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Yamaguchi M, Cotterill S. Association of Mutations in Replicative DNA Polymerase Genes with Human Disease: Possible Application of Drosophila Models for Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098078. [PMID: 37175782 PMCID: PMC10178534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicative DNA polymerases, such as DNA polymerase α-primase, δ and ε, are multi-subunit complexes that are responsible for the bulk of nuclear DNA replication during the S phase. Over the last decade, extensive genome-wide association studies and expression profiling studies of the replicative DNA polymerase genes in human patients have revealed a link between the replicative DNA polymerase genes and various human diseases and disorders including cancer, intellectual disability, microcephalic primordial dwarfism and immunodeficiency. These studies suggest the importance of dissecting the mechanisms involved in the functioning of replicative DNA polymerases in understanding and treating a range of human diseases. Previous studies in Drosophila have established this organism as a useful model to understand a variety of human diseases. Here, we review the studies on Drosophila that explored the link between DNA polymerases and human disease. First, we summarize the recent studies linking replicative DNA polymerases to various human diseases and disorders. We then review studies on replicative DNA polymerases in Drosophila. Finally, we suggest the possible use of Drosophila models to study human diseases and disorders associated with replicative DNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue Cotterill
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Marygold SJ, Attrill H, Speretta E, Warner K, Magrane M, Berloco M, Cotterill S, McVey M, Rong Y, Yamaguchi M. The DNA polymerases of Drosophila melanogaster. Fly (Austin) 2020; 14:49-61. [PMID: 31933406 PMCID: PMC7714529 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2019.1710076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA synthesis during replication or repair is a fundamental cellular process that is catalyzed by a set of evolutionary conserved polymerases. Despite a large body of research, the DNA polymerases of Drosophila melanogaster have not yet been systematically reviewed, leading to inconsistencies in their nomenclature, shortcomings in their functional (Gene Ontology, GO) annotations and an under-appreciation of the extent of their characterization. Here, we describe the complete set of DNA polymerases in D. melanogaster, applying nomenclature already in widespread use in other species, and improving their functional annotation. A total of 19 genes encode the proteins comprising three replicative polymerases (alpha-primase, delta, epsilon), five translesion/repair polymerases (zeta, eta, iota, Rev1, theta) and the mitochondrial polymerase (gamma). We also provide an overview of the biochemical and genetic characterization of these factors in D. melanogaster. This work, together with the incorporation of the improved nomenclature and GO annotation into key biological databases, including FlyBase and UniProtKB, will greatly facilitate access to information about these important proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Marygold
- FlyBase, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Attrill
- FlyBase, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena Speretta
- UniProt, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) , Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Kate Warner
- UniProt, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) , Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Michele Magrane
- UniProt, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) , Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Maria Berloco
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , Bari, Italy
| | - Sue Cotterill
- Department Basic Medical Sciences, St Georges University London , London, UK
| | - Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University , Medford, MA, USA
| | - Yikang Rong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology and Advanced Insect Research Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto, Japan
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LaRocque JR, Dougherty DL, Hussain SK, Sekelsky J. Reducing DNA polymerase alpha in the absence of Drosophila ATR leads to P53-dependent apoptosis and developmental defects. Genetics 2007; 176:1441-51. [PMID: 17483406 PMCID: PMC1931523 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to respond to DNA damage and incomplete replication ensures proper duplication and stability of the genome. Two checkpoint kinases, ATM and ATR, are required for DNA damage and replication checkpoint responses. In Drosophila, the ATR ortholog (MEI-41) is essential for preventing entry into mitosis in the presence of DNA damage. In the absence of MEI-41, heterozygosity for the E(mus304) mutation causes rough eyes. We found that E(mus304) is a mutation in DNApol-alpha180, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase alpha. We did not find any defects resulting from reducing Polalpha by itself. However, reducing Polalpha in the absence of MEI-41 resulted in elevated P53-dependent apoptosis, rough eyes, and increased genomic instability. Reducing Polalpha in mutants that lack downstream components of the DNA damage checkpoint (DmChk1 and DmChk2) results in the same defects. Furthermore, reducing levels of mitotic cyclins rescues both phenotypes. We suggest that reducing Polalpha slows replication, imposing an essential requirement for the MEI-41-dependent checkpoint for maintenance of genome stability, cell survival, and proper development. This work demonstrates a critical contribution of the checkpoint function of MEI-41 in responding to endogenous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine R LaRocque
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Jenik PD, Jurkuta RE, Barton MK. Interactions between the cell cycle and embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis uncovered by a mutation in DNA polymerase epsilon. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:3362-77. [PMID: 16278345 PMCID: PMC1315375 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.036889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pattern formation and morphogenesis require coordination of cell division rates and orientations with developmental signals that specify cell fate. A viable mutation in the TILTED1 locus, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase epsilon of Arabidopsis thaliana, causes a lengthening of the cell cycle by approximately 35% throughout embryo development and alters cell type patterning of the hypophyseal lineage in the root, leading to a displacement of the root pole from its normal position on top of the suspensor. Treatment of preglobular and early globular stages, but not later stage, embryos with the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin leads to a similar phenotype. The results uncover an interaction between the cell cycle and the processes that determine cell fate during plant embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D. Jenik
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | - M. Kathryn Barton
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California 94305
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail ; fax 650-325-5768
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