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Saha N, Millward JM, Herrmann CJJ, Rahimi F, Han H, Lacour P, Blaschke F, Niendorf T. High-Fidelity 3D Stray Magnetic Field Mapping of Smartphones to Address Safety Considerations with Active Implantable Electronic Medical Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1209. [PMID: 36772249 PMCID: PMC9919430 DOI: 10.3390/s23031209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Case reports indicate that magnets in smartphones could be a source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) for active implantable medical devices (AIMD), which could lead to device malfunction, compromising patient safety. Recognizing this challenge, we implemented a high-fidelity 3D magnetic field mapping (spatial resolution 1 mm) setup using a three-axis Hall probe and teslameter, controlled by a robot (COSI Measure). With this setup, we examined the stray magnetic field of an iPhone 13 Pro, iPhone 12, and MagSafe charger to identify sources of magnetic fields for the accurate risk assessment of potential interferences with AIMDs. Our measurements revealed that the stray fields of the annular array of magnets, the wide-angle camera, and the speaker of the smartphones exceeded the 1 mT limit defined by ISO 14117:2019. Our data-driven safety recommendation is that an iPhone 13 Pro should be kept at least 25 mm away from an AIMD to protect it from unwanted EMI interactions. Our study addresses safety concerns due to potential device-device interactions between smartphones and AIMDs and will help to define data-driven safety guidelines. We encourage vendors of electronic consumer products (ECP) to provide information on the magnetic fields of their products and advocate for the inclusion of smartphones in the risk assessment of EMI with AIMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Saha
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Joint Cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M. Millward
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Joint Cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl J. J. Herrmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Faezeh Rahimi
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Chair of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Haopeng Han
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Lacour
- Department of Cardiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Blaschke
- Department of Cardiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Joint Cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Nowak B, Przibille O, Napp A. [Electromagnetic interference : Pacemakers, cardiac resynchronization therapy devices, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2022; 33:297-304. [PMID: 35781834 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-022-00875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices (CRT) are exposed to different types of electromagnetic interference (EMI) at home and at work. Due to the constantly increasing role of electrically active appliances in daily use and the introduction of new therapy concepts such as the leadless cardiac pacemaker and the subcutaneous defibrillator, this topic is of great relevance. The further development of the implanted devices and the almost complete use of bipolar leads has reduced the overall risk of EMI. This review article provides information about the current status of possible interference in the private environment and how to avoid it. In addition, information is provided on how to deal with occupational sources of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nowak
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien, Im Prüfling 23, 60389, Frankfurt a.M., Deutschland.
| | - Oliver Przibille
- Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien, Im Prüfling 23, 60389, Frankfurt a.M., Deutschland
| | - Andreas Napp
- Medizinische Klinik I, - Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
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