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Thomas JJC, Daley AJ, Esliger DW, Kettle VE, Coombe A, Stamatakis E, Sanders JP. Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity Data Sets (Global Physical Activity Data Set Catalogue) That Include Markers of Cardiometabolic Health: Systematic Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e45599. [PMID: 37467026 PMCID: PMC10398367 DOI: 10.2196/45599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease accounts for 17.9 million deaths globally each year. Many research study data sets have been collected to answer questions regarding the relationship between cardiometabolic health and accelerometer-measured physical activity. This scoping review aimed to map the available data sets that have collected accelerometer-measured physical activity and cardiometabolic health markers. These data were then used to inform the development of a publicly available resource, the Global Physical Activity Data set (GPAD) catalogue. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to systematically identify data sets that have measured physical activity using accelerometers and cardiometabolic health markers using either an observational or interventional study design. METHODS Databases, trial registries, and gray literature (inception until February 2021; updated search from February 2021 to September 2022) were systematically searched to identify studies that analyzed data sets of physical activity and cardiometabolic health outcomes. To be eligible for inclusion, data sets must have measured physical activity using an accelerometric device in adults aged ≥18 years; a sample size >400 participants (unless recruited participants in a low- and middle-income country where a sample size threshold was reduced to 100); used an observational, longitudinal, or trial-based study design; and collected at least 1 cardiometabolic health marker (unless only body mass was measured). Two reviewers screened the search results to identify eligible studies, and from these, the unique names of each data set were recorded, and characteristics about each data set were extracted from several sources. RESULTS A total of 17,391 study reports were identified, and after screening, 319 were eligible, with 122 unique data sets in these study reports meeting the review inclusion criteria. Data sets were found in 49 countries across 5 continents, with the most developed in Europe (n=53) and the least in Africa and Oceania (n=4 and n=3, respectively). The most common accelerometric brand and device wear location was Actigraph and the waist, respectively. Height and body mass were the most frequently measured cardiometabolic health markers in the data sets (119/122, 97.5% data sets), followed by blood pressure (82/122, 67.2% data sets). The number of participants in the included data sets ranged from 103,712 to 120. Once the review processes had been completed, the GPAD catalogue was developed to house all the identified data sets. CONCLUSIONS This review identified and mapped the contents of data sets from around the world that have collected potentially harmonizable accelerometer-measured physical activity and cardiometabolic health markers. The GPAD catalogue is a web-based open-source resource developed from the results of this review, which aims to facilitate the harmonization of data sets to produce evidence that will reduce the burden of disease from physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah J C Thomas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Centre for Lifestyle Medicine and Behaviour, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Daley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Centre for Lifestyle Medicine and Behaviour, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Dale W Esliger
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Centre for Lifestyle Medicine and Behaviour, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Lifestyle, National Institute of Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria E Kettle
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Centre for Lifestyle Medicine and Behaviour, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - April Coombe
- Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Charles Perkin Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James P Sanders
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Centre for Lifestyle Medicine and Behaviour, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Physical activity levels in cognitively normal and cognitively impaired oldest-old and the association with dementia risk factors: a pilot study. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:129. [PMID: 36882690 PMCID: PMC9993554 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-03814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research assessing the relationship of physical activity and dementia is usually based on studies with individuals younger than 90 years of age. The primary aim of this study was to determine physical activity levels of cognitively normal and cognitively impaired adults older than 90 years of age (oldest-old). Our secondary aim was to assess if physical activity is associated with risk factors for dementia and brain pathology biomarkers. METHODS Physical activity was assessed in cognitively normal (N = 49) and cognitively impaired (N = 12) oldest-old by trunk accelerometry for a 7-day period. We tested physical performance parameters and nutritional status as dementia risk factors, and brain pathology biomarkers. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations, correcting for age, sex and years of education. RESULTS Cognitively normal oldest-old were on average active for a total duration of 45 (SD 27) minutes per day, while cognitively impaired oldest-old seemed less physically active with 33 (SD 21) minutes per day with a lower movement intensity. Higher active duration and lower sedentary duration were related to better nutritional status and better physical performance. Higher movement intensities were related to better nutritional status, better physical performance and less white matter hyperintensities. Longer maximum walking bout duration associated with more amyloid binding. CONCLUSION We found that cognitively impaired oldest-old are active at a lower movement intensity than cognitively normal oldest-old individuals. In the oldest-old, physical activity is related to physical parameters, nutritional status, and moderately to brain pathology biomarkers.
