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Liu R, Zhao E, Yu H, Yuan C, Abbas MN, Cui H. Methylation across the central dogma in health and diseases: new therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:310. [PMID: 37620312 PMCID: PMC10449936 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is essential for cell-fate control, development, and health. Methylation of DNA, RNAs, histones, and non-histone proteins is a reversible post-synthesis modification that finetunes gene expression and function in diverse physiological processes. Aberrant methylation caused by genetic mutations or environmental stimuli promotes various diseases and accelerates aging, necessitating the development of therapies to correct the disease-driver methylation imbalance. In this Review, we summarize the operating system of methylation across the central dogma, which includes writers, erasers, readers, and reader-independent outputs. We then discuss how dysregulation of the system contributes to neurological disorders, cancer, and aging. Current small-molecule compounds that target the modifiers show modest success in certain cancers. The methylome-wide action and lack of specificity lead to undesirable biological effects and cytotoxicity, limiting their therapeutic application, especially for diseases with a monogenic cause or different directions of methylation changes. Emerging tools capable of site-specific methylation manipulation hold great promise to solve this dilemma. With the refinement of delivery vehicles, these new tools are well positioned to advance the basic research and clinical translation of the methylation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Erhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huijuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chaoyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Zheng X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, He Z, Zhang Q, Ren D, Yan X, Yuan X. Effect of N6-methyladenosine methylation-related gene signature for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Front Surg 2023; 10:1052100. [PMID: 36936652 PMCID: PMC10022825 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1052100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related death in humans. Increasing evidence indicates that an imbalance in N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is linked to the occurrence and development of cancer. We then developed a prognostic model as an independent risk factor with which predict the prognosis of HCC. Methods We obtained the gene expression and clinical data of HCC patients from the TCGA databases. The prognostic value of m6A methylation-related genes in patients who had HCC were subjected to comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. We use Risk Score = ∑ i = 1 n Coe f i × X i to construct the risk scoring formula. We collected pathological specimens from 68 patients who had HCC, and conducted immunohistochemical staining experiments on the specimens. Results There was a significant correlation between candidate m6A methylation-related genes (YTHDF2, METTL14 and ZC3H13) overall survival of HCC patients. Among the 68 HCC patient specimens that underwent immunohistochemical staining, all cancer tissues were positive for METTL14, YTHDF2, and ZC3H13 staining in contrast to the adjacent tissues. We conducted a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The results showed that patients who had low METTL14 expression had a longer survival time than those of patients who had high METTL14 expression. Also, patients with low YTHDF2 expression had a longer survival time than patients with high YTHDF2 expression. Finally, patients with high ZC3H13 expression lived longer than those with low ZC3H13 expression. This result is consistent with the bioinformatics analysis conclusion above. Conclusions Generally, the prognostic model that was based on m6A methylation-related genes in this study can effectively predict the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingyue Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Wang
- QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zijing He
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dapeng Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Correspondence: Xiao Yuan
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3
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Wagner A, Schosserer M. The epitranscriptome in ageing and stress resistance: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101700. [PMID: 35908668 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modifications of RNA, collectively called the "epitranscriptome", might provide novel biomarkers and innovative targets for interventions in geroscience but are just beginning to be studied in the context of ageing and stress resistance. RNA modifications modulate gene expression by affecting translation initiation and speed, miRNA binding, RNA stability, and RNA degradation. Nonetheless, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of most alterations of the epitranscriptome are still only poorly understood. We here systematically review different types of modifications of rRNA, tRNA and mRNA, the methodology to analyze them, current challenges in the field, and human disease associations. Furthermore, we compiled evidence for a connection between individual enzymes, which install RNA modifications, and lifespan in yeast, worm and fly. We also included resistance to different stressors and competitive fitness as search criteria for genes potentially relevant to ageing. Promising candidates identified by this approach include RCM1/NSUN5, RRP8, and F33A8.4/ZCCHC4 that introduce base methylations in rRNA, the methyltransferases DNMT2 and TRM9/ALKBH8, as well as factors involved in the thiolation or A to I editing in tRNA, and finally the m6A machinery for mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Recent advances of m 6A methylation modification in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:421. [PMID: 34376206 PMCID: PMC8353866 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of RNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics methods, the epigenetic modification of RNA based on N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of bioscience. m6A is the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). m6A methylation modification can dynamically and reversibly regulate RNA transport, localization, translation and degradation through the interaction of methyltransferase, demethylase and reading protein. m6A methylation can regulate the expression of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes at the epigenetic modification level to affect tumor occurrence and metastasis. The morbidity and mortality of esophageal cancer (EC) are still high worldwide. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common tissue subtype of EC. This article reviews the related concepts, biological functions and recent advances of m6A methylation in ESCC, and looks forward to the prospect of m6A methylation as a new diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for ESCC.
