier-Stokes-based regularization: an in silico, in vitro and in vivo study. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:99-113. [PMID: 25438850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of multiple ultrasound approaches to left ventricular (LV) flow characterization in two dimensions, this technique remains in its childhood and further developments seem warranted. This article describes a new methodology for tracking the 2-D LV flow field based on ultrasound data. Hereto, a standard speckle tracking algorithm was modified by using a dynamic kernel embedding Navier-Stokes-based regularization in an iterative manner. The performance of the proposed approach was first quantified in synthetic ultrasound data based on a computational fluid dynamics model of LV flow. Next, an experimental flow phantom setup mimicking the normal human heart was used for experimental validation by employing simultaneous optical particle image velocimetry as a standard reference technique. Finally, the applicability of the approach was tested in a clinical setting. On the basis of the simulated data, pointwise evaluation of the estimated velocity vectors correlated well (mean r = 0.84) with the computational fluid dynamics measurement. During the filling period of the left ventricle, the properties of the main vortex obtained from the proposed method were also measured, and their correlations with the reference measurement were also calculated (radius, r = 0.96; circulation, r = 0.85; weighted center, r = 0.81). In vitro results at 60 bpm during one cardiac cycle confirmed that the algorithm properly measures typical characteristics of the vortex (radius, r = 0.60; circulation, r = 0.81; weighted center, r = 0.92). Preliminary qualitative results on clinical data revealed physiologic flow fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Lab on Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Bijnens
- Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Damien Coisne
- University Hospital of Poitiers-Hospital of La Miletrie, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Marcel Rutten
- Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan D'hooge
- Lab on Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effects of Right Ventricular Hemodynamic Burden on Intraventricular Flow in Tetralogy of Fallot: An Echocardiographic Contrast Particle Imaging Velocimetry Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014; 27:1311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
Yiu BYS, Lai SSM, Yu ACH. Vector projectile imaging: time-resolved dynamic visualization of complex flow patterns. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:2295-309. [PMID: 24972498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Achieving non-invasive, accurate and time-resolved imaging of vascular flow with spatiotemporal fluctuations is well acknowledged to be an ongoing challenge. In this article, we present a new ultrasound-based framework called vector projectile imaging (VPI) that can dynamically render complex flow patterns over an imaging view at millisecond time resolution. VPI is founded on three principles: (i) high-frame-rate broad-view data acquisition (based on steered plane wave firings); (ii) flow vector estimation derived from multi-angle Doppler analysis (coupled with data regularization and least-squares fitting); (iii) dynamic visualization of color-encoded vector projectiles (with flow speckles displayed as adjunct). Calibration results indicated that by using three transmit angles and three receive angles (-10°, 0°, +10° for both), VPI can consistently compute flow vectors in a multi-vessel phantom with three tubes positioned at different depths (1.5, 4, 6 cm), oriented at different angles (-10°, 0°, +10°) and of different sizes (dilated diameter: 2.2, 4.4 and 6.3 mm; steady flow rate: 2.5 mL/s). The practical merit of VPI was further illustrated through an anthropomorphic flow phantom investigation that considered both healthy and stenosed carotid bifurcation geometries. For the healthy bifurcation with 1.2-Hz carotid flow pulses, VPI was able to render multi-directional and spatiotemporally varying flow patterns (using a nominal frame rate of 416 fps or 2.4-ms time resolution). In the case of stenosed bifurcations (50% eccentric narrowing), VPI enabled dynamic visualization of flow jet and recirculation zones. These findings suggest that VPI holds promise as a new tool for complex flow analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Billy Y S Yiu
- Medical Engineering Program, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Simon S M Lai
- Medical Engineering Program, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Medical Engineering Program, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Agati L, Cimino S, Tonti G, Cicogna F, Petronilli V, De Luca L, Iacoboni C, Pedrizzetti G. Quantitative analysis of intraventricular blood flow dynamics by echocardiographic particle image velocimetry in patients with acute myocardial infarction at different stages of left ventricular dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 15:1203-12. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
24
|