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Parsons CM, Dennison EM, Fuggle N, Breasail MÓ, Deere K, Hannam K, Tobias JH, Cooper C, Ward KA. Assessment of Activity Profiles in Older Adults and Lower Limb Bone Parameters: Observations from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:13-20. [PMID: 35212826 PMCID: PMC9232475 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As muscle strength and function decline with age the optimal high-impact physical activity (PA) required for bone remodelling is rarely achievable in older adults. This study aimed to explore the activity profiles of community-dwelling older men and women and to assess the relationship between individual PA profiles and lower limb bone parameters. Participants from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study wore triaxial accelerometers for 7 days and counts of low (0.5-1.0 g), medium (1.0-1.5 g), and high (> 1.5 g) vertical-impact activity were calculated. Two years later, participants underwent a pQCT scan of the tibia (4% and 38% sites) to obtain measures of bone mineral density and bone geometry. Linear regression was used to quantify associations between bone and PA loading profiles adjusting for age, sex, loading category, and BMI. Results are presented as β [95% confidence interval]. Bone and PA data were available for 82 participants. The mean (SD) age at follow-up was 81.4(2.7) years, 41.5% (n = 34) were women. The median low-impact PA count was 5281 (Inter-quartile range (IQR) 2516-12,977), compared with a median of only 189 (IQR 54-593) in medium, and 39 (IQR 9-105) in high-impact counts. Positive associations between high-impact PA and cortical area (mm2), polar SSI (mm3), and total area (mm2) at the 38% slice (6.21 [0.88, 11.54]; 61.94 [25.73, 98.14]; 10.09 [3.18, 16.99], respectively). No significant associations were found at distal tibia. These data suggest that maintaining high (> 1.5 g)-impact activity is difficult for older adults to achieve; however, even small amounts of high-impact PA are positively associated with selected cortical bone parameters 2 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Parsons
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - E M Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - N Fuggle
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - M Ó Breasail
- MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Research Group, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Deere
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Hannam
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - K A Ward
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Human Health and Development, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- MRC Nutrition and Bone Health Research Group, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Kim M, Isoda H, Okura T. Effect of Citrulline and Leucine Intake with Exercises on Body Composition, Physical Activity, and Amino Acid Concentration in Older Women: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123117. [PMID: 34945668 PMCID: PMC8701161 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined intake of citrulline (CIT) and leucine (LEU) can stimulate protein synthesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of combined intake of CIT and LEU accompanied by exercise for 20 weeks on body composition, physical activity (PA), and amino acid concentrations in older Japanese women with low body mass index (BMI) (16 to 21 kg/m2) using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The supplement was administered twice a day for 20 weeks (Ex (exercise) + CIT·LEU group, n = 10: mainly 0.8 g CIT and 1.6 g LEU; Ex + Placebo group, n = 13: mainly 3.5 g carbohydrate). Additionally, both groups exercised (weight-bearing exercise, square stepping exercise) once a week for 75 min. Body composition, PA, and amino acid concentrations in the plasma were measured. Body weight, BMI, body mass, household PA, total PA, and phenylalanine significantly increased in the Ex + CIT·LEU group (p < 0.05) post intervention. This study suggests that the combined intake of CIT and LEU accompanied by exercise can improve body weight, BMI, body mass, and PA in older women with low BMI, which may prevent sarcopenia and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8550, Japan; (H.I.); (T.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-859-1834
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8550, Japan; (H.I.); (T.O.)
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okura
- R&D Center for Tailor-Made QOL, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8550, Japan; (H.I.); (T.O.)