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McMahon M, Forester C, Buffenstein R. Aging through an epitranscriptomic lens. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:335-346. [PMID: 37117595 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic causes of aging, the time-related decline in function and good health that leads to increased mortality, remain poorly understood. Here we propose that age-dependent alteration of the epitranscriptome, encompassing more than 150 chemically distinct post-transcriptional modifications or editing events, warrants exploration as an important modulator of aging. The epitranscriptome is a potent regulator of RNA function, diverse cellular processes and tissue regenerative capacity. To date, only a few studies link alterations in the epitranscriptome to molecular and physiological changes during aging; however, epitranscriptome dysfunction is associated with and underlies several age-associated pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. For example, changes in RNA modifications (such as N6-methyladenosine and inosine) impact cardiac physiology and are linked to cardiac fibrosis. Although an uncharted research focus, mapping epitranscriptome alterations in the context of aging may elucidate novel predictors of both health and lifespan, and may identify therapeutic targets for attenuating aging and abrogating age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary McMahon
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Craig Forester
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Wang JY, Lu AQ. The biological function of m6A reader YTHDF2 and its role in human disease. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:109. [PMID: 33593354 PMCID: PMC7885220 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is a dynamic and reversible post-transcriptional modification and the most prevalent internal RNA modification in eukaryotic cells. YT521-B homology domain family 2 (YTHDF2) is a member of m6A “readers” and its role in human diseases remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that YTHDF2 is greatly implicated in many aspects of human cancers and non-cancers through various mechanisms. YTHDF2 takes a great part in multiple biological processes, such as migration, invasion, metastasis, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, cell viability, cell adhesion, differentiation and inflammation, in both human cancers and non-cancers. Additionally, YTHDF2 influences various aspects of RNA metabolism, including mRNA decay and pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing. Moreover, emerging researches indicate that YTHDF2 predicts the prognosis of different cancers. Herein, we focus on concluding YTHDF2-associated mechanisms and potential biological functions in kinds of cancers and non-cancers, and its prospects as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Wang
- Department of orthopeadics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, 215600, Zhangjiagang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Qing Lu
- Department of orthopeadics, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, 215600, Zhangjiagang, People's Republic of China.
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Dai X, Gonzalez G, Li L, Li J, You C, Miao W, Hu J, Fu L, Zhao Y, Li R, Li L, Chen X, Xu Y, Gu W, Wang Y. YTHDF2 Binds to 5-Methylcytosine in RNA and Modulates the Maturation of Ribosomal RNA. Anal Chem 2020; 92:1346-1354. [PMID: 31815440 PMCID: PMC6949395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
5-Methylcytosine is found in both DNA and RNA; although its functions in DNA are well established, the exact role of 5-methylcytidine (m5C) in RNA remains poorly defined. Here we identified, by employing a quantitative proteomics method, multiple candidate recognition proteins of m5C in RNA, including several YTH domain-containing family (YTHDF) proteins. We showed that YTHDF2 could bind directly to m5C in RNA, albeit at a lower affinity than that toward N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in RNA, and this binding involves Trp432, a conserved residue located in the hydrophobic pocket of YTHDF2 that is also required for m6A recognition. RNA bisulfite sequencing results revealed that, after CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of the YTHDF2 gene, the majority of m5C sites in rRNA (rRNA) exhibited substantially augmented levels of methylation. Moreover, we found that YTHDF2 is involved in pre-rRNA processing in cells. Together, our data expanded the functions of the YTHDF2 protein in post-transcriptional regulations of RNA and provided novel insights into the functions of m5C in RNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Gwendolyn Gonzalez
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology; and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changjun You
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Weili Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Junchi Hu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lijuan Fu
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yonghui Zhao
