1
|
Guo Y, Yang F. Spousal education and frailty levels among Chinese older adults: A national longitudinal study. SSM Popul Health 2024; 26:101607. [PMID: 38516527 PMCID: PMC10955636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prior research has identified one's own education level as a risk factor for frailty. However, the association between spousal education and frailty in later life is uncertain. We aim to examine the longitudinal association between spousal education and frailty levels among Chinese older populations. Methods 3856 participants aged 60 and older from the 2011-2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were analyzed. A 54-item deficit cumulative frailty index was developed to evaluate frailty levels at each follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the longitudinal association of spousal education with frailty levels, and whether this association varied by sex and own education level. Results Higher spouse education was associated with lower frailty levels, and this association decreased with age. Compared with older adults whose spouses had no formal education, older adults whose spouses had less than middle school education had an 8.82 lower level of frailty (95% CI: 15.05 to -2.58, P < 0.01); those with spouses with middle school education and above had a 23.44 lower level (95% CI: 31.43 to -15.44, P < 0.001). Stratified analysis showed that every additional year of spouse education was also associated with lower frailty levels in non-frail participants at baseline, but stronger among those already frail. The association between high spousal education and lower frailty did not vary by sex or own education. Conclusion This study reveals a significant association between having a more educated spouse and lower later-life frailty levels for both older men and women, regardless of one's own educational background. It emphasizes the importance of leveraging educated spouses to prevent and manage frailty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Guo
- School of Health Policy & Management, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Public Health, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Fudan University, 130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Fudan University, 130 Dong-An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu H, Chopik WJ, Shrout MR, Wang J. A national longitudinal dyadic analysis of spousal education and cognitive decline in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2024; 343:116603. [PMID: 38281387 PMCID: PMC10923139 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Education plays a significant role in shaping cognitive functioning throughout an individual's life. However, existing research has not adequately explored how the educational attainment of the spouse can impact cognitive functioning over time. This study presents one of the first longitudinal analyses of how spousal education is linked to cognitive trajectories of each member within couples during their later life in the United States. Guided by the linked lives perspective, we analyze data from 8370 couples in the Health and Retirement Study spanning from 2000 to 2018. Results from the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) integrated with latent growth curve models reveal that cognitive trajectories exhibit a correlation between spouses over time. Moreover, our analysis uncovers gender-specific effects of spousal education on cognition, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms driving this connection. Notably, the lower educational attainment of husbands is associated with a faster cognitive decline in both themselves and their wives. This association is partially explained by economic resources, but not by health and social behaviors. The lower educational attainment of wives is linked to their own faster cognitive decline as well as lower initial cognitive levels of their husbands, in part via economic resources. However, wives' educational attainment is largely unrelated to their husbands' cognitive decline. Intriguingly, wives' education has a more pronounced impact on the health and social behaviors of their husbands than vice versa, although these health and social behaviors do not appear to influence husbands' cognitive decline. In conclusion, these results underscore the importance of considering spousal education in comprehending the complexities of cognitive decline within dyadic relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, USA; Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, USA.
| | | | - M Rosie Shrout
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, USA; Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, USA
| | - Juwen Wang
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, USA; Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu M, Yang Y, Lyu X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Xu D, Wu H, Lei J, Deng Y, Zhao C, Hu X, Xie W, Huang J, Wu S, Zhang Y, Zhang H, He Y, Peng Z, Wang Y, Shen H, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yan D, Wang L, Ma X. Declined prevalence, improved awareness and control of hypertension are associated with spousal educational attainment: A mega-data study. Soc Sci Med 2023; 336:116256. [PMID: 37778143 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, have posed a serious threat to human health in recent decades. Family-centered health promotion and disease control for the management of hypertension is gaining attention. In this study, we assessed the association between spousal educational attainment (SEA) and hypertension prevalence, awareness, and control, intending to provide new directions for family health care. A total of 71 211 191 reproductive-aged participants from the National Free NFPCP during 2013-2019 were included in the current study. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) via propensity models were used to adjust for the imbalance by SEA. Both multivariable-adjusted ORs and inverse-probability-weighted ORs were used to assess the association between SEA and the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension. ORs of prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension with SEA stratified by sex, age, and residency type were also reported. Compared with participants with SEA of compulsory education, the inverse-probability-weighted ORs for hypertension were 0.97 (0.96-0.97), 0.99 (0.98-1.00), and 0.91 (0.88-0.93) for participants with SEA of senior high, college, and postgraduate, respectively. The corresponding ORs for hypertension awareness were 1.12 (1.10-1.13), 1.15 (1.13-1.16), and 1.38 (1.34-1.41). The increment of hypertension control associated with SEA was only identified in urban areas. Modification analyses revealed that urban participants were observed to have more healthy benefits associated with SEA; additional decreased prevalent hypertension and increased hypertension awareness associated with SEA were observed in wives and husbands respectively. Thus, SEA was associated with decreased prevalent hypertension and increased awareness and control of hypertension. Our findings call for increased participation of spouses in family-centered healthcare, with consideration of modified effects by gender, age, and residency type, to improve chronic disease prevention and control including hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiya Liu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinyi Lyu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jieying Zhang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youhong Liu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Die Xu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hanbin Wu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Jueming Lei
