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Glud HA, George S, Skovgaard K, Larsen LE. Zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission of viruses between humans and pigs. APMIS 2021; 129:675-693. [PMID: 34586648 PMCID: PMC9297979 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans and pigs share a close contact relationship, similar biological traits, and one of the highest estimated number of viruses compared to other mammalian species. The contribution and directionality of viral exchange between humans and pigs remain unclear for some of these viruses, but their transmission routes are important to characterize in order to prevent outbreaks of disease in both host species. This review collects and assesses the evidence to determine the likely transmission route of 27 viruses between humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Aagaard Glud
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie George
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Pezzoni G, Bregoli A, Chiapponi C, Grazioli S, Di Nardo A, Brocchi E. Retrospective Characterization of the 2006-2007 Swine Vesicular Disease Epidemic in Northern Italy by Whole Genome Sequence Analysis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071186. [PMID: 34206208 PMCID: PMC8310173 DOI: 10.3390/v13071186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the epidemiological tracing of pathogen transmission have been largely driven by the increasing characterisation of whole-genome sequence data obtained at a finer resolution from infectious disease outbreaks. Dynamic models that integrate genomic and epidemiological data further enhance inference on the evolutionary history and transmission dynamics of epidemic outbreaks by reconstructing the network of ‘who-infected-whom’. Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) was present in Italy from 1966 until 2015, and since the mid-1990s, it has mainly been circulating within Italy’s central-southern regions with sporadic incursions to the north of the country. However, a recrudescence of SVD in northern Italy was recorded between November 2006 and October 2007, leading to a large-scale epidemic that significantly affected the intensive pig industry of the Lombardy region. In this study, by using whole-genome sequence data in combination with epidemiological information on disease occurrences, we report a retrospective epidemiological investigation of the 2006–2007 SVD epidemic, providing new insights into the transmission dynamics and evolutionary mode of the two phases that characterised the epidemic event. Our analyses support evidence of undetected premises likely missed in the chain of observed infections, of which the role as the link between the two phases is reinforced by the tempo of SVD virus evolution. These silent transmissions, likely resulting from the gradual loss of a clear SVD clinical manifestation linked to sub-clinical infections, may pose a risk of failure in the early detection of new cases. This study emphasises the power of joint inference schemes based on genomic and epidemiological data integration to inform the transmission dynamics of disease epidemics, ultimately aimed at better disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (S.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Arianna Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (S.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (S.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (S.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.P.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (S.G.); (E.B.)
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3
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A Zoonotic Adenoviral Human Pathogen Emerged through Genomic Recombination among Human and Nonhuman Simian Hosts. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00564-19. [PMID: 31243128 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00564-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomics analysis of a historically intriguing and predicted emergent human adenovirus (HAdV) pathogen, which caused pneumonia and death, provides insight into a novel molecular evolution pathway involving "ping-pong" zoonosis and anthroponosis. The genome of this promiscuous pathogen is embedded with evidence of unprecedented multiple, multidirectional, stable, and reciprocal cross-species infections of hosts from three species (human, chimpanzee, and bonobo). This recombinant genome, typed as HAdV-B76, is identical to two recently reported simian AdV (SAdV) genomes isolated from chimpanzees and bonobos. Additionally, the presence of a critical adenoviral replication element found in HAdV genomes, in addition to genes that are highly similar to counterparts in other HAdVs, reinforces its potential as a human pathogen. Reservoirs in nonhuman hosts may explain periods of apparent absence and then reemergence of human adenoviral pathogens, as well as present pathways for the genesis of those thought to be newly emergent. The nature of the HAdV-D76 genome has implications for the use of SAdVs as gene delivery vectors in human gene therapy and vaccines, selected to avoid preexisting and potentially fatal host immune responses to HAdV.IMPORTANCE An emergent adenoviral human pathogen, HAdV-B76, associated with a fatality in 1965, shows a remarkable degree of genome identity with two recently isolated simian adenoviruses that contain cross-species genome recombination events from three hosts: human, chimpanzee, and bonobo. Zoonosis (nonhuman-to-human transmission) and anthroponosis (human to nonhuman transmission) may play significant roles in the emergence of human adenoviral pathogens.
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Pu X, Qian Y, Yu Y, Shen H. Echovirus plays a major role in natural recombination in the coxsackievirus B group. Arch Virol 2019; 164:853-860. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A systematic review of evidence that enteroviruses may be zoonotic. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:164. [PMID: 30258048 PMCID: PMC6158190 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses infect millions of humans annually worldwide, primarily infants and children. With a high mutation rate and frequent recombination, enteroviruses are noted to evolve and change over time. Given the evidence that human enteroviruses are commonly found in other mammalian species and that some human and animal enteroviruses are genetically similar, it is possible that enzootic enteroviruses may also be infecting human populations. We conducted a systematic review of the English and Chinese literature published between 2007 and 2017 to examine evidence that enteroviruses may be zoonotic. Of the 2704 articles screened for inclusion, 16 articles were included in the final review. The review of these articles yielded considerable molecular evidence of zooanthroponosis transmission, particularly among non-human primates. While there were more limited instances of anthropozoonosis transmission, the available data support the biological plausibility of cross-species transmission and the need to conduct periodic surveillance at the human–animal interface.