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Ruidong Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Lichao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology; and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weifeng Gu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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8
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Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is involved in translation and transcription, which are the mechanisms in which cells express genes (Alberts et al., 2002). The three classes of RNA discussed are transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA is the transcript encoded from DNA, rRNA is associated with ribosomes, and tRNA is associated with amino acids and is used to read mRNA transcripts to make proteins (Lodish, Berk, Zipursky, et al., 2000). Interestingly, the function of tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA can be significantly altered by chemical modifications at the co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and there are over 171 of these modifications identified thus far (Boccaletto et al., 2018; Modomics-Modified bases, 2017). Several of these modifications are linked to diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. In this review, we will introduce a few RNA modifications with biological functions and how dysregulation of these RNA modifications is linked to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Yanas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathy Fange Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Zhang SY, Zhang SW, Fan XN, Meng J, Chen Y, Gao SJ, Huang Y. Global analysis of N6-methyladenosine functions and its disease association using deep learning and network-based methods. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006663. [PMID: 30601803 PMCID: PMC6331136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant methylation, existing in >25% of human mRNAs. Exciting recent discoveries indicate the close involvement of m6A in regulating many different aspects of mRNA metabolism and diseases like cancer. However, our current knowledge about how m6A levels are controlled and whether and how regulation of m6A levels of a specific gene can play a role in cancer and other diseases is mostly elusive. We propose in this paper a computational scheme for predicting m6A-regulated genes and m6A-associated disease, which includes Deep-m6A, the first model for detecting condition-specific m6A sites from MeRIP-Seq data with a single base resolution using deep learning and Hot-m6A, a new network-based pipeline that prioritizes functional significant m6A genes and its associated diseases using the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) and gene-disease heterogeneous networks. We applied Deep-m6A and this pipeline to 75 MeRIP-seq human samples, which produced a compact set of 709 functionally significant m6A-regulated genes and nine functionally enriched subnetworks. The functional enrichment analysis of these genes and networks reveal that m6A targets key genes of many critical biological processes including transcription, cell organization and transport, and cell proliferation and cancer-related pathways such as Wnt pathway. The m6A-associated disease analysis prioritized five significantly associated diseases including leukemia and renal cell carcinoma. These results demonstrate the power of our proposed computational scheme and provide new leads for understanding m6A regulatory functions and its roles in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shao-Wu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jia Meng
- Department of Biological Sciences, HRINU, SUERI, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yidong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Wang N, Guo T, Wang P, Sun X, Shao Y, Jia X, Liang B, Gong X, Ma F. MhYTP1 and MhYTP2 from Apple Confer Tolerance to Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1367. [PMID: 28824695 PMCID: PMC5543281 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The first YTH domain-containing RNA binding protein (YTP) was found in rat, where it was related to oxidative stress. Unlike characterizations in yeast and animals, functions of plant YTPs are less clear. Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd. YTP1 and YTP2 (MhYTP1 and MhYTP2) are known to be active in leaf senescence and fruit ripening. However, no research has been published about their roles in stress responses. Here, we investigate the stress-related functions of MhYTP1 and MhYTP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Both of the two genes participated in salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and play roles in plant responses to oxidative stress, chilling, high temperature, high salinity, and mannitol induced physiological drought stress. Moreover, MhYTP1 plays leading roles in SA and ABA signaling, and MhYTP2 plays leading roles in JA signaling and oxidative stress responses. These results will fill a gap in our knowledge about plant YTPs and stress responses and provide a foundation for future attempts to improve stress tolerance in apple.
