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Blok AC, Valley TS, Weston LE, Miller J, Lipman K, Krein SL. Factors Affecting Psychological Distress in Family Caregivers of Critically Ill Patients: A Qualitative Study. Am J Crit Care 2023; 32:21-30. [PMID: 36587003 PMCID: PMC10066878 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2023593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family caregivers often experience psychological distress during a critical care hospitalization, potentially compromising their ability to function effectively in a supportive role. A better understanding of the sources of family caregiver distress is needed to inform strategies to mitigate its development and impact. OBJECTIVE To explore sources of family caregiver psychological distress during a critical care hospitalization and how caregivers' experiences may differ by their anxiety level. METHODS Forty adult family members of patients receiving mechanical ventilation for more than 72 hours in 2 intensive care units at an academic medical center were interviewed. A qualitative directed content analysis was done. Experiences were compared by anxiety level group, defined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: anxiety (n = 15), borderline anxiety (n = 11), and low anxiety (n=14). RESULTS Most family members (32%) were adult children; no major demographic differences were noted across anxiety groups. Among caregivers in the anxiety group, salient factors included early unknowns around critical illness, health care team processes, care decisions made, financial and housing concerns, family dysfunction, and new responsibilities. In general, low-anxiety family caregivers did not express their concerns using language of distress but rather expressed emotion and disappointment and often took action to process their concerns. CONCLUSIONS Factors influencing family caregiver distress during the critical care stay were wide-ranging and varied by level of anxiety. The findings highlight several key areas and potential interventions to reduce psychological distress, especially among caregivers with anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Blok
- Amanda C. Blok is a research health scientist, Veterans Affairs (VA) Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and a research assistant professor, Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor
| | - Thomas S Valley
- Thomas S. Valley is a research health scientist, VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, and an assistant professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Lauren E Weston
- Lauren E. Weston is a qualitative analyst, VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System
| | - Jacquelyn Miller
- Jacquelyn Miller is a research analyst, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Kyra Lipman
- Kyra Lipman is a medical degree candidate, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sarah L Krein
- Sarah L. Krein is a research health scientist, VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, and a research professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Raemdonck E, Lambotte D, De Witte N, Gorus E. Giving voice to informal caregivers of community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review of empowerment interventions. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e3354-e3368. [PMID: 35899425 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Taking care for older adults can place informal caregivers at risk for developing health problems. Therefore, interventions aiming to empower informal caregivers have been developed. Empowerment refers to a health promotion process including strategies to improve informal caregivers' self-care behaviours, stress-management and caregiving skills. In literature, empowerment-oriented interventions often target subsamples of informal caregivers defined through the care receiver's condition. These interventions, however, do not adequately capture the complexity of care needs and might even exclude informal caregivers taking care for older people without a specific diagnosis or with a subthreshold condition. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the content and effectiveness of empowerment-oriented interventions directed at informal caregivers of community-dwelling older adults. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was performed by searching the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Web of Science. From a total of 6798 unique publications, 13 intervention studies, of which seven randomised controlled trials, were eligible for inclusion. According to the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, eight studies scored poor. The intervention studies under review represented different domains of empowerment, with cultivation of positive feelings being the most prevalent one. Social participation and physical health received little attention in interventions. Although no adverse intervention effects were observed, the studies reported mixed results with 57 positive and 47 neutral effects. The limited number and poor quality of studies emphasise the need for future research investigating the effectiveness of empowerment-oriented interventions targeting informal caregivers of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Raemdonck
- Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deborah Lambotte
- School of Healthcare, HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Witte
- School of Healthcare, HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Gorus
- Frailty in Ageing (FRIA) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Geriatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Anderson S, Parmar J, L’Heureux T, Dobbs B, Charles L, Tian PGJ. Family Caregiving during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada: A Mediation Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148636. [PMID: 35886490 PMCID: PMC9317413 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Family caregiving is a public health issue because of caregivers’ significant contribution to the health and social care systems, as well as the substantial impact that giving and receiving care has on the health and quality of life of care receivers and caregivers. While there have been many studies that associate caregivers’ care work, financial difficulty, navigation, and other caregiving factors with family caregivers’ psychological distress, we were interested not only in the factors related to family caregiver anxiety but also in hypothesizing how those effects occur. In this study, we used Andrew Hayes’ PROCESS moderation analysis to explore the link between caregiver frailty, weekly care hours, and perceptions of financial difficulty, social support, and anxiety. In this analysis, we included 474 caregivers with relatively complete data on all of the variables. In regression analysis after controlling for gender and age, social loneliness (β = 0.245), frailty (β = 0.199), financial difficulty (β = 0.196), care time (β = 0.143), and navigation confidence (β = 0.131) were all significant. We then used PROCESS Model 6 to determine the significance of the direct, indirect, and total effects through the serial mediation model. The model pathway from frailty to care time to financial difficulty to social loneliness to anxiety was significant. The proportions of family caregivers who were moderately frail, anxious, and experiencing social loneliness after eighteen months of the COVID-19 pandemic found in this survey should be of concern to policymakers and healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Anderson
- Division of Care of the Elderly, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 2T4, Canada; (J.P.); (T.L.); (B.D.); (L.C.); (P.G.J.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jasneet Parmar
- Division of Care of the Elderly, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 2T4, Canada; (J.P.); (T.L.); (B.D.); (L.C.); (P.G.J.T.)