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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Saunders FR, Gregory JS, Pavlova AV, Muthuri SG, Hardy RJ, Martin KR, Barr RJ, Adams JE, Kuh D, Aspden RM, Cooper R, Ireland A. Motor development in infancy and spine shape in early old age: Findings from a British birth cohort study. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:2740-2748. [PMID: 32162719 PMCID: PMC8641380 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spine shape changes dramatically in early life, influenced by attainment of developmental milestones such as independent walking. Whether these associations persist across life is unknown. Therefore, we investigated associations between developmental milestones and spine shape, as determined using statistical shape models (SSMs) of lumbar spine from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans in 1327 individuals (688 female) at 60 to 64 years in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Lumbar lordosis angle (L4 inferior endplate to T12 superior endplate) was measured using the two-line Cobb method. In analyses adjusted for sex, height, lean and fat mass, socioeconomic position, and birthweight, later walking age was associated with greater lordosis described by SSM1 (regression coefficient, 0.023; 95% CI, 0.000-0.047; P = .05) and direct angle measurement. Modest associations between walking age and less variation in anterior-posterior vertebral size caudally (SSM6) were also observed (0.021; 95% CI, -0.002 to 0.044; P = .07). Sex interactions showed that later walking was associated with larger relative vertebral anterior-posterior dimensions in men (SSM3; -0.043; 95% CI, -0.075 to 0.01; P = .01) but not women (0.018; 95% CI, -0.0007 to 0.043; P = .17). Similar associations were observed between age at independent standing and SSMs but there was little evidence of association between sitting age and spine shape. Unadjusted associations between walking age and SSMs 1 and 6 remained similar after adjustment for potential confounders and mediators. This suggests that these associations may be explained by altered mechanical loading of the spine during childhood growth, although other factors could contribute. Early life motor development, particularly walking, may have a lasting effect on the features of spine morphology with clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona R. Saunders
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Jennifer S. Gregory
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Anastasia V. Pavlova
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK,School of Health SciencesRobert Gordon UniversityAberdeenUK
| | | | - Rebecca J. Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCLLondonUK,Cohort and Longitudinal Studies Enhancement Resources (CLOSER)UCL Institute of EducationLondonUK
| | - Kathryn R. Martin
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Rebecca J. Barr
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK,Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO), School of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical SchoolUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Judith E. Adams
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Radiology, Manchester Royal InfirmaryCentral Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCLLondonUK
| | - Richard M. Aspden
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports MedicineManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Alex Ireland
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports MedicineManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
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Changes in Cognitive Function and in the Levels of Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in Older Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjected to a Cardiorespiratory Exercise Programme. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12125038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ageing and diabetes are recognised as important risk factors for the development of cognitive deterioration. The aim was to analyse the effects of a walking-based training programme on cognitive deterioration and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in older women with type 2 diabetes. This was a six-month experimental and longitudinal study with an experimental group (EG) (n = 57) and a control group (CG) (n = 52). All participants were diabetic with hypoglycaemic treatment. EG carried out a walking-based training program. After the training, we evaluated the diabetic state (HbA1c), cognitive functioning with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and body mass index (BMI). Results: EG obtained better results than CG in all the analysed variables. EG showed a significant improvement in the levels of HbA1c (−4.5%; p < 0.001), VO2max (+5.9%; p < 0.001) and BMI (−5.4%; p < 0.001); it also obtained increases in the scores of cognitive functioning, which were statistically significant in all dimensions, except for calculation (p = 0.384) and language (p = 0.168). Conclusion: The aerobic treatment produced significant improvements in the diabetic state and cognitive functioning in older women with type 2 diabetes.