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Wang N, Guo T, Sun X, Jia X, Wang P, Shao Y, Liang B, Gong X, Ma F. Functions of two Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd. YTPs (MhYTP1 and MhYTP2) in biotic- and abiotic-stress responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 261:18-27. [PMID: 28554690 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The YT521-B homology (YTH) domain-containing RNA binding protein (YTP) was first found in Rattus norvegicus and is related to oxygen-deficient stress. The Malus YTP gene family has 15 members. Results from their functional analysis will help researchers improve stress tolerance and fruit quality in apple. We cloned two homologous YTP family members in M. hupehensis - MhYTP1 and MhYTP2 - and identified their promoter regions that contain many cis-elements related to biotic and abiotic stresses. Both MhYTP1 and MhYTP2 can be induced by various treatments, e.g., methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), water-logging, water deficits, and high salinity. When compared with the wild type (WT), transgenic plants of 'GL-3' ('Royal Gala') apple that over-express MhYTP1 or MhYTP2 are more sensitive to D. mali infection, heat stress, and high salinity, more resistant to water-logging, chilling, drought and nutrition deficient conditions. All of these findings indicate that MhYTP1 and MhYTP2 participate in various biotic- and abiotic-stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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12
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Wu R, Jiang D, Wang Y, Wang X. N (6)-Methyladenosine (m(6)A) Methylation in mRNA with A Dynamic and Reversible Epigenetic Modification. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 58:450-9. [PMID: 27179969 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N (6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is the most abundant and reversible internal modification ubiquitously occurring in eukaryotic mRNA, albeit the significant biological roles of m(6)A methylation have remained largely unclear. The well-known DNA and histone methylations play crucial roles in epigenetic modification of biologic processes in eukaryotes. Analogously, the dynamic and reversible m(6)A RNA modification, which is installed by methyltransferase (METTL3, METTL14, and WTAP), reversed by demethylases (FTO, ALKBH5) and mediated by m(6)A-binding proteins (YTHDF1-3, YTHDC1), may also have a profound impact on gene expression regulation. Recent discoveries of the distributions, functions, and mechanisms of m(6)A modification suggest that this methylation functionally modulates the eukaryotic transcriptome to influence mRNA transcription, splicing, nuclear export, localization, translation, and stability. This reversible mRNA methylation shed light on a new dimension of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression at the RNA level. m(6)A methylation also plays significant and broad roles in various physiological processes, such as development, fertility, carcinogenesis, stemness, early mortality, meiosis and circadian cycle, and links to obesity, cancer, and other human diseases. This review mainly describes the current knowledge of m(6)A and perspectives on future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifan Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Denghu Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Yang Z, Li J, Feng G, Gao S, Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Ye L, Li Y, Zhang X. MicroRNA-145 Modulates N6-Methyladenosine Levels by Targeting the 3'-Untranslated mRNA Region of the N6-Methyladenosine Binding YTH Domain Family 2 Protein. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3614-3623. [PMID: 28104805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.749689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent modification present in the mRNAs of higher eukaryotes. YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2), an m6A "reader" protein, can recognize mRNA m6A sites to mediate mRNA degradation. However, the regulatory mechanism of YTHDF2 is poorly understood. To this end, we investigated the post-transcriptional regulation of YTHDF2. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the microRNA miR-145 might target the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of YTHDF2 mRNA. The levels of miR-145 were negatively correlated with those of YTHDF2 mRNA in clinical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, and immunohistochemical staining revealed that YTHDF2 was closely associated with malignancy of HCC. Interestingly, miR-145 decreased the luciferase activities of 3'-UTR of YTHDF2 mRNA. Mutation of predicted miR-145 binding sites in the 3'-UTR of YTHDF2 mRNA abolished the miR-145-induced decrease in luciferase activity. Overexpression of miR-145 dose-dependently down-regulated YTHDF2 expression in HCC cells at the levels of both mRNA and protein. Conversely, inhibition of miR-145 resulted in the up-regulation of YTHDF2 in the cells. Dot blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining revealed that the overexpression of miR-145 strongly increased m6A levels relative to those in control HCC cells, and this increase could be blocked by YTHDF2 overexpression. Moreover, miR-145 inhibition strongly decreased m6A levels, which were rescued by treatment with a small interfering RNA-based YTHDF2 knockdown. Thus, we conclude that miR-145 modulates m6A levels by targeting the 3'-UTR of YTHDF2 mRNA in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiong Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guoxing Feng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Gao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunxia Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lihong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China, and
| | - Yueguo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cancer Research, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,
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14
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Abstract
Mammalian messenger RNA (mRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) contain tens of thousands of posttranscriptional chemical modifications. Among these, the N(6)-methyl-adenosine (m(6)A) modification is the most abundant and can be removed by specific mammalian enzymes. m(6)A modification is recognized by families of RNA binding proteins that affect many aspects of mRNA function. mRNA/lncRNA modification represents another layer of epigenetic regulation of gene expression, analogous to DNA methylation and histone modification.