- Medically At-Risk Driver Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 2T4, Canada
| | - Tanya L’Heureux
- Division of Care of the Elderly, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 2T4, Canada; (J.P.); (T.L.); (B.D.); (L.C.); (P.G.J.T.)
| | - Bonnie Dobbs
- Division of Care of the Elderly, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 2T4, Canada; (J.P.); (T.L.); (B.D.); (L.C.); (P.G.J.T.)
- Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7, Canada
| | - Lesley Charles
- Division of Care of the Elderly, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 2T4, Canada; (J.P.); (T.L.); (B.D.); (L.C.); (P.G.J.T.)
- Medically At-Risk Driver Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 2T4, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7, Canada
| | - Peter George J. Tian
- Division of Care of the Elderly, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5G 2T4, Canada; (J.P.); (T.L.); (B.D.); (L.C.); (P.G.J.T.)
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Sunde OS, Vatne S, Ytrehus S. Professionals' understanding of their responsibilities in the collaboration with family caregivers of older persons with mental health problems in Norway. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:1325-1333. [PMID: 34323333 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Research has highlighted the importance of health and social care professionals' collaboration with family caregivers. In the field of mental healthcare, involvement of family members is perceived as beneficial to the recovery process of the care recipient. Furthermore, family care-giving is an essential part of elderly care. It is well documented that family members need support to prevent negative consequences of care-giving. Nevertheless, involvement of and support for family caregivers have not developed into a common practice, and research has identified professional barriers to collaboration with family caregivers in several areas. The aim of this study was to explore professionals' experiences of collaboration with family caregivers of older persons with mental health problems, and how they understood their responsibility towards families. We conducted three focus group interviews with 18 health and social care professionals working in community-based services, in three rural municipalities in Western Norway. The thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke guided the analysis. The findings in relation to the professionals' role and responsibility towards family caregivers are presented in three themes: family caregivers - a resource that needs support; a responsibility with unclear boundaries; and balancing different needs. Professionals recognised family caregivers' need for support and acknowledged the importance of family relationships. However, they experienced dilemmas in performing their dual responsibility of caring for the older care recipient as well as the family member, which they described as having unclear guidelines. They also experienced that they had insufficient knowledge to take on this responsibility. We argue that the exercising of discretion is essential for the professionals' responsibility, and that clarification of their responsibility is needed. We recommend a stronger focus in education on developing competence in the family perspective. Furthermore, the apportionment of professionals' responsibility needs to be formalised, especially when several services are involved in providing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sissil Sunde
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Førde, Norway
| | - Solfrid Vatne
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Care, Molde University Collage Specialized University in Logistics, Molde, Norway
| | - Siri Ytrehus
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Førde, Norway
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Patterson SE, Reyes AM. Co-residence beliefs 1973-2018: Older adults feel differently than younger adults. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2022; 84:673-684. [PMID: 35663515 PMCID: PMC9162093 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective This brief study examines support for co-residence (i.e. aging parents living with their adult children), and how age predicts support for this belief considering the rapidly aging U.S. population. Background Co-residence, a form of intergenerational transfer between family members, can help facilitate care for aging parents as well as help older adults age in the community. Support for this type of co-residence was on the rise in the 1970s and 1980s. Method Support for co-residence of older adults living with their adult children is estimated using 36,843 responses from the U.S. General Social Survey from 1973 to 2018. Descriptive analyses, logistic regression, and decomposition analyzes are used to test explanatory factors in trends, focusing on differences for older (age 65 and older) vs. younger (under 65) respondents. Results Older adults are less supportive than younger adults of co-residence even as support has generally increased across time. Decomposition results show that a little over half of the difference between younger and older adults is explained by cohort replacement, with two-fifths of the difference unexplained by social or demographic factors. Conclusion Findings suggest that although cohort replacement has contributed to an attitude shift over time, important age differences in attitudes remain. Older adults are less supportive of co-residence than younger adults.
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Serrano-Gemes G, Rich-Ruiz M, Serrano-del-Rosal R. Reasons for the Place of Care of the Elders: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:E436. [PMID: 33120977 PMCID: PMC7712302 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relocation is a very important event in people's lives in general, but really significant in old age. However, some predictors of relocation still need to be improved. The objective of this review was to synthesize qualitative evidence to understand the reasons of the participants to decide on the place of care of the older people. METHODS Systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted in six databases: Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL, from its beginning until 29 November 2017. Qualitative or mixed studies, written in English or Spanish and addressing the decision-making process (already experienced by participants) on the place of care of older persons (65 years or older), were included in the review. PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42018084826). RESULTS A total of 46 articles were finally included in the analysis. Our main result is the distinction of multiple reasons for each population group involved in the decision-making process, ranking these reasons into three factors: Retention, pull and push. CONCLUSION This differentiation allows for a more detailed and in-depth analysis of the motivations of the different groups involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Serrano-Gemes
- Institute for Advanced Social Studies-Spanish National Research Council (IESA-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba (UCO), Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Manuel Rich-Ruiz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba (UCO), Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Serrano-del-Rosal
- Institute for Advanced Social Studies-Spanish National Research Council (IESA-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
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