Gómez de Diego JJ, García-Orta R, Mahía-Casado P, Barba-Cosials J, Candell-Riera J. Update on cardiac imaging techniques 2012. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:205-11. [PMID: 24775455 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac imaging is one of the basic pillars of modern cardiology. The potential list of scenarios where cardiac imaging techniques can provide relevant information is simply endless so it is impossible to include all relevant new features of cardiac imaging published in the literature in 2012 in the limited format of a single article. We summarize the year's most relevant news on cardiac imaging, highlighting the ongoing development of myocardial deformation and 3-dimensional echocardiography techniques and the increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in daily clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío García-Orta
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Barba-Cosials
- Departamento de Cardiología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bermejo J, Benito Y, Alhama M, Yotti R, Martínez-Legazpi P, Del Villar CP, Pérez-David E, González-Mansilla A, Santa-Marta C, Barrio A, Fernández-Avilés F, Del Álamo JC. Intraventricular vortex properties in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H718-29. [PMID: 24414062 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vortices may have a role in optimizing the mechanical efficiency and blood mixing of the left ventricle (LV). We aimed to characterize the size, position, circulation, and kinetic energy (KE) of LV main vortex cores in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) and analyze their physiological correlates. We used digital processing of color-Doppler images to study flow evolution in 61 patients with NIDCM and 61 age-matched control subjects. Vortex features showed a characteristic biphasic temporal course during diastole. Because late filling contributed significantly to flow entrainment, vortex KE reached its maximum at the time of the peak A wave, storing 26 ± 20% of total KE delivered by inflow (range: 1-74%). Patients with NIDCM showed larger and stronger vortices than control subjects (circulation: 0.008 ± 0.007 vs. 0.006 ± 0.005 m(2)/s, respectively, P = 0.02; KE: 7 ± 8 vs. 5 ± 5 mJ/m, P = 0.04), even when corrected for LV size. This helped confining the filling jet in the dilated ventricle. The vortex Reynolds number was also higher in the NIDCM group. By multivariate analysis, vortex KE was related to the KE generated by inflow and to chamber short-axis diameter. In 21 patients studied head to head, Doppler measurements of circulation and KE closely correlated with phase-contract magnetic resonance values (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.82 and 0.76, respectively). Thus, the biphasic nature of filling determines normal vortex physiology. Vortex formation is exaggerated in patients with NIDCM due to chamber remodeling, and enlarged vortices are helpful for ameliorating convective pressure losses and facilitating transport. These findings can be accurately studied using ultrasound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bermejo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mehregan F, Tournoux F, Muth S, Pibarot P, Rieu R, Cloutier G, Garcia D. Doppler vortography: a color Doppler approach to quantification of intraventricular blood flow vortices. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:210-21. [PMID: 24210865 PMCID: PMC3864856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new approach to quantification of intracardiac vorticity based on conventional color Doppler images -Doppler vortography. Doppler vortography relies on the centrosymmetric properties of the vortices. Such properties induce particular symmetries in the Doppler flow data that can be exploited to describe the vortices quantitatively. For this purpose, a kernel filter was developed to derive a parameter, the blood vortex signature (BVS), that allows detection of the main intracardiac vortices and estimation of their core vorticities. The reliability of Doppler vortography was assessed in mock Doppler fields issued from simulations and in vitro data. Doppler vortography was also tested in patients and compared with vector flow mapping by echocardiography. Strong correlations were obtained between Doppler vortography-derived and ground-truth vorticities (in silico: r2 = 0.98, in vitro: r2 = 0.86, in vivo: r2 = 0.89). Our results indicate that Doppler vortography is a potentially promising echocardiographic tool for quantification of vortex flow in the left ventricle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forough Mehregan
- RUBIC, Research Unit of Biomechanics and Imaging in Cardiology
- CRCHUM, Research Center, University of Montreal Hospital, Canada
| | - François Tournoux
- Department of Echocardiography, CHUM, University of Montreal Hospital, Canada
| | - Stéphan Muth
- RUBIC, Research Unit of Biomechanics and Imaging in Cardiology
- CRCHUM, Research Center, University of Montreal Hospital, Canada
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, and Québec Heart & Lung Institute
| | - Régis Rieu
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7287, ISM GIBoc, Marseille, France
| | - Guy Cloutier
- CRCHUM, Research Center, University of Montreal Hospital, Canada
- LBUM, Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Damien Garcia
- RUBIC, Research Unit of Biomechanics and Imaging in Cardiology