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15
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A novel protein, Pho92, has a conserved YTH domain and regulates phosphate metabolism by decreasing the mRNA stability of PHO4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 2014; 457:391-400. [PMID: 24206186 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The homologue of human YTHDF2, Ydr374c (Pho92), is the only protein that has a YTH (YT521-B homology) domain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on microarray analysis, genes involved in the phosphate signal transduction (PHO) pathway were up-regulated in the Δpho92 strain, as were genes regulated by Pho4, which is an important transcription factor in the PHO pathway. To identify the exact mechanism of Pho92 action with respect to phosphate metabolism, we investigated the effect of Pho92 on PHO4 expression. The half-life of PHO4 mRNA was increased in the Δpho92 strain; this phenotype was also observed in the deletion mutants UPF1 and POP2, which are components of the NMD (nonsense-mediated decay) pathway and the Pop2-Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex respectively. Pho92 interacts physically with Pop2 of the Pop2-Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex. Furthermore, Pho92 binding to the 3'-UTR of PHO4 was dependent on the phosphate concentration. Deletion of the PHO4 3'-UTR resulted in PHO4 mRNA resistance to Pho92-dependent degradation. The results of the present study indicate that Pho92 regulates Pho4 expression at the post-transcriptional level via the regulation of mRNA stability. Taken together, Pho92 participates in cellular phosphate metabolism, specifically via the regulation of PHO4 mRNA stability by binding to the 3'-UTR in a phosphate-dependent manner.
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16
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Wang N, Yue Z, Liang D, Ma F. Genome-wide identification of members in the YTH domain-containing RNA-binding protein family in apple and expression analysis of their responsiveness to senescence and abiotic stresses. Gene 2014; 538:292-305. [PMID: 24462754 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
YT521-homology (YTH) domain-containing RNA-binding proteins (YTPs) are a small gene family involved in post-transcriptional regulation. We identified 26 putative YTP gene models in the apple genome. Although plant YTPs have been classified into three groups, those in multi-cellular organisms belong only to Groups A and B. The apple genome contains 22 YTP gene models in Group A and four in Group B. Duplication analysis showed that tandem and segmental duplications contributed only partially to an expansion in apple YTP numbers. YTH was the only recognizable domain in apple YTPs; its three-dimensional structure implied possible motifs for RNA-binding. After the assembly of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and gene-cloning, we were able to identify 14 apple YTPs that were expressed in various tissues, especially senescing leaves. Expression analysis showed that these YTPs also responded to several abiotic stresses. Taken together, our genome-wide evaluation provides new insight for further research on the effects of those stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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17
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Wang X, Lu Z, Gomez A, Hon GC, Yue Y, Han D, Fu Y, Parisien M, Dai Q, Jia G, Ren B, Pan T, He C. N6-methyladenosine-dependent regulation of messenger RNA stability. Nature 2013; 505:117-20. [PMID: 24284625 PMCID: PMC3877715 DOI: 10.1038/nature12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2776] [Impact Index Per Article: 252.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is the most prevalent internal (non-cap) modification present in the messenger RNA of all higher eukaryotes. Although essential to cell viability and development, the exact role of m(6)A modification remains to be determined. The recent discovery of two m(6)A demethylases in mammalian cells highlighted the importance of m(6)A in basic biological functions and disease. Here we show that m(6)A is selectively recognized by the human YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2) 'reader' protein to regulate mRNA degradation. We identified over 3,000 cellular RNA targets of YTHDF2, most of which are mRNAs, but which also include non-coding RNAs, with a conserved core motif of G(m(6)A)C. We further establish the role of YTHDF2 in RNA metabolism, showing that binding of YTHDF2 results in the localization of bound mRNA from the translatable pool to mRNA decay sites, such as processing bodies. The carboxy-terminal domain of YTHDF2 selectively binds to m(6)A-containing mRNA, whereas the amino-terminal domain is responsible for the localization of the YTHDF2-mRNA complex to cellular RNA decay sites. Our results indicate that the dynamic m(6)A modification is recognized by selectively binding proteins to affect the translation status and lifetime of mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Zhike Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Adrian Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Gary C Hon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center and Institute of Genome Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0653, USA
| | - Yanan Yue
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Dali Han
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ye Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Marc Parisien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Guifang Jia
- 1] Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA [2] Department of Chemical Biology and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center and Institute of Genome Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0653, USA