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Deng
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyu Zhao
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Hu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlu Xie
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan He
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoqi Peng
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Shen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health Commission of the PRC, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health Commission of the PRC, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health Commission of the PRC, Beijing, China
| | - Donghai Yan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health Commission of the PRC, Beijing, China
| | - Long Wang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xu Ma
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Centre, Beijing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Steinberg N, Parisi JM, Feger DM, Clay OJ, Willis SL, Ball KK, Marsiske M, Harrell ER, Sisco SM, Rebok GW. Rural-Urban Differences in Cognition: Findings From the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Trial. J Aging Health 2023; 35:107S-118S. [PMID: 35604034 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesWe examined associations between three geographic areas (urban, suburban, rural) and cognition (memory, reasoning, processing speed) over a 10-year period. Methods: Data were obtained from 2539 participants in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) trial. Multilevel, mixed-effects linear regression was used to estimate cognitive trajectories by geographical areas over 10 years, after adjusting for social determinants of health. Results: Compared to urban and suburban participants, rural participants fared worse on all cognitive measures-memory (B = -1.17 (0.17)), reasoning (B = -1.55 (0.19)), and processing speed (B = 0.76 (0.19)) across the 10-year trajectory. Across geographic areas, greater economic stability, health care access and quality, and neighborhood resources were associated with better cognition over time. Discussion: Findings highlight the importance of geographical location when examining cognition later in life. More research examining place-based life experiences is needed to make the greatest impact on geographically diverse communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nessa Steinberg
- Marcus Institute for Aging, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanine M Parisi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Alzheimer's Disease Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danielle M Feger
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olivio J Clay
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Deep South Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
- University of Alabama Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sherry L Willis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karlene K Ball
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Deep South Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael Marsiske
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin R Harrell
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | | | - George W Rebok
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Alzheimer's Disease Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coundouris SP, Hohn S, Basu A, Dulleck U, Henry JD, Cherbuin N. Cognition and Financial Decision-Making in Older Adult Spouses. Gerontology 2023; 69:1128-1136. [PMID: 37231845 PMCID: PMC10614223 DOI: 10.1159/000531193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related decline in executive functioning has been found to negatively impact one's capacity to make prudent financial decisions. The broader literature also speaks to the importance of considering interrelatedness in older spouses' functioning, as these individuals typically represent one's longest and closest relationship that involves an extended history of shared experiences. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to provide the first examination of whether older adults' financial decision-making capacity is impacted not only by their own but also by their partner's, level of cognitive functioning. METHOD Sixty-three heterosexual spousal dyads comprising older adults aged 60-88 participated. The contribution of executive functioning and perceptions of partner's cognitive decline on financial decision-making behavior and financial competency was assessed through two actor-partner interdependence models. RESULTS As predicted, for both genders, one's own executive functioning was predictive of one's own financial decision-making capacity. However, of particular interest was the finding that for females (but not males) perceiving greater cognitive decline in their spouse predicted their own (greater) financial competency. CONCLUSION Examining whether partner interdependence extends to the realm of financial decision-making is not only a theoretically but also practically important question. These data provide initial insights that such a relationship does exist and highlight further important avenues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P. Coundouris
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sylvain Hohn
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anup Basu
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Uwe Dulleck
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie D. Henry
