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Shcherbakov VP, Plugina L, Shcherbakova T, Sizova S, Kudryashova E. Double-strand break repair in bacteriophage T4: Coordination of DNA ends and effects of mutations in recombinational genes. DNA Repair (Amst) 2006; 5:773-87. [PMID: 16716767 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of DNA ends during double-strand break (DSB) repair was studied in crosses of bacteriophage T4 in which DSBs were induced site-specifically by SegC endonuclease in the DNA of only one of the parents. Coupling of the genetic exchanges to the left and to the right of the DSB was measured in the wild-type genetic background as well as in T4 strains bearing mutations in several recombination genes: 47, uvsX, uvsW, 59, 39 and 61. The observed quantitative correlation between the degree of coupling and position of the recombining markers in relation to the DSB point implies that the two variants of the splice/patch-coupling (SPC) pathway, the "sequential SPC" and the "SPC with fork collision", operate during DSB repair. In the 47 mutant with or without a das suppressor, coupling of the exchanges was greatly reduced, indicating a crucial role of the 47/46 complex in coupling of the genetic exchanges on the two sides of the DSB. From the observed dependence of the apparent coupling on the intracellular ratio of breakable and unbreakable chromosomes in different genetic backgrounds it is inferred that linking of the DNA ends by 47/46 protein is the mechanism that accounts for their concerted action during DSB repair. A mechanism of replicative resolution of D-loop intermediate (RR pathway) is suggested to explain the phenomenology of DSB repair in DNA arrest and uvsW mutants. A "left"-"right" bias in the recombinogenic action of two DNA ends of the broken chromosome was observed which was particularly prominent in the 59 (41-helicase loader) and 39 (topoisomerase) mutants. Phage topoisomerase II (gp39-52-60) is indispensable for growth in the DNA arrest mutants: the doubles 47(-)39(-), uvsX 39(-) and 59(-)39(-) are lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P Shcherbakov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia.
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Kunz BA. Inhibitors of thymine nucleotide biosynthesis: antimetabolites that provoke genetic change via primary non-DNA targets. Mutat Res 1996; 355:129-40. [PMID: 8781581 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(96)00026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Folate antagonists and direct-acting inhibitors of thymidylate synthase are potent genotoxic antimetabolites. These agents induce genetic change not by attacking DNA, but by interfering with the control of DNA precursor metabolism. This review surveys the genetic effects attributable to selected representatives of this class of antimetabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Kunz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Kunz BA, Kohalmi SE, Kunkel TA, Mathews CK, McIntosh EM, Reidy JA. International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels: a critical factor in the maintenance of genetic stability. Mutat Res 1994; 318:1-64. [PMID: 7519315 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(94)90006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
DNA precursor pool imbalances can elicit a variety of genetic effects and modulate the genotoxicity of certain DNA-damaging agents. These and other observations indicate that the control of DNA precursor concentrations is essential for the maintenance of genetic stability, and suggest that factors which offset this control may contribute to environmental mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. In this article, we review the biochemical and genetic mechanisms responsible for regulating the production and relative amounts of intracellular DNA precursors, describe the many outcomes of perturbations in DNA precursor levels, and discuss implications of such imbalances for sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, population monitoring, and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Kunz
- Microbiology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Shcherbakov VP, Plugina LA, Nesheva MA. Genetic recombination in bacteriophage T4: single-burst analysis of cosegregants and evidence in favor of a splice/patch coupling model. Genetics 1992; 131:769-81. [PMID: 1516814 PMCID: PMC1205090 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/131.4.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the structure of penultimate DNA intermediates in T4 bacteriophage recombination, resolution of which produces free recombinant molecules, a single-burst analysis of the recombinant progeny was made in multifactor crosses, enabling one to determine quantitatively the different recombinants generated by one or two exchanges within the same chromosome segment. It was found that double and single exchanges are highly correlated in T4 recombination. These results were interpreted as evidence for simultaneous formation of a splice/patch pair as the primary recombination products. A recombination model called here the "splice/patch coupling model" is presented according to which resolution of a single DNA intermediate results in two linear heterozygous molecules containing a patch and a splice, respectively, in homologous positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Shcherbakov
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region
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Kunz BA. Genetic effects of deoxyribonucleotide pool imbalances. ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 1982; 4:695-725. [PMID: 6761109 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Abstract
The process of close recombinant formation in bacteriophage T5 crosses has been studied by examining the structure of internal heterozygotes (HETs), the immediate products of recombination events. The T5 system was chosen because it permits the study of internal heterozygotes exclusively, thus avoiding the ambiguities inherent in previous studies with T4. The heterozygotes were obtained by the nonselective screening of progeny phage in a prematurely lysed sample from an eight-factor cross. The molecular structure of each HET was inferred from the strand genotypes displayed among its progeny. This investigation presents unequivocal evidence that both overlap and insertion HETs are intermediates in recombinant formation and that insertion HETs are a significant source of close double recombinants. There is evidence suggesting that mismatch repair of overlap HETs could be the source of close triple exchanges. Thus, a significant part, and perhaps all, of the high negative interference for close-marker recombination observed in this system is a direct consequence of the fine structure of the recombinational intermediates. These findings are compatible with recombination models proposed by others, in which a single branched intermediate can give rise to HETs of both the overlap and insertion types.