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Cardelli M, Marchegiani F, Provinciali M. Alu insertion profiling: array-based methods to detect Alu insertions in the human genome. Genomics 2012; 99:340-6. [PMID: 22495107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the genetic variability associated to Alu sequences was hampered by the absence of genome-wide methodologies able to efficiently detect new polymorphisms/mutations among these repetitive elements. Here we describe two Alu insertion profiling (AIP) methods based on the hybridization of Alu-flanking genomic fragments on tiling microarrays. Protocols are designed to preferentially detect active Alu subfamilies. We tested AIP methods by analyzing chromosomes 1 and 6 in two genomic samples. In genomic regions covered by array-features, with a sensitivity of 2% (AIP1) -4% (AIP2) and 5% (AIP1) -8% (AIP2) for the old J and S Alu lineages respectively, we obtained a sensitivity of 67% (AIP1) -90% (AIP2) for the young Ya subfamily. Among the loci showing sample-to-sample differences, 5 (AIP1) -8 (AIP2) were associated to known Alu polymorphisms. Moreover, we were able to confirm by PCR and DNA sequencing 4 new intragenic Alu elements, polymorphic in 10 additional individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cardelli
- Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research, Scientific Technological Area, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
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19
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Abstract
SummaryThis study examines local heterogeneity in the aptitude of Sardinian mothers towards late reproduction, and explores its temporal persistence and association with both post-reproductive longevity and propensity to consanguineous marriage. Data on women's fertility from 1961 and birth records for 1980–1996 from Vital Statistics were analysed by means of the following indicators: the incidence of old mothers at last childbirth, female mortality (1980–2001) at 80 years of age and over and the proportion of consanguineous marriages (1930–1969). A variable kernel-smoothing method was used to create interpretable representations of the true spatial structure of the indicators, and to highlight areas of higher than expected intensity. In particular, an area of reproductive and post-reproductive longevity was identified where the traits combine with a higher tendency to relatedness. Intriguingly, this area corresponds approximately to the geographically and historically well defined central-eastern zone, which was the refuge of Sardinians during past invasions, and overlaps the Ogliastra region, which has been widely studied for its genetic homogeneity.
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20
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Abstract
Alu PCR is a rapid and easy-to-perform "DNA fingerprinting" technique based on the simultaneous analysis of many genomic loci flanked by Alu repetitive elements, which allows the detection of genetic polymorphisms and mutations in human and primate genomes. In the protocol described in the present chapter, two fluorochrome-labelled primers complementary to Alu sequences are used to perform the PCR, and the amplification products are then analysed by capillary electrophoresis. The resulting -complex electrophoretic pattern may show sample-to-sample variability due to insertion, deletion, or sequence change of Alu retrotransposons, or caused by length variation of the sequence interposed between two Alus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cardelli
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Riposo e Cura Anziani, Ancona, Italy.
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21
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Cardelli M, Nicoli M, Bazzani A, Franceschi C. Application of Wavelet Packet Transform to detect genetic polymorphisms by the analysis of inter-Alu PCR patterns. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:593. [PMID: 21143911 PMCID: PMC3012677 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The analysis of Inter-Alu PCR patterns obtained from human genomic DNA samples is a promising technique for a simultaneous analysis of many genomic loci flanked by Alu repetitive sequences in order to detect the presence of genetic polymorphisms. Inter-Alu PCR products may be separated and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic sequencer that generates a complex pattern of peaks. We propose an algorithmic method based on the Haar-Walsh Wavelet Packet Transformation (WPT) for an efficient detection of fingerprint-type patterns generated by PCR-based methodologies. We have tested our algorithmic approach on inter-Alu patterns obtained from the genomic DNA of three couples of monozygotic twins, expecting that the inter-Alu patterns of each twins couple will show differences due to unavoidable experimental variability. On the contrary the differences among samples of different twins are supposed to originate from genetic variability. Our goal is to automatically detect regions in the inter-Alu pattern likely associated to the presence of genetic polymorphisms. Results We show that the WPT algorithm provides a reliable tool to identify sample to sample differences in complex peak patterns, reducing the possible errors and limits associated to a subjective evaluation. The redundant decomposition of the WPT algorithm allows for a procedure of best basis selection which maximizes the pattern differences at the lowest possible scale. Our analysis points out few classifying signal regions that could indicate the presence of possible genetic polymorphisms. Conclusions The WPT algorithm based on the Haar-Walsh wavelet is an efficient tool for a non-supervised pattern classification of inter-ALU signals provided by a genetic analyzer, even if it was not possible to estimate the power and false positive rate due to the lacking of a suitable data base. The identification of non-reproducible peaks is usually accomplished comparing different experimental replicates of each sample. Moreover, we remark that, albeit we developed and optimized an algorithm able to analyze patterns obtained through inter-Alu PCR, the method is theoretically applicable to whatever fingerprint-type pattern obtained analyzing anonymous DNA fragments through capillary electrophoresis, and it could be usefully applied on a wide range of fingerprint-type methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cardelli
- Italian National Research Centers on Aging (I.N.R.C.A.), Ancona, Italy
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22
