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Kohlenberger J, Buber-Ennser I, Pędziwiatr K, Rengs B, Setz I, Brzozowski J, Riederer B, Tarasiuk O, Pronizius E. High self-selection of Ukrainian refugees into Europe: Evidence from Kraków and Vienna. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279783. [PMID: 38117699 PMCID: PMC10732457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost eight million Ukrainians have fled their country to escape the Russian full-scale invasion. To provide empirical evidence on how beneficiaries of temporary protection who reside in the immediate proximity of Ukraine differ from those who went further and reside in Western European countries, two large-scale rapid-response surveys were conducted in Kraków, Poland, and Vienna, Austria, in spring 2022. Data include information on socio-demographic characteristics, human capital, and return intentions of 472 and 1,094 adult Ukrainian refugees in Poland and Austria, respectively. Contributing to the growing empirical evidence on consistent assortative patterns in refugee inflows into Europe, our findings show that regularities in patterns of self-selection also occur in forced migration contexts where legal routes to safety apply. According to the analysed convenience sample, a tentative conclusion is that the further Ukrainian refugees moved to the West, the more self-selected they tend to be in the key dimensions of formal educational attainment, previous employment, language skills, and urbanity. Results indicate that willingness to stay in Kraków is significantly lower than willingness to remain in Vienna. This suggests that public financial support and living conditions, rather than diaspora networks, are decisive factors in shaping the decision to stay, move to another location or return to Ukraine. The aim to start a new life elsewhere may drive the motivation to choose a more distant destination instead of a neighboring country that allows to return rather quickly. Host countries should be aware of these specific characteristics of their refugee populations and adapt their integration policies accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kohlenberger
- Department of Socioeconomics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Buber-Ennser
- Vienna Institute of Demography (OeAW), Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, OeAW, University of Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Pędziwiatr
- Department of International Affairs and Centre for Advanced Studies of Population and Religion, Cracow University of Economics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernhard Rengs
- Vienna Institute of Demography (OeAW), Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, OeAW, University of Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Setz
- Vienna Institute of Demography (OeAW), Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, OeAW, University of Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Brzozowski
- Institute of European Studies, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernhard Riederer
- Vienna Institute of Demography (OeAW), Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, OeAW, University of Vienna), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olena Tarasiuk
- Population and Just Societies Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ekaterina Pronizius
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Berry I, Mangtani P, Rahman M, Khan IA, Sarkar S, Naureen T, Greer AL, Morris SK, Fisman DN, Flora MS. Population Health Surveillance Using Mobile Phone Surveys in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Methodology and Sample Representativeness of a Cross-sectional Survey of Live Poultry Exposure in Bangladesh. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e29020. [PMID: 34766914 PMCID: PMC8663489 DOI: 10.2196/29020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Population-based health surveys are typically conducted using face-to-face household interviews in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, telephone-based surveys are cheaper, faster, and can provide greater access to hard-to-reach or remote populations. The rapid growth in mobile phone ownership in LMICs provides a unique opportunity to implement novel data collection methods for population health surveys. Objective This study aims to describe the development and population representativeness of a mobile phone survey measuring live poultry exposure in urban Bangladesh. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional, mobile phone survey was conducted between September and November 2019 in North and South Dhaka City Corporations (DCC), Bangladesh, to measure live poultry exposure using a stratified probability sampling design. Data were collected using a computer-assisted telephone interview platform. The call operational data were summarized, and the participant data were weighted by age, sex, and education to the 2011 census. The demographic distribution of the weighted sample was compared with external sources to assess population representativeness. Results A total of 5486 unique mobile phone numbers were dialed, with 1047 respondents completing the survey. The survey had an overall response rate of 52.2% (1047/2006) and a co-operation rate of 89.0% (1047/1176). Initial results comparing the sociodemographic profile of the survey sample to the census population showed that mobile phone sampling slightly underrepresented older individuals and overrepresented those with higher secondary education. After weighting, the demographic profile of the sample population matched well with the latest DCC census population profile. Conclusions Probability-based mobile phone survey sampling and data collection methods produced a population-representative sample with minimal adjustment in DCC, Bangladesh. Mobile phone–based surveys can offer an efficient, economic, and robust way to conduct surveillance for population health outcomes, which has important implications for improving population health surveillance in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Berry
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Punam Mangtani
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Ansary Khan
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sudipta Sarkar
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzila Naureen
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amy L Greer
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shaun K Morris
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Disease and Center for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David N Fisman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Purpose Health-related quality of life outcomes are increasingly used to monitor population health and health inequalities and to assess the (cost-) effectiveness of health interventions. The EQ-5D-5L has been included in the Belgian Health Interview Survey, providing a new source of population-based self-perceived health status information. This study aims to estimate Belgian population norms for the EQ-5D-5L by sex, age, and region and to analyze its association with educational attainment. Methods The BHIS 2018 provided EQ-5D-5L data for a nationally representative sample of the Belgian population. The dimension scores and index values were analyzed using logistic and linear regressions, respectively, accounting for the survey design. Results More than half of respondents reported problems of pain/discomfort, while over a quarter reported problems of anxiety/depression. The average index value was 0.84. Women reported more problems on all dimensions, but particularly on anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort, resulting in significantly lower index values. Problems with mobility, self-care, and usual activities showed a sharp increase after the age of 80 years. Consequently, index values decreased significantly by age. Lower education was associated with a higher prevalence of problems for all dimensions except anxiety/depression and with a significantly lower index value. Conclusion This paper presents the first nationally representative Belgian population norms using the EQ-5D-5L. Inclusion of the EQ-5D in future surveys will allow monitoring over time of self-reported health, disease burden, and health inequalities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11136-021-02971-6.
