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Bourgeais M, Fouladkar F, Weber M, Boeri-Erba E, Wild R. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of tetrasaccharide linker peptides to study the divergent step in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae016. [PMID: 38401165 PMCID: PMC11031135 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are extended linear polysaccharides present on cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix that play crucial roles in various biological processes. Two prominent glycosaminoglycans, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, are covalently linked to proteoglycan core proteins through a common tetrasaccharide linker comprising glucuronic acid, galactose, galactose, and xylose moities. This tetrasaccharide linker is meticulously assembled step by step by four Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases. The addition of the fifth sugar moiety, either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, initiates further chain elongation, resulting in the formation of heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate, respectively. Despite the fundamental significance of this step in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, its regulatory mechanisms have remained elusive. In this study, we detail the expression and purification of the four linker-synthesizing glycosyltransferases and their utilization in the production of fluorescent peptides carrying the native tetrasaccharide linker. We generated five tetrasaccharide peptides, mimicking the core proteins of either heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. These peptides were readily accepted as substrates by the EXTL3 enzyme, which adds an N-acetylglucosamine moiety, thereby initiating heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Importantly, EXTL3 showed a preference towards peptides mimicking the core proteins of heparan sulfate proteoglycans over the ones from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. This suggests that EXTL3 could play a role in the decision-making step during glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. The innovative strategy for chemo-enzymatic synthesis of fluorescent-labeled linker-peptides promises to be instrumental in advancing future investigations into the initial steps and the divergent step of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bourgeais
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Farah Fouladkar
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Margot Weber
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Rebekka Wild
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
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Noborn F, Nilsson J, Sihlbom C, Nikpour M, Kjellén L, Larson G. Mapping the Human Chondroitin Sulfate Glycoproteome Reveals an Unexpected Correlation Between Glycan Sulfation and Attachment Site Characteristics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100617. [PMID: 37453717 PMCID: PMC10424144 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) control key events in human health and disease and are composed of chondroitin sulfate (CS) polysaccharide(s) attached to different core proteins. Detailed information on the biological effects of site-specific CS structures is scarce as the polysaccharides are typically released from their core proteins prior to analysis. Here we present a novel glycoproteomic approach for site-specific sequencing of CS modifications from human urine. Software-assisted and manual analysis revealed that certain core proteins carried CS with abundant sulfate modifications, while others carried CS with lower levels of sulfation. Inspection of the amino acid sequences surrounding the attachment sites indicated that the acidity of the attachment site motifs increased the levels of CS sulfation, and statistical analysis confirmed this relationship. However, not only the acidity but also the sequence and characteristics of specific amino acids in the proximity of the serine glycosylation site correlated with the degree of sulfation. These results demonstrate attachment site-specific characteristics of CS polysaccharides of CSPGs in human urine and indicate that this novel method may assist in elucidating the biosynthesis and functional roles of CSPGs in cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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3
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Establishment and validation of a plasma oncofetal chondroitin sulfated proteoglycan for pan-cancer detection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:645. [PMID: 36746966 PMCID: PMC9902466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various biomarkers targeting cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating proteins have been tested for pan-cancer detection. Oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (ofCS), which distinctively modifies proteoglycans (PGs) of most cancer cells and binds specifically to the recombinant Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA proteins (rVAR2), is explored for its potential as a plasma biomarker in pan-cancer detection. To quantitate the plasma ofCS/ofCSPGs, we optimized an ELISA using different capture/detection pairs (rVAR2/anti-CD44, -SDC1, and -CSPG4) in a case-control study with six cancer types. We show that the plasma levels of ofCS/ofCSPGs are significantly higher in cancer patients (P values, 1.2 × 10-2 to 4.4 × 10-10). Validation studies are performed with two independent cohorts covering 11 malignant tumors. The individuals in the top decile of ofCS-CD44 have more than 27-fold cancer risk (OR = 27.8, 95%CI = 18.8-41.4, P = 2.72 × 10-62) compared with the lowest 20%. Moreover, the elevated plasma ofCS-CD44 could be detected at the early stage of pan-cancer with strong dose-dependent odds risk prediction.