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Sun L, Li FH, Li T, Min Z, Yang LD, Gao HE, Wu DS, Xie T. Effects of high-intensity interval training on adipose tissue lipolysis, inflammation, and metabolomics in aged rats. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:245-258. [PMID: 32006095 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) to improve metabolic health in older individuals. However, differences in adipose tissue metabolism between these two approaches are unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of HIIT and MICT on metabolic phenotypes in aged rats. HIIT significantly decreased fat mass, increased percent lean mass, decreased fat-to-lean ratio, reduced serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, increased serum interleukin-10 levels, and decreased perirenal adipose tissue leptin compared with rats in the sedentary (SED) group. HIIT also increased pregnenolone, cortisol, and corticosterone in both adipose tissue and serum. Both exercise modalities enhanced hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase expression compared with the SED group and decreased palmitic acid, stearic acid, octadecadienoic acid, urea, 1-heptadecanol, and α-tocopherol. MICT was related to glycerolipid metabolism, whereas HIIT was related to steroid hormone biosynthesis. Overall, HIIT showed more favorable regulation of anti-inflammatory activity than MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Hui Li
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Li
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Min
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo-Dan Yang
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-En Gao
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Shuai Wu
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road Qixia District, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
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Chen JH, Lauderdale DS. Cognitive Function, Consent for Participation, and Compliance With Wearable Device Protocols in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:269-273. [PMID: 29579176 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population-based studies of older adults increasingly use wearable devices to measure activity and sleep. Whether cognitive impairment reduces consent and compliance has not been assessed. Methods In the context of a nationally representative cohort of community-dwelling adults aged 62-90, individuals were invited to participate in a sleep and activity substudy that required wearing a wrist actigraph for 72 consecutive hours. Cognitive function in the parent study was assessed with the survey adaptation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and individuals were categorized as normal, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia. Participants were asked to press an event marker on the actigraph when they started trying to fall asleep and when they awoke each day. Logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to link cognitive status to nonconsent, returning usable data, wearing the actigraph three full days, ever taking the device off-wrist during the 3-day study period, and pushing the event markers, controlling for demographics. Results Cognitive status was not associated with nonconsent, returning usable data, off-wrist, or missing days. However, individuals classified with dementia were more likely to miss bedtime and wake-up event markers. Individuals classified as mild cognitive impairment were more likely to miss wake-up event markers. Conclusions Impaired cognition does not seem to be a barrier to compliance with simply wearing a device but may affect compliance with additional action such as pressing event markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hao Chen
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Piasecki J, Ireland A, Piasecki M, Deere K, Hannam K, Tobias J, McPhee JS. Comparison of Muscle Function, Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition of Early Starting and Later Starting Older Masters Athletes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1050. [PMID: 31507432 PMCID: PMC6719569 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Masters endurance runners can epitomize healthy aging; being reflective of the physiological processes of aging without the compounded effects of inactivity. The primary aim of the present study was to determine, using cross-sectional data, whether individuals taking up training after the age of 50 years can achieve the same level of athletic performance and musculoskeletal characteristics in their older age as those who trained all of their adult lives. A total of 150 master endurance runners [age 68 (5) years; 111 male, 39 female] were divided into early starters (training all of their adulthood) and late starters (started training after age 50 years). A comparative non-athletic group of 59 healthy older adults [age 73 (4) years; 30 female, 29 male] were additionally included for analysis. Training intensity, age-graded performance (AGP) and musculoskeletal assessments were performed. Results showed that there was no difference between athlete groups for training intensity or age-graded performance, despite the 30-year difference in training history. Body fat percentage and leg lean mass did not differ between athlete groups, but were 17% lower and 12% greater, respectively, in athlete groups compared with controls. Power normalized to body mass did not differ between any groups. Spine BMD was lower in late starters than controls, while early starters did not differ from late starters or controls. Hip BMD did not differ between any of the groups. These findings show that the Masters athletes we studied that started intense endurance running after the age of 50 years had lower body fat and higher leg lean mass compared to non-athletes. Body composition and athletic performance of the late starters was very similar to those who trained all of their adult lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Piasecki
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Ireland
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Deere
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Hannam