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Cunningham RP, Berger H. Mutations affecting genetic recombination in bacteriophage T4D. II. Genetic properties. Virology 1978; 88:62-70. [PMID: 676081 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cunningham RP, Berger H. Mutations affecting genetic recombination in bacteriophage T4D. I. Pathway analysis. Virology 1977; 80:67-82. [PMID: 878316 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mosig G, Berquist W, Bock S. Multiple interactions of a DNA-binding protein in vivo. III. Phage T4 gene-32 mutations differentially affect insertion-type recombination and membrane properties. Genetics 1977; 86:5-23. [PMID: 885343 PMCID: PMC1213671 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/86.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated in in vivo roles of T4 gene-32 protein in recombination. We have studied the effects of gene-32 mutations under conditions that allow normal DNA replication and are permissive for progeny production. Under these conditions, certain gene-32 mutations specifically reduce insertion-type (short-interval) recombination but none affect crossover-type (long-interval) recombination (see Figure 5). Heterozygote frequencies in all gene-32 mutants are similar to or higher than in a gene-32+ background and are not correlated with recombination deficiencies. "Recombination-deficient" alleles are dominant or codominant over the "recombination-proficient" gene 32 mutation tsL171. This explains apparent discrepancies between a gene-32 map deduced from two-factor crosses and the map derived from three-factor crosses. We have also found that the "recombination proficient" mutation tsL171 and it homdoalleles suppress the characteristic plaque morphology of rII mutants. Under restrictive conditions, tsL171 is partially suppressed by rII mutations, which allow the use of host ligase in recombination. Our present and previous results are discussed in terms of current recombination models. We conclude that gene-32 protein functions in recombination by forming a complex with DNA, with recombination enzymes and with membrane components. Since gene-32 protein interacts with many components of this recombination complex, gene-32 mutations may differentially affect various recombination steps.
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Hamlett NV, Berger H. Mutations altering genetic recombination and repair of DNA in bacteriophage T4. Virology 1975; 63:539-67. [PMID: 163533 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Evidence is presented that when E. coli B is mixedly infected with T4D wild type and rII deletion mutants, the excess DNA of the wild type allele is lost. No loss is seen in mixed infections with rII point mutants and wild type. In similar experiments with lysozyme addition mutants, the mutant allele is lost. We believe these results demonstrate a repair system which removes "loops" in heteroduplex DNA molecules. A number of phage and host functions have been tested for involvement in the repair of the excess DNA, and T4 genes x and v have been implicated in this process.
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Crawford IP, Preiss J. Distribution of closely linked markers following intragenic recombination in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1972; 71:717-33. [PMID: 4567472 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(72)80034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Matvienko NI. Heterozygotes of three-factor crosses of bacteriophage T4. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1972; 117:45-52. [PMID: 4560676 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Barricelli NA, Toombs R. Virus-genetic theory testing by data processing machines. II. Fit of classical genetic T4 data. J Theor Biol 1971; 32:581-601. [PMID: 4936896 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(71)90157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Boon T, Zinder ND. Genotypes produced by individual recombination events involving bacteriophage f1. J Mol Biol 1971; 58:133-51. [PMID: 5088923 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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The patterns of recombination and segregation in terminal regions of T4DNA molecules. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1971; 113:51-91. [PMID: 4944481 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Molecular aspects of genetic recombination. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1971; 11:229-58. [PMID: 4947608 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Spatz HC, Trautner TA. One way to do experiments on gene conversion? Transfection with heteroduplex SPP1 DNA. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1970; 109:84-106. [PMID: 4992238 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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23
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Honda M, Uchida H. Genetic recombination between closely linked markers of bacteriophage T4. I. A dual mechanism for recombinant formation. Genetics 1969; 63:743-58. [PMID: 4249863 PMCID: PMC1224504 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/63.4.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Kvelland I. The effect of homozygous deletions upon heterozygote formation in bacteriophage T4D. Genet Res (Camb) 1969; 14:13-31. [PMID: 4243732 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were designed to investigate the effect of homozygous deletions upon the frequency and the average length of heterozygous regions in bacteriophage T4D. A long deletion,rdf41, which covers at least the wholerII region, was found to increase the heterozygosity forr48, while no increase was observed when a short deletion was employed. The long deletion was found to increase the average length ofamber-HETs by a length approximately the size of therII region.A drastic reduction in average HET length was found in FUDR crosses homozygous for the long deletionrdf41, indicating that the type of HET that does increase in FUDR is very short.In the cross with no deletion in either parent, premature lysis HETs were found to be much longer than normal lysis HETs. Assuming that redundancy HETs are long compared to heteroduplex HETs this result indicates that redundancy HETs are made earlier in the latent period than heteroduplex HETs. A fluctuation in HET frequencies was found for different markers, especially in FUDR.About half of all HETs, both in normal crosses and in FUDR crosses, was found to be parental for outside markers.In non-FUDR crosses, polarized segregation was shown by 12 out of 27 multi-marker HETs after normal lysis and 5 out of 22 multi-marker HETs after premature lysis. In FUDR crosses, 24 out of 77 multi-marker HETs showed polarity.
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Rosner J, Barricelli NA. Evidence derived from HNO2 mutagenesis that only one of the two DNA strands injected by phage T4 transmits hereditary information to the progeny. Virology 1967; 33:425-41. [PMID: 4228866 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rottländer E, Hermann KO, Hertel R. Increased heterozygote frequency in certain regions of the T4-chromosome. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1967; 99:34-9. [PMID: 5586530 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Putrament A. On the mechanism of mitotic recombination in Aspergillus nidulans. I. Intragenic recombination and DNA replication. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1967; 100:307-320. [PMID: 5584173 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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