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Kizhakkeppurath Kumaran A, Sahu A, Singh A, Aynikkattil Ravindran N, Sekhar Chatterjee N, Mathew S, Verma S. Proteoglycans in breast cancer, identification and characterization by LC-MS/MS assisted proteomics approach: A review. Proteomics Clin Appl 2023:e2200046. [PMID: 36598116 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proteoglycans (PGs) are negatively charged macromolecules containing a core protein and single or several glycosaminoglycan chains attached by covalent bond. They are distributed in all tissues, including extracellular matrix (ECM), cell surface, and basement membrane. They are involved in major pathways and cell signalling cascades which modulate several vital physiological functions of the body. They have also emerged as a target molecule for cancer treatment and as possible biomarkers for early cancer detection. Among cancers, breast cancer is a highly invasive and heterogenous type and has become the major cause of mortality especially among women. So, this review revisits the studies on PGs characterization in breast cancer using LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach, which will be further helpful for identification of potential PGs-based biomarkers or therapeutic targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN There is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on the use of LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approaches to identify and characterize PGs in breast cancer. RESULTS LC-MS/MS assisted PGs characterization in breast cancer revealed the vital PGs in breast cancer invasion and progression. In addition, comprehensive profiling and characterization of PGs in breast cancer are efficiently carried out by this approach. CONCLUSIONS Proteomics techniques including LC-MS/MS-based identification of proteoglycans is effectively carried out in breast cancer research. Identification of expression at different stages of breast cancer is a major challenge, and LC-MS/MS-based profiling of PGs can boost novel strategies to treat breast cancer, which involve targeting PGs, and also aid early diagnosis using PGs as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankita Sahu
- Tumor Biology Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Astha Singh
- Tumor Biology Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nisha Aynikkattil Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thrissur, India
| | | | - Suseela Mathew
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Tumor Biology Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
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5
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Ramarajan MG, Saraswat M, Budhraja R, Garapati K, Raymond K, Pandey A. Mass spectrometric analysis of chondroitin sulfate-linked peptides. JOURNAL OF PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 13:187-203. [PMID: 36213313 PMCID: PMC9526814 DOI: 10.1007/s42485-022-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are extracellular matrix components composed of linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains attached to a core protein. CSPGs play a vital role in neurodevelopment, signal transduction, cellular proliferation and differentiation and tumor metastasis through interaction with growth factors and signaling proteins. These pleiotropic functions of proteoglycans are regulated spatiotemporally by the GAG chains attached to the core protein. There are over 70 chondroitin sulfate-linked proteoglycans reported in cells, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. A core glycan linker of 3-6 monosaccharides attached to specific serine residues can be extended by 20-200 disaccharide repeating units making intact CSPGs very large and impractical to analyze. The current paradigm of CSPG analysis involves digesting the GAG chains by chondroitinase enzymes and analyzing either the protein part, the disaccharide repeats, or both by mass spectrometry. This method, however, provides no information about the site of attachment or the composition of linker oligosaccharides and the degree of sulfation and/or phosphorylation. Further, the analysis by mass spectrometry and subsequent identification of novel CSPGs is hampered by technical challenges in their isolation, less optimal ionization and data analysis. Unknown identity of the linker oligosaccharide also makes it more difficult to identify the glycan composition using database searching approaches. Following chondroitinase digestion of long GAG chains linked to tryptic peptides, we identified intact GAG-linked peptides in clinically relevant samples including plasma, urine and dermal fibroblasts. These intact glycopeptides including their core linker glycans were identified by mass spectrometry using optimized stepped higher energy collision dissociation and electron-transfer/higher energy collision dissociation combined with hybrid database search/de novo glycan composition search. We identified 25 CSPGs including three novel CSPGs that have not been described earlier. Our findings demonstrate the utility of combining enrichment strategies and optimized high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis including alternative fragmentation methods for the characterization of CSPGs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42485-022-00092-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Gopal Ramarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029 India
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Rohit Budhraja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Kishore Garapati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029 India
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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6