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elayoubi J, Nelson ME, Haley WE, Hueluer G. The Role of Social Connection/Engagement in Episodic Memory Change in Stroke. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 62:364-374. [PMID: 34270722 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Positive associations between social connection/engagement and cognitive function are well documented. However, little is known about whether social connection/engagement can buffer the impact of serious brain injury such as stroke on cognitive functioning. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 898 individuals with incident stroke from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) between 1998-2012. Multilevel modeling was used to examine how social connection/engagement were associated with episodic memory pre- and post-stroke. Models controlled for age, gender, education, race/ethnicity, number of health conditions, and functional health. RESULTS Participants who were lonely pre-stroke recalled significantly fewer words at time of stroke, and participants who had children residing within 10 miles pre-stroke showed significantly less decline in word recall over time. Participants who provided help to others pre-stroke showed less stroke-related decline in word recall. Within-person increase in partnered status, having friends, and helping others were related to better word recall in the post-stroke period. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Higher pre-stroke levels of social connection/engagement predicted better episodic memory at stroke, smaller decline in episodic memory with stroke, and less decline in episodic memory over time. Increases in social connection/engagement from pre- to post-stroke also predicted better post-stroke episodic memory. Beyond the widely documented benefits of social connection/engagement to well-being, they may also increase cognitive stimulation and cognitive reserve and thus contribute to stroke recovery in the cognitive domain. Social connection/engagement is an important and modifiable risk factor in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Elayoubi
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Monica E Nelson
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - William E Haley
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Gizem Hueluer
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gilsanz P, Mayeda ER, Eng CW, Meyer OL, Glymour MM, Quesenberry CP, Whitmer RA. Participant education, spousal education and dementia risk in a diverse cohort of members of an integrated health care delivery system in Northern California. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e040233. [PMID: 34145004 PMCID: PMC8215232 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of spousal education on dementia risk and how it may differ by gender or race/ethnicity is unknown. This study examines the association between one's own education separate from and in conjunction with spousal education and risk of dementia. DESIGN Cohort. SETTING Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), an integrated health care delivery system. PARTICIPANTS 8835 members of KPNC who were aged 40-55, married and reported own and spousal education in 1964-1973. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Dementia cases were identified through medical records from 1 January 1996 to 30 September 2017. METHODS Own and spousal education was self-reported in 1964-1973 and each was classified as four indicator variables (≤high school, trade school/some college, college degree and postgraduate) and as ≥college degree versus <college degree. Age as timescale weighted Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for demographics and health indicators evaluated associations between participant education, spousal education and dementia risk overall and by gender and race/ethnicity. RESULTS The cohort was 37% non-white, 46% men and 30% were diagnosed with dementia during follow-up from 1996 to 2017 (mean follow-up=12.7 years). Greater participant education was associated with lower dementia risk independent of spousal education, demographics and health indicators. Greater spousal education was associated with lower dementia adjusting for demographics but became non-significant after further adjustment for participant education. The same pattern was seen for spousal education ≥college degree (not adjusting for participant education HRspousal education≥college degree=0.83 (95% CI: 0.76 to 0.90); adjusting for participant education HRspousal education≥college degree=0.92 (95% CI: 0.83 to 1.01)). These associations did not vary by gender or race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION In a large diverse cohort, we found that higher levels of participant's own education were associated with lower dementia risk regardless of spousal education. An inverse association between spousal education and dementia risk was also present, however, the effects became non-significant after adjusting for participant education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gilsanz
- Behavioral Health and Aging, Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rose Mayeda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chloe W Eng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oanh L Meyer
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - M Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Charles P Quesenberry
- Biostatistics Core, Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Rachel A Whitmer
- Behavioral Health and Aging, Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saenz JL, Beam CR, Zelinski EM. The Association Between Spousal Education and Cognitive Ability Among Older Mexican Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:e129-e140. [PMID: 31974544 PMCID: PMC7424282 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Education and cognition are closely associated, yet the role of spousal education is not well understood. We estimate the independent effects of own and spousal education on cognitive ability in late-life in Mexico, a developing country experiencing rapid aging. METHOD We analyzed 4,017 married dyads (age 50+) from the 2012 Mexican Health and Aging Study. Cognitive ability for married adults was a factor score from a single factor model. Using seemingly unrelated regression, we test whether spousal education influences older adults' cognitive ability, whether associations are explained by couple-level socioeconomic position, health and health behaviors, and social support, and whether associations differed by gender. RESULTS Education and cognitive ability were correlated within couples. Higher spousal education was associated with better cognitive ability. Associations between spousal education and cognitive ability were independent of own education, did not differ by gender, and remained significant even after adjustment for couple-level socioeconomic position, health and health behaviors, and perceived social support. DISCUSSION In addition to own education, spousal education was associated with better cognitive ability, even at relatively low levels of education. We discuss the possibility that spousal education may improve cognition via transmission of knowledge and mutually reinforcing cognitively stimulating environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Saenz
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Christopher R Beam
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zahodne LB, Zajacova A. Education and Cognitive Aging: An Introduction to the Special Section. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:e78-e80. [PMID: 32716028 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Zajacova
- Department of Sociology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|