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Elhakeem A, Hannam K, Deere KC, Wong A, Gaysin T, Kuh D, Cooper R, Richards M, Tobias JH. Day-to-day physical activity producing low gravitational impacts is associated with faster visual processing speed at age 69: cross-sectional study. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2019; 16:9. [PMID: 31293695 PMCID: PMC6593499 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-019-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how different physical activity (PA) parameters relate to cognitive function in older adults. Using accelerometers calibrated to detect vertical impacts from ground reaction forces we examined the associations of low, medium and higher impact PA with processing speed, verbal memory and cognitive state in older adults. METHODS Participants were 69-year old British men and women from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development included in a vertical impacts and bone sub-study (n = 558; 48.2% female). Counts of low (0.5 < g < 1.0 g), medium (1 < g < 1.5 g), or higher (≥1.5 g) magnitude impacts were derived from vertical acceleration peaks recorded over 7 days by hip-worn accelerometers. Processing speed was assessed by a timed visual letter search task, verbal memory by a 15-word list learning test and cognitive state by the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-III). Potential confounders were childhood cognitive ability, adult socioeconomic position, body mass index and depression. RESULTS In initial sex-adjusted models, low magnitude impacts were associated with better performance in all three cognitive function tests; standard deviation differences in test scores per doubling in number of low impacts: letter search speed = 0.10 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.03 to 0.16), word learning test = 0.05 (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.11), ACE-III scale = 0.09 (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.14). After adjustment for confounders, differences persisted for letter search speed (0.09; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.16) but were closer to the null for the word learning test (0.02; 95% CI: - 0.04 to 0.07) and ACE-III scores (0.04; 95% CI: - 0.01 to 0.09). Low impacts remained associated with letter search speed after sensitivity analyses excluding those with functional and musculoskeletal problems, and after adjustment for impacts in higher bands. Modest positive associations between higher magnitude impacts and cognitive test scores were most likely due to chance. CONCLUSION Accelerometer-derived low impact physical activity was associated with better visual processing speed in 69-year old men and women independently of childhood cognitive ability and other measured confounders. Day-to-day low impact physical activity may therefore have the potential to benefit cognitive health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elhakeem
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building Level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Kimberly Hannam
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building Level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB UK
| | - Kevin C. Deere
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building Level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, WC1B 5JU, London, UK
| | - Tim Gaysin
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, WC1B 5JU, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, WC1B 5JU, London, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, WC1B 5JU, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, WC1B 5JU, London, UK
| | - Jon H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building Level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB UK
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11
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Shiroma EJ, Schrack JA, Harris TB. Accelerating Accelerometer Research in Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:619-621. [PMID: 29596566 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Shiroma
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryl
| | - Jennifer A Schrack
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryl.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryl
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryl
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12
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Ireland A, Saunders FR, Muthuri SG, Pavlova AV, Hardy RJ, Martin KR, Barr RJ, Adams JE, Kuh D, Aspden RM, Gregory JS, Cooper R. Age at Onset of Walking in Infancy Is Associated With Hip Shape in Early Old Age. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:455-463. [PMID: 30496618 PMCID: PMC6446733 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bones' shapes and structures adapt to the muscle and reaction forces they experience during everyday movements. Onset of independent walking, at approximately 12 months, represents the first postnatal exposure of the lower limbs to the large forces associated with bipedal movements; accordingly, earlier walking is associated with greater bone strength. However, associations between early life loading and joint shape have not been explored. We therefore examined associations between walking age and hip shape at age 60 to 64 years in 1423 individuals (740 women) from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, a nationally representative British birth cohort. Walking age in months was obtained from maternal interview at age 2 years. Ten modes of variation in hip shape (HM1 to HM10), described by statistical shape models, were ascertained from DXA images. In sex-adjusted analyses, earlier walking age was associated with higher HM1 and HM7 scores; these associations were maintained after further adjustment for height, body composition, and socioeconomic position. Earlier walking was also associated with lower HM2 scores in women only, and lower HM4 scores in men only. Taken together, this suggests that earlier walkers have proportionately larger (HM4) and flatter (HM1, HM4) femoral heads, wider (HM1, HM4, HM7) and flatter (HM1, HM7) femoral necks, a smaller neck-shaft angle (HM1, HM4), anteversion (HM2, HM7), and early development of osteophytes (HM1). These results suggest that age at onset of walking in infancy is associated with variations in hip shape in older age. Early walkers have a larger femoral head and neck and smaller neck-shaft angle; these features are associated with reduced hip fracture risk, but also represent an osteoarthritic-like phenotype. Unlike results of previous studies of walking age and bone mass, associations in this study were not affected by adjustment for lean mass, suggesting that associations may relate directly to skeletal loading in early life when joint shape changes rapidly. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ireland
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Fiona R Saunders