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Noborn F, Nilsson J, Larson G. Site-specific glycosylation of proteoglycans: a revisited frontier in proteoglycan research. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:289-306. [PMID: 35840015 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), a class of carbohydrate-modified proteins, are present in essentially all metazoan organisms investigated to date. PGs are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to various core proteins and are important for embryogenesis and normal homeostasis. PGs exert many of their functions via their GAG chains and understanding the details of GAG-ligand interactions has been an essential part of PG research. Although PGs are also involved in many diseases, the number of GAG-related drugs used in the clinic is yet very limited, indicating a lack of detailed structure-function understanding. Structural analysis of PGs has traditionally been obtained by first separating the GAG chains from the core proteins, after which the two components are analyzed separately. While this strategy greatly facilitates the analysis, it precludes site-specific information and introduces either a "GAG" or a "core protein" perspective on the data interpretation. Mass-spectrometric (MS) glycoproteomic approaches have recently been introduced, providing site-specific information on PGs. Such methods have revealed a previously unknown structural complexity of the GAG linkage regions and resulted in identification of several novel CSPGs and HSPGs in humans and in model organisms, thereby expanding our view on PG complexity. In light of these findings, we discuss here if the use of such MS-based techniques, in combination with various functional assays, can also be used to expand our functional understanding of PGs. We have also summarized the site-specific information of all human PGs known to date, providing a theoretical framework for future studies on site-specific functional analysis of PGs in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sundsvall County Hospital, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Basu A, Patel NG, Nicholson ED, Weiss RJ. Spatiotemporal diversity and regulation of glycosaminoglycans in cell homeostasis and human disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C849-C864. [PMID: 35294848 PMCID: PMC9037703 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00085.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides that are ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These complex carbohydrates play important roles in many cellular processes and have been implicated in many disease states, including cancer, inflammation, and genetic disorders. GAGs are among the most complex molecules in biology with enormous information content and extensive structural and functional heterogeneity. GAG biosynthesis is a nontemplate-driven process facilitated by a large group of biosynthetic enzymes that have been extensively characterized over the past few decades. Interestingly, the expression of the enzymes and the consequent structure and function of the polysaccharide chains can vary temporally and spatially during development and under certain pathophysiological conditions, suggesting their assembly is tightly regulated in cells. Due to their many key roles in cell homeostasis and disease, there is much interest in targeting the assembly and function of GAGs as a therapeutic approach. Recent advances in genomics and GAG analytical techniques have pushed the field and generated new perspectives on the regulation of mammalian glycosylation. This review highlights the spatiotemporal diversity of GAGs and the mechanisms guiding their assembly and function in human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Neil G. Patel
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Elijah D. Nicholson
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ryan J. Weiss
- 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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8
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Spliid CB, Toledo AG, Sanderson P, Mao Y, Gatto F, Gustavsson T, Choudhary S, Saldanha AL, Vogelsang RP, Gögenur I, Theander TG, Leach FE, Amster IJ, Esko JD, Salanti A, Clausen TM. The specificity of the malarial VAR2CSA protein for chondroitin sulfate depends on 4-O-sulfation and ligand accessibility. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101391. [PMID: 34762909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental malaria infection is mediated by the binding of the malarial VAR2CSA protein to the placental glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate. Recombinant sub-fragments of VAR2CSA (rVAR2) have also been shown to bind specifically and with high affinity to cancer cells and tissues, suggesting the presence of a shared type of oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (ofCS) in the placenta and in tumors. However, the exact structure of ofCS and what determines the selective tropism of VAR2CSA remains poorly understood. In this study, ofCS was purified by affinity chromatography using rVAR2 and subjected to detailed structural analysis. We found high levels of N-acetylgalactosamine 4-O-sulfation (∼80-85%) in placenta- and tumor-derived ofCS. This level of 4-O-sulfation was also found in other tissues that do not support parasite sequestration, suggesting that VAR2CSA tropism is not exclusively determined by placenta- and tumor-specific sulfation. Here, we show that both placenta and tumors contain significantly more chondroitin sulfate moieties of higher molecular weight than other tissues. In line with this, CHPF and CHPF2, which encode proteins required for chondroitin polymerization, are significantly upregulated in most cancer types. CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of CHPF and CHPF2 in tumor cells reduced the average molecular weight of cell-surface chondroitin sulfate and resulted in a marked reduction of rVAR2 binding. Finally, utilizing a cell-based glycocalyx model, we showed that rVAR2 binding correlates with the length of the chondroitin sulfate chains in the cellular glycocalyx. These data demonstrate that the total amount and cellular accessibility of chondroitin sulfate chains impact rVAR2 binding and thus malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B Spliid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Yang Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, 510990 Guangzhou, China
| | - Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 42196 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana L Saldanha
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus P Vogelsang
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4600 Koege, Denmark
| | - Ismail Gögenur
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, DK-4600 Koege, Denmark
| | - Thor G Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Franklin E Leach
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Nikpour M, Nilsson J, Persson A, Noborn F, Vorontsov E, Larson G. Proteoglycan profiling of human, rat and mouse insulin-secreting cells. Glycobiology 2021; 31:916-930. [PMID: 33997891 PMCID: PMC8434799 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are proteins with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) or heparan sulfate (HS), attached to serine residues. We have earlier shown that prohormones can carry CS, constituting a novel class of PGs. The mapping of GAG modifications of proteins in endocrine cells may thus assist us in delineating possible roles of PGs in endocrine cellular physiology. With this aim, we applied a glycoproteomic approach to identify PGs, their GAG chains and their attachment sites in insulin-secreting cells. Glycopeptides carrying GAG chains were enriched from human pancreatic islets, rat (INS-1 832/13) and mouse (MIN6, NIT-1) insulinoma cell lines by exchange chromatography, depolymerized with GAG lyases, and analyzed by nanoflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We identified CS modifications of chromogranin-A (CgA), islet amyloid polypeptide, secretogranin-1 and secretogranin-2, immunoglobulin superfamily member 10, and protein AMBP. Additionally, we identified two HS-modified prohormones (CgA and secretogranin-1), which was surprising, as prohormones are not typically regarded as HSPGs. For CgA, the glycosylation site carried either CS or HS, making it a so-called hybrid site. Additional HS sites were found on syndecan-1, syndecan-4, nerurexin-2, protein NDNF and testican-1. These results demonstrate that several prohormones, and other constituents of the insulin-secreting cells are PGs. Cell-targeted mapping of the GAG glycoproteome forms an important basis for better understanding of endocrine cellular physiology, and the novel CS and HS sites presented here provide important knowledge for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9E, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Egor Vorontsov
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9E, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9E, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Oo HZ, Lohinai Z, Khazamipour N, Lo J, Kumar G, Pihl J, Adomat H, Nabavi N, Behmanesh H, Zhai B, Dagil R, Choudhary S, Gustavsson T, Clausen TM, Esko JD, Allen JW, Thompson MA, Tran NL, Moldvay J, Dome B, Salanti A, Al-Nakouzi N, Weiss GJ, Daugaard M. Oncofetal Chondroitin Sulfate Is a Highly Expressed Therapeutic Target in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4489. [PMID: 34503301 PMCID: PMC8430715 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum therapeutics in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are in demand. Most human solid tumors express proteoglycans modified with distinct oncofetal chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains that can be detected and targeted with recombinant VAR2CSA (rVAR2) proteins and rVAR2-derived therapeutics. Here, we investigated expression and targetability of oncofetal CS expression in human NSCLC. High oncofetal CS expression is associated with shorter disease-free survival and poor overall survival of clinically annotated stage I and II NSCLC patients (n = 493). Oncofetal CS qualifies as an independent prognosticator of NSCLC in males and smokers, and high oncofetal CS levels are more prevalent in EGFR/KRAS wild-type cases, as compared to mutation cases. NSCLC cell lines express oncofetal CS-modified proteoglycans that can be specifically detected and targeted by rVAR2 proteins in a CSA-dependent manner. Importantly, a novel VAR2-drug conjugate (VDC-MMAE) efficiently eliminates NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. In summary, oncofetal CS is a prognostic biomarker and an actionable glycosaminoglycan target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Htoo Zarni Oo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Zoltan Lohinai
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (J.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Nastaran Khazamipour
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Joey Lo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Gunjan Kumar
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jessica Pihl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (T.M.C.); (J.D.E.)
| | - Hans Adomat
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hakhamanesh Behmanesh
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Beibei Zhai
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Robert Dagil
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Thomas M. Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (T.M.C.); (J.D.E.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (T.M.C.); (J.D.E.)
| | | | | | - Nhan L. Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA;
| | - Judit Moldvay
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (J.M.); (B.D.)
- MTA-SE NAP, Brain Metastasis Research Group, Department of Pathology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (J.M.); (B.D.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Salanti
- Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (S.C.); (T.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Nader Al-Nakouzi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (H.Z.O.); (N.K.); (J.L.); (G.K.); (H.A.); (N.N.); (H.B.); (B.Z.); (N.A.-N.)