- CRCHUM, Research Center, University of Montreal Hospital, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Prinz C, Lehmann R, Brandao da Silva D, Jurczak B, Bitter T, Faber L, Horstkotte D. Echocardiographic particle image velocimetry for the evaluation of diastolic function in hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography 2013; 31:886-94. [PMID: 24355083 DOI: 10.1111/echo.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To use particle image velocimetry (PIV) echocardiography for the evaluation of diastolic dysfunction (DD) in patients with hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy (HNCM). METHODS This study included 50 individuals, thereof 30 patients with DD due to HNCM and 20 healthy individuals who served as controls. HNCM patients were divided into 3 groups according to DD severity. All subjects underwent clinical assessment, exercise testing, and standard as well as PIV echocardiography. RESULTS Energy dissipation was higher in DD patients than in the control group. The severity of flow pattern disturbance corresponded to the degree of DD. In a subgroup of 20 HNCM patients we found significant correlations between invasive measured left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and noninvasive PIV parameters for intraventricular pressure differences and filling. Inter-observer variability (mean difference ± 1.96 SD) for all tested PIV measurements was good. CONCLUSION According to DD severity, patients with HNCM have disturbed intraventricular flow and reduced intraventricular pressure differences, consistent with a reduced intraventricular suction. PIV echocardiography appears to be feasible for detailed analysis of ventricular vortex flow in DD conditions. Further research using PIV echocardiography in different cardiac pathologies seems warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Prinz
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou B, Fraser KH, Poelma C, Mari JM, Eckersley RJ, Weinberg PD, Tang MX. Ultrasound imaging velocimetry: effect of beam sweeping on velocity estimation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:1672-1681. [PMID: 23791353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging flow-mapping tool that can penetrate deep into optically opaque media such as human tissue, ultrasound imaging velocimetry has promise in various clinical applications. Previous studies have shown that errors occur in velocity estimation, but the causes have not been well characterised. In this study, the error in velocity estimation resulting from ultrasound beam sweeping in image acquisition is quantitatively investigated. The effects on velocity estimation of the speed and direction of beam sweeping relative to those of the flow are studied through simulation and experiment. The results indicate that a relative error in velocity estimation of up to 20% can be expected. Correction methods to reduce the errors under steady flow conditions are proposed and evaluated. Errors in flow estimation under unsteady flow are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Institute of Space Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Edvardsen T, Plein S, Saraste A, Knuuti J, Maurer G, Lancellotti P. The year 2012 in the European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging: Part I. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14:509-14. [PMID: 23671232 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The new multi-modality cardiovascular imaging journal, European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, was started in 2012. During its first year, the new Journal has published an impressive collection of cardiovascular studies utilizing all cardiovascular imaging modalities. We will summarize the most important studies from its first year in two articles. The present 'Part I' of the review will focus on studies in myocardial function, myocardial ischaemia, and emerging techniques in cardiovascular imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thor Edvardsen
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abe H, Caracciolo G, Kheradvar A, Pedrizzetti G, Khandheria BK, Narula J, Sengupta PP. Contrast echocardiography for assessing left ventricular vortex strength in heart failure: a prospective cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 14:1049-60. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Prinz C, Faludi R, Walker A, Amzulescu M, Gao H, Uejima T, Fraser AG, Voigt JU. Can echocardiographic particle image velocimetry correctly detect motion patterns as they occur in blood inside heart chambers? A validation study using moving phantoms. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2012; 10:24. [PMID: 22672727 PMCID: PMC3439370 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To validate Echo Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Methods High fidelity string and rotating phantoms moving with different speed patterns were imaged with different high-end ultrasound systems at varying insonation angles and frame rates. Images were analyzed for velocity and direction and for complex motion patterns of blood flow with dedicated software. Post-processing was done with MATLAB-based tools (Dflow, JUV, University Leuven). Results Velocity estimation was accurate up to a velocity of 42 cm/s (r = 0.99, p < 0.001, mean difference 0.4 ± 2 cm/s). Maximally detectable velocity, however, was strongly dependent on frame rate and insonation angle and reached 42 cm/s under optimal conditions. At higher velocities estimates became random. Direction estimates did depend less on velocity and were accurate in 80-90%. In-plane motion patterns were correctly identified with three ultrasound systems. Conclusion Echo-PIV appears feasible. Velocity estimates are accurate, but the maximal detectable velocity depends strongly on acquisition parameters. Direction estimation works sufficiently, even at higher velocities. Echo-PIV appears to be a promising technical approach to investigate flow patterns by echocardiography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Prinz
- Dept, of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|