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Anastasia V Pavlova
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Kathryn R Martin
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rebecca J Barr
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO), Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Judith E Adams
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Radiology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Richard M Aspden
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jennifer S Gregory
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
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13
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Al-Sari UA, Tobias JH, Clark EM. Impact of mild and moderate/severe vertebral fractures on physical activity: a prospective study of older women in the UK. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:155-166. [PMID: 30194466 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Little is known about the long-term impact of vertebral fractures on physical activity. There is also uncertainty over the clinical significance of mild vertebral fracture. We showed that women with moderate/severe but not mild vertebral fracture do less walking duration and housework than those without fracture after 5.4 years of follow-up. INTRODUCTION Little is known about the long-term impact of vertebral fractures on physical activities. There is also uncertainty over the clinical significance of mild fracture. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prospective association between vertebral fracture and future physical activity. METHODS This is a 5-year prospective study of a mixed community and secondary care cohort of women aged > 50 from the UK. Vertebral fractures were identified at baseline on radiographs or DXA-based Vertebral Fracture Assessment by a Quantitative Morphometric approach and defined as moderate/severe (≥ 25% height decrease) or mild (20-24.9% height decrease). Physical activity data were collected 5.4 years later by self-completion questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between presence of fracture and various physical activities while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-six women without, 58 with mild, and 69 with moderate/severe fracture were recruited. Those with mild and moderate/severe fracture were older than women without fracture and had more concomitant diseases at baseline. At 5.4 years follow-up, women with moderate/severe fracture self-reported shorter walking duration compared to those without fracture, even after adjusting for potential confounders (OR 2.96, 95%CI 1.11-7.88, P = 0.030). No independent association was seen between the presence of mild fractures and reduced physical activity at follow-up. CONCLUSION This is the first study of older women from the UK that explored the prospective association between vertebral fracture and physical activity duration. Moderate/severe fractures were associated with reduced walking duration. Mild fractures had no impact on future physical ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Al-Sari
- Academic Rheumatology, Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Wasit University, Kut, Iraq.
| | - J H Tobias
- Academic Rheumatology, Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - E M Clark
- Academic Rheumatology, Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
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14
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Piasecki J, McPhee JS, Hannam K, Deere KC, Elhakeem A, Piasecki M, Degens H, Tobias JH, Ireland A. Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls. Arch Osteoporos 2018; 13:72. [PMID: 29971503 PMCID: PMC6028830 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-018-0486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined bone density in older athletes and controls. Sprinters had greater hip and spine bone density than endurance athletes and controls, whereas values were similar in the latter two groups. These results could not be explained by differences in impact, muscle size or power between sprint and endurance athletes. PURPOSE We examined the relationship between prolonged participation in regular sprint or endurance running and skeletal health at key clinical sites in older age, and the factors responsible for any associations which we observed. METHODS We recruited 38 master sprint runners (28 males, 10 females, mean age 71 ± 7 years), 149 master endurance runners (111 males, 38 females, mean age 70 ± 6 years) and 59 non-athletic controls (29 males, 30 females, mean age 74 ± 5 years). Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess hip and spine bone mineral density (BMD), body composition (lean and fat mass), whilst jump power was assessed with jumping mechanography. In athletes, vertical impacts were recorded over 7 days from a waist-worn accelerometer, and details of starting age, age-graded performance and training hours were recorded. RESULTS In ANOVA models adjusted for sex, age, height, body composition, and jump power, sprinter hip BMD was 10 and 14% greater than that of endurance runners and controls respectively. Sprinter spine BMD was also greater than that of both endurance runners and controls. There were no differences in hip or spine BMD between endurance runners and controls. Stepwise regression showed only discipline (sprint/endurance), sex, and age as predictors of athlete spine BMD, whilst these variables and starting age were predictive of hip BMD. CONCLUSIONS Regular running is associated with greater BMD at the fracture-prone hip and spine sites in master sprinters but not endurance runners. These benefits cannot be explained by indicators of mechanical loading measured in this study including vertical impacts, body composition or muscular output.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Piasecki
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - J. S. McPhee
- Department for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
| | - K. Hannam
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K. C. Deere
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A. Elhakeem
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M. Piasecki
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - H. Degens
- Department for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK ,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Lithuania
| | - J. H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A. Ireland
- Department for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
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