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Braekman E, Charafeddine R, Demarest S, Drieskens S, Tafforeau J, Van der Heyden J, Van Hal G. Is the European Health Interview Survey online yet? Response and net sample composition of a web-based data collection. Eur J Public Health 2021; 30:567-573. [PMID: 31697353 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) provides cross-national data on health status, health care and health determinants. So far, 10 of the 30 member states (MS) opted for web-based questionnaires within mixed-mode designs but none used it as the sole mode. In the context of future EHIS, the response rate and net sample composition of a web-only approach was tested. METHODS A Belgian study with a target sample size of 1000 (age: 16-85) was organized using the EHIS wave 3 model questionnaire. The sample was selected according to a multistage, clustered sampling procedure with geographical stratification. Field substitution was applied; non-participating households were replaced by similar households regarding statistical sector, sex and age. There was one reminder letter and a €10 conditional incentive. RESULTS Considering all substitutions, a 16% response rate was obtained after sending one reminder. Elderly, Brussels Capital inhabitants, people living without a partner and those with a non-Belgian nationality were less responding. By design, there were no differences between the initial and final net sample regarding substitution characteristics. Nevertheless, people living without a partner, non-Belgians and lower educated people remain underrepresented. CONCLUSION There was a low response rate, particularly for some population groups. The response rate was lower than those of MS using mixed-mode designs including web, especially these comprising interviewer-based approaches. Despite the long and complex questionnaire, there was a low break off rate. So far, web-only data collection is not an acceptable strategy for population-based health surveys but efforts to increase the response should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Braekman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rana Charafeddine
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Demarest
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Drieskens
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Tafforeau
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Guido Van Hal
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Spitzer S. Biases in health expectancies due to educational differences in survey participation of older Europeans: It's worth weighting for. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2020; 21:573-605. [PMID: 31989388 PMCID: PMC7214500 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-019-01152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Health expectancies are widely used by policymakers and scholars to analyse the number of years a person can expect to live in good health. Their calculation requires life tables in combination with prevalence rates of good or bad health from survey data. The structure of typical survey data, however, rarely resembles the education distribution in the general population. Specifically, low-educated individuals are frequently underrepresented in surveys, which is crucial given the strong positive correlation between educational attainment and good health. This is the first study to evaluate if and how health expectancies for 13 European countries are biased by educational differences in survey participation. To this end, calibrated weights that consider the education structure in the 2011 censuses are applied to measures of activity limitation in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The results show that health expectancies at age 50 are substantially biased by an average of 0.3 years when the education distribution in the general population is ignored. For most countries, health expectancies are overestimated; yet remarkably, the measure underestimates health for many Central and Eastern European countries by up to 0.9 years. These findings highlight the need to adjust for distortion in health expectancies, especially when the measure serves as a base for health-related policy targets or policy changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Spitzer
- Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (Univ. Vienna, IIASA, VID/ÖAW), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schloßplatz 1, 2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
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Reinikainen J, Tolonen H, Borodulin K, Härkänen T, Jousilahti P, Karvanen J, Koskinen S, Kuulasmaa K, Männistö S, Rissanen H, Vartiainen E. Participation rates by educational levels have diverged during 25 years in Finnish health examination surveys. Eur J Public Health 2017; 28:237-243. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Reinikainen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Tolonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Borodulin
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Härkänen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Karvanen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Rissanen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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