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
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11
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Zhang B, Chi L. Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate-Protein Interactions and Their Biological Functions in Human Diseases: Implications and Analytical Tools. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:693563. [PMID: 34422817 PMCID: PMC8377502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.693563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are linear anionic polysaccharides that are widely present on the cell surface and in the cell matrix and connective tissue. CS and DS chains are usually attached to core proteins and are present in the form of proteoglycans (PGs). They not only are important structural substances but also bind to a variety of cytokines, growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes and fibrillary glycoproteins to execute series of important biological functions. CS and DS exhibit variable sulfation patterns and different sequence arrangements, and their molecular weights also vary within a large range, increasing the structural complexity and diversity of CS/DS. The structure-function relationship of CS/DS PGs directly and indirectly involves them in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that CS/DS serves as an important cofactor for many cell behaviors. Understanding the molecular basis of these interactions helps to elucidate the occurrence and development of various diseases and the development of new therapeutic approaches. The present article reviews the physiological and pathological processes in which CS and DS participate through their interactions with different proteins. Moreover, classic and emerging glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interaction analysis tools and their applications in CS/DS-protein characterization are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Noborn F, Nikpour M, Persson A, Nilsson J, Larson G. Expanding the Chondroitin Sulfate Glycoproteome - But How Far? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695970. [PMID: 34490248 PMCID: PMC8418075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are found at cell surfaces and in connective tissues, where they interact with a multitude of proteins involved in various pathophysiological processes. From a methodological perspective, the identification of CSPGs is challenging, as the identification requires the combined sequencing of specific core proteins, together with the characterization of the CS polysaccharide modification(s). According to the current notion of CSPGs, they are often considered in relation to a functional role in which a given proteoglycan regulates a specific function in cellular physiology. Recent advances in glycoproteomic methods have, however, enabled the identification of numerous novel chondroitin sulfate core proteins, and their glycosaminoglycan attachment sites, in humans and in various animal models. In addition, these methods have revealed unexpected structural complexity even in the linkage regions. These findings indicate that the number and structural complexity of CSPGs are much greater than previously perceived. In light of these findings, the prospect of finding additional CSPGs, using improved methods for structural and functional characterizations, and studying novel sample matrices in humans and in animal models is discussed. Further, as many of the novel CSPGs are found in low abundance and with not yet assigned functions, these findings may challenge the traditional notion of defining proteoglycans. Therefore, the concept of proteoglycans is considered, discussing whether "a proteoglycan" should be defined mainly on the basis of an assigned function or on the structural evidence of its existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Noborn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mahnaz Nikpour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Filipek-Górniok B, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis in Zebrafish. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 69:49-60. [PMID: 33216642 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420973980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans occurs in the Golgi compartment of cells and will determine the sulfation pattern of HS chains, which in turn will have a large impact on the biological activity of the proteoglycans. Earlier studies in mice have demonstrated the importance of HS for embryonic development. In this review, the enzymes participating in zebrafish HS biosynthesis, along with a description of enzyme mutants available for functional studies, are presented. The consequences of the zebrafish genome duplication and maternal transcript contribution are briefly discussed as are the possibilities of CRISPR/Cas9 methodologies to use the zebrafish model system for studies of biosynthesis as well as proteoglycan biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Ahrens TD, Bang-Christensen SR, Jørgensen AM, Løppke C, Spliid CB, Sand NT, Clausen TM, Salanti A, Agerbæk MØ. The Role of Proteoglycans in Cancer Metastasis and Circulating Tumor Cell Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:749. [PMID: 32984308 PMCID: PMC7479181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are accessible by liquid biopsies via an easy blood draw. They represent not only the primary tumor site, but also potential metastatic lesions, and could thus be an attractive supplement for cancer diagnostics. However, the analysis of rare CTCs in billions of normal blood cells is still technically challenging and novel specific CTC markers are needed. The formation of metastasis is a complex process supported by numerous molecular alterations, and thus novel CTC markers might be found by focusing on this process. One example of this is specific changes in the cancer cell glycocalyx, which is a network on the cell surface composed of carbohydrate structures. Proteoglycans are important glycocalyx components and consist of a protein core and covalently attached long glycosaminoglycan chains. A few CTC assays have already utilized proteoglycans for both enrichment and analysis of CTCs. Nonetheless, the biological function of proteoglycans on clinical CTCs has not been studied in detail so far. Therefore, the present review describes proteoglycan functions during the metastatic cascade to highlight their importance to CTCs. We also outline current approaches for CTC assays based on targeting proteoglycans by their protein cores or their glycosaminoglycan chains. Lastly, we briefly discuss important technical aspects, which should be considered for studying proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa D Ahrens
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara R Bang-Christensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VarCT Diagnostics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Løppke
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Spliid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicolai T Sand
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Clausen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Ø Agerbæk
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VarCT Diagnostics, Copenhagen, Denmark
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