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Evolutionary histories of coxsackievirus B5 and swine vesicular disease virus reconstructed by phylodynamic and sequence variation analyses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8821. [PMID: 29891869 PMCID: PMC5995886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus (CV)-B5 is a common human enterovirus reported worldwide; swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is a porcine variant of CV-B5. To clarify the transmission dynamics and molecular basis of host switching between CV-B5 and SVDV, we analysed and compared the VP1 and partial 3Dpol gene regions of these two viruses. Spatiotemporal dynamics of viral transmission were estimated using a Bayesian statistical inference framework. The detected selection events were used to analyse the key molecules associated with host switching. Analyses of VP1 sequences revealed six CV-B5 genotypes (A1–A4 and B1–B2) and three SVDV genotypes (I–III). Analyses of partial 3Dpol revealed five clusters (A–E). The genotypes evolved sequentially over different periods, albeit with some overlap. The major hub of CV-B5 transmission was in China whereas the major hubs of SVDV transmission were in Italy. Network analysis based on deduced amino acid sequences showed a diverse extension of the VP1 structural protein, whereas most sequences were clustered into two haplotypes in the partial 3Dpol region. Residue 178 of VP1 showed four epistatic interactions with residues known to play essential roles in viral host tropism, cell entry, and viral decoating.
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Genome Sequences of Coxsackievirus B5 Isolates from Two Children with Meningitis in Australia. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/41/e01125-17. [PMID: 29025948 PMCID: PMC5637508 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01125-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) strains were isolated from two children with aseptic meningitis in Australia. Their genomes were sequenced and found to be divergent from the previously reported CVB5 genome sequences, with both having 84% and 97% identities to the closest strains at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively.
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Zhang H, Zhao Y, Liu H, Sun H, Huang X, Yang Z, Ma S. Molecular characterization of two novel echovirus 18 recombinants associated with hand-foot-mouth disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8448. [PMID: 28814774 PMCID: PMC5559515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human echovirus 18 (E-18) is a member of the enterovirus B species. To date, sixteen full-length genome sequences of E-18 are available in the GenBank database. In this study, we describe the complete genomic characterization of two E-18 strains isolated in Yunnan, China. Pairwise comparisons of the nucleotide sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the two Yunnan E-18 strains had 87.5% nucleotide identity and 96.3–96.5% amino acid identity with the Chinese strain. Phylogenetic and bootscanning analyses revealed the two E-18 strains had the highest identity with other several EV-B serotypes than the other E-18 strains in the P3 coding region, especially, 3B region of the Swine Vesicular disease virus (SVDV) strain HK70, indicated that frequent intertypic recombination might have occurred in the two Yunnan strains. This study contributes the complete genome sequences of E-18 to the GenBank database and provides valuable information on the molecular epidemiology of E-18 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China.
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China.
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Nelson TM, Vuillermin P, Hodge J, Druce J, Williams DT, Jasrotia R, Alexandersen S. An outbreak of severe infections among Australian infants caused by a novel recombinant strain of human parechovirus type 3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44423. [PMID: 28290509 PMCID: PMC5349594 DOI: 10.1038/srep44423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus types 1–16 (HPeV1–16) are positive strand RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae. We investigated a 2015 outbreak of HPeV3 causing illness in infants in Victoria, Australia. Virus genome was extracted from clinical material and isolates and sequenced using a combination of next generation and Sanger sequencing. The HPeV3 outbreak genome was 98.7% similar to the HPeV3 Yamagata 2011 lineage for the region encoding the structural proteins up to nucleotide position 3115, but downstream of that the genome varied from known HPeV sequences with a similarity of 85% or less. Analysis indicated that recombination had occurred, may have involved multiple types of HPeV and that the recombination event/s occurred between March 2012 and November 2013. However the origin of the genome downstream of the recombination site is unknown. Overall, the capsid of this virus is highly conserved, but recombination provided a different non-structural protein coding region that may convey an evolutionary advantage. The indication that the capsid encoding region is highly conserved at the amino acid level may be helpful in directing energy towards the development of a preventive vaccine for expecting mothers or antibody treatment of young infants with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffanie M Nelson
- Geelong Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Jason Hodge
- Geelong Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Rekha Jasrotia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Vázquez-Calvo Á, Caridi F, González-Magaldi M, Saiz JC, Sobrino F, Martín-Acebes MA. The Amino Acid Substitution Q65H in the 2C Protein of Swine Vesicular Disease Virus Confers Resistance to Golgi Disrupting Drugs. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:612. [PMID: 27199941 PMCID: PMC4846857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is a porcine pathogen and a member of the species Enterovirus B within the Picornaviridae family. Brefeldin A (BFA) is an inhibitor of guanine nucleotide exchange factors of Arf proteins that induces Golgi complex disassembly and alters the cellular secretory pathway. Since BFA has been shown to inhibit the RNA replication of different enteroviruses, including SVDV, we have analyzed the effect of BFA and of golgicide A (GCA), another Golgi disrupting drug, on SVDV multiplication. BFA and GCA similarly inhibited SVDV production. To investigate the molecular basis of the antiviral effect of BFA, SVDV mutants with increased resistance to BFA were isolated. A single amino acid substitution, Q65H, in the non-structural protein 2C was found to be responsible for increased resistance to BFA. These results provide new insight into the relationship of enteroviruses with the components of the secretory pathway and on the role of SVDV 2C protein in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vázquez-Calvo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Madrid, Spain
| | - Flavia Caridi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM) Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)Madrid, Spain
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