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Balakrishnan M, Rehm J. A public health perspective on mitigating the global burden of chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2024; 79:451-459. [PMID: 37943874 PMCID: PMC10872651 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a significant global health problem. Epidemiological trends do not show improvement in chronic liver disease incidence but rather a shift in etiologies, with steatotic liver disease (SLD) from metabolic dysfunction and alcohol becoming increasingly important causes. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop a comprehensive public health approach for SLD. To that end, we propose a public health framework for preventing and controlling SLD. The framework is anchored on evidence linking physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary patterns, alcohol use, and obesity with both incidence and progression of SLD. Guided by the framework, we review examples of federal/state-level, community-level, and individual-level interventions with the potential to address these determinants of SLD. Ultimately, mitigating SLD's burden requires primary risk factor reduction at multiple socioecological levels, by scaling up the World Health Organization's "best buys," in addition to developing and implementing SLD-specific control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Balakrishnan
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3M7
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
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Paat YF, Torres-Hostos LR, Garcia Tovar D, Camacho E, Zamora H, Myers NW. An integrated ecological approach to countering targeted violence on the U.S.-Mexico border: Insights and lessons learned. J Prev Interv Community 2023; 51:375-395. [PMID: 38236583 DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2023.2297096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Well-integrated and productive communities are an asset to the development and advancement of our nation, and they have an important role to play in planning, learning, and enforcing safety to enhance national and border security. REACH (Resilience, Education, Action, Commitment, and Humanity) is a community-based project housed at The University of Texas at El Paso that aims to prevent targeted violence and domestic terrorism in El Paso County. We integrated three frameworks (i.e., Whole Community Preparedness, Socio-Ecological Model, and Global Citizen Education) to involve local residents in efforts to combat and mitigate targeted violence. REACH had two goals: to (1) prevent targeted violence and domestic terrorism through education, outreach, and community capacity-building aimed at identifying and deterring radicalization (primary prevention) and (2) reduce the short-term and long-term impact and prevent re-occurrence of targeted violence and domestic terrorism (secondary and tertiary prevention). Overall, our project served 8,934 participants directly and reached many more through our media cavmpaigns and outreach efforts during our 2 years of project implementation (2021-2023). Our project design may serve as an implementation model for other community-based projects on the U.S.-Mexico border and can be replicated with other target populations in the U.S. Insights and lessons learned from this project are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yok-Fong Paat
- The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
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Volf K, Kelly L, Van Hoye A, García Bengoechea E, MacPhail A, Woods CB. Assessing the implementation of physical activity-promoting public policies in the Republic of Ireland: a study using the Physical Activity Environment Policy Index (PA-EPI). Health Res Policy Syst 2023; 21:63. [PMID: 37365610 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-01013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Government policy can promote physical activity (PA) as part of a multilevel systems-based approach. The Physical Activity Environment Policy Index (PA-EPI) is a monitoring framework which assesses the implementation of government policy by drawing on the experience of national stakeholders. This study is the first to assess the extent of policy implementation in the Republic of Ireland using the PA-EPI tool, and to provide information on how policy implementation can be improved, with the intention of maximizing its impact on population levels of PA. METHODS This mixed-methods research study, comprising eight steps, was carried out in 2022. Information documenting the evidence for implementation of PA policy, across all 45 PA-EPI indicators, was collected via systematic document analysis, and validated via survey and interview with government officials. Thirty-two nongovernment stakeholders rated this evidence on a five-point Likert scale. Aggregated scores were reviewed by stakeholders who collectively identified and prioritized critical implementation gaps. RESULTS Of the 45 PA-EPI indicators, one received an implementation rating of 'none/very little', 25 received a rating of 'low' and 19 received a 'medium' rating. No indicator was rated as fully implemented. The indicators that received the highest level of implementation related to sustained mass media campaigns promoting PA and PA monitoring. Ten priority recommendations were developed. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals substantial implementation gaps for PA policy in the Republic of Ireland. It provides recommendations for policy action to address these gaps. In time, studies utilizing the PA-EPI will enable cross-country comparison and benchmarking of PA policy implementation, incentivizing improved PA policy creation and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Volf
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Liam Kelly
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Van Hoye
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Enrique García Bengoechea
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Research and Innovation Unit, Sport Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann MacPhail
- Office of the Vice President Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Physical Education, Physical Activity and Youth Sport (PEPAYS) Ireland Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine B Woods
- Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Kamioka H, Origasa H, Tsutani K, Kitayuguchi J, Yoshizaki T, Shimada M, Wada Y, Takano-Ohmuro H. A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Forty Systematic Reviews of Foods with Function Claims (FFC) in Japan: Quality Assessment Using AMSTAR 2. Nutrients 2023; 15:2047. [PMID: 37432186 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Foods with Function Claims (FFC) was introduced in Japan in April 2015 to make more products available that are labeled with health functions. The products' functionality of function claims must be explained by scientific evidence presented in systematic reviews (SRs), but the quality of recent SRs is unclear. This study assessed the quality of SRs in the FFC registered on the Consumer Affairs Agency (CAA) website in Japan. METHODS We searched the database from 1 April to 31 October 2022. Confidence in the methodological quality of each SR was evaluated by the AMSTAR 2 checklist. RESULTS Forty SRs were randomly extracted on the basis of the eligibility criteria and recruitment procedures. Overall confidence was rated as "high" (N = 0, 0%), "moderate" (N = 0, 0%), "low" (N = 2, 5%), or "critically low" (N = 38, 95%). The mean AMSTAR 2 score was 51.1% (SD 12.1%; range 19-73%). Among the 40 SRs, the number of critical domain deficiencies was 4 in 7.5% of SRs, 3 in 52.5% of SRs, 2 in 35% of SRs, and 1 in 5% of SRs. Registering the review's protocol and comprehensive search strategies were particularly common deficiencies. Additionally, the risk of bias (RoB) was insufficiently considered. CONCLUSION Overall, the methodological quality of the SRs based on the FFC, introduced eight years earlier, was very poor. This was especially true in the interpretation and discussion of critical domains, which had many deficiencies in terms of protocol registration, a comprehensive literature search strategy, and accounting for the RoB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroharu Kamioka
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Origasa
- The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsutani
- The Institute of Seizon and Life Sciences, 4-5-1 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan
| | - Jun Kitayuguchi
- Physical Education and Medicine Research Center Unnan, 328 Uji, Unnan City 699-1105, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizaki
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura Town 374-0193, Japan
| | - Mikiko Shimada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Care, Kiryu University, 606-7 Asami, Midori City 379-2329, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Wada
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako City 351-0197, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takano-Ohmuro
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Aramachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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