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Cevenini E, Invidia L, Lescai F, Salvioli S, Tieri P, Castellani G, Franceschi C. Human models of aging and longevity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1393-405. [PMID: 18694357 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging phenotype in humans is very heterogeneous and can be described as a complex mosaic resulting from the interaction of a variety of environmental, stochastic and genetic-epigenetic variables. Therefore, each old person must be considered as a singleton, and consequently the definition of 'aging phenotype' is very difficult. OBJECTIVE We discuss the phenotype of centenarians, the best example of successful aging, as well as other models exploited to study human aging and longevity, such as families enriched in long-living subjects, twins and cohorts of unrelated subjects. METHODS A critical review of literature available until March 2008. CONCLUSIONS No single model can be considered the gold standard for the study of aging and longevity, instead the combination of results obtained from different models must be considered in order to better understand these complex phenomena. We propose that a systems biology concept such as that of 'bow-tie' architecture, useful for managing information flow, could help in this demanding task.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cevenini
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental Pathology, Via S. Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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23
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Larbi A, Franceschi C, Mazzatti D, Solana R, Wikby A, Pawelec G. Aging of the immune system as a prognostic factor for human longevity. Physiology (Bethesda) 2008; 23:64-74. [PMID: 18400689 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00040.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data are documenting an inverse relationship between immune status, response to vaccination, health, and longevity, suggesting that the immune system becomes less effective with advancing age and that this is clinically relevant. The mechanisms and consequences of age-associated immune alterations, designated immunosenescence, are briefly reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Larbi
- University of Tübingen, Center for Medical Research,Tübingen, Germany.
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24
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Montesanto A, Passarino G, Senatore A, Carotenuto L, De Benedictis G. Spatial Analysis and Surname Analysis: Complementary Tools for Shedding Light on Human Longevity Patterns. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 72:253-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Montesanto
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria. 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - G. Passarino
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria. 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - A. Senatore
- Department of Soil Conservation, University of Calabria. 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - L. Carotenuto
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and System Science, University of Calabria. 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - G. De Benedictis
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria. 87036 Rende, Italy
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Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D, Giunta S, Olivieri F, Sevini F, Panourgia MP, Invidia L, Celani L, Scurti M, Cevenini E, Castellani GC, Salvioli S. Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 128:92-105. [PMID: 17116321 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1369] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A large part of the aging phenotype, including immunosenescence, is explained by an imbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory networks, which results in the low grade chronic pro-inflammatory status we proposed to call inflammaging. Within this perspective, healthy aging and longevity are likely the result not only of a lower propensity to mount inflammatory responses but also of efficient anti-inflammatory networks, which in normal aging fail to fully neutralize the inflammatory processes consequent to the lifelong antigenic burden and exposure to damaging agents. Such a global imbalance can be a major driving force for frailty and common age-related pathologies, and should be addressed and studied within an evolutionary-based systems biology perspective. Evidence in favor of this conceptualization largely derives from studies in humans. We thus propose that inflammaging can be flanked by anti-inflammaging as major determinants not only of immunosenescence but eventually of global aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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26
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Caselli G, Pozzi L, Vaupel JW, Deiana L, Pes G, Carru C, Franceschi C, Baggio G. Family clustering in Sardinian longevity: a genealogical approach. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:727-36. [PMID: 16793232 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to discuss the validation and family determinants affecting the longevity of Sardinian centenarians, using a genealogical approach. This preliminary study presents the first results of a genealogical tree reconstruction of selected centenarians aged 105 and over, from certain areas. These are mostly situated in the province of Nuoro, an area with the highest rate of centenarians and where the female-to-male sex ratio tends to be male-biased. An accurate centenarian age validation was performed that required a meticulous examination of numerous civil status records and parish registers. An important finding was that longevity occurs among the ascendants of a particular branch of the family. The data used are still provisional but, should it apply to other validated cases, it would provide empirical evidence of a genetic component in longevity. A more thorough examination of the data available may yield deeper insights into the role played by endogamy and consanguinity.
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