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Rode S, Kaur H, Sharma M, Shah V, Singh SS, Gubyad M, Ghosh DK, Sircar D, Kumar P, Roy P, Sharma AK. Characterization of Type1 Lipid Transfer Protein from Citrus sinensis: Unraveling its potential as an antimicrobial and insecticidal agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130811. [PMID: 38490399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Lipid Transfer Protein1 (LTP1) is a cationic, multifaceted protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein (PR14) family. Despite being involved in diverse physiological processes and defense mechanisms, the precise in-vivo role of LTP1 remains undiscovered. This work presents the characterization of recombinant Citrus sinensis LTP1 (CsLTP1) along with lipid binding studies through in-silico and in-vitro approaches. CsLTP1 demonstrated great thermal and pH stability with a huge biotechnological potential. It showed in-vitro binding capacity with jasmonic acid and lipids involved in regulating plant immune responses. Gene expression profiling indicated a significant upregulation of CsLTP1 in Candidatus-infected Citrus plants. CsLTP1 disrupted the cell membrane integrity of various pathogens, making it a potent antimicrobial agent. Further, in-vivo antimicrobial and insecticidal properties of CsLTP1 have been explored. The impact of exogenous CsLTP1 treatment on rice crop metabolism for managing blight disease has been studied using GC-MS. CsLTP1 triggered crucial metabolic pathways in rice plants while controlling the blight disease. CsLTP1 effectively inhibited Helicoverpa armigera larvae by impeding mid-gut α-amylase activity and obstructing its developmental stages. This study highlights the pivotal role of CsLTP1 in plant defense by offering insights for developing multi-target therapeutic agent or disease-resistant varieties to comprehensively tackle the challenges towards crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Rode
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Harry Kaur
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Vivek Shah
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India
| | - Shiv Shakti Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Mrugendra Gubyad
- Plant Virology Laboratory, Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Ghosh
- Plant Virology Laboratory, Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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Panahabadi R, Ahmadikhah A, Farrokhi N. Genetic dissection of monosaccharides contents in rice whole grain using genome-wide association study. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20292. [PMID: 36691363 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The simplest form of carbohydrates are monosaccharides which are the building blocks for the synthesis of polymers or complex carbohydrates. Monosaccharide contents of 197 rice accessions were quantified by HPAEC-PAD in rice (Oryza sativa L.) whole grain (RWG). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using 33,812 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify corresponding genomic regions influencing neutral monosaccharides contents. In total, 49 GWAS signals contained in 17 genomic regions (quantitative trait loci [QTLs]) on seven chromosomes of rice were determined to be associated with monosaccharides contents of whole grain. The QTLs were found for fucose (1), mannose (1), xylose (2), arabinose (2), galactose (4), and rhamnose (7) contents, all of which are novel. Based on co-location of annotated rice genes in the vicinity of GWAS signals, the constituents of the whole grain were associated with the following candidate genes: arabinose content with α-N-arabinofuranosidase, pectinesterase inhibitor, and glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1; xylose content with ZOS1-10 (a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor [TF]); mannose content with aldose 1-epimerase-like protein and a MYB family TF; galactose content with a GT8 family member (galacturonosyltransferase-like 3), a GRAS family TF, and a GH16 family member (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase xyloglucan 23); fucose content with gibberellin 20 oxidase and a lysine-rich arabinogalactan protein 19, and finally rhamnose content with myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase, UDP-arabinopyranose mutase, and COBRA-like protein precursor. The results of this study should improve our understanding of the genetic basis of the factors that might be involved in the biosynthesis, regulation, and turnover of monosaccharides in RWG, aiming to enhance the nutritional value of rice grain and impact the related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Panahabadi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti Univ., Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Naser Farrokhi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti Univ., Tehran, Iran
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Yugay Y, Tsydeneshieva Z, Rusapetova T, Grischenko O, Mironova A, Bulgakov D, Silant’ev V, Tchernoded G, Bulgakov V, Shkryl Y. Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Arabidopsis thaliana Cell Culture and Investigation of the Specificities of Their Biogenesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3604. [PMID: 37896067 PMCID: PMC10609744 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs), commonly termed exosomes, have gained prominence for their potential as natural nanocarriers. It has now been recognized that plants also secrete EVs. Despite this discovery, knowledge about EV biogenesis in plant cell cultures remains limited. In our study, we have isolated and meticulously characterized EVs from the callus culture of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Our findings indicate that the abundance of EVs in calli was less than that in the plant's apoplastic fluid. This difference was associated with the transcriptional downregulation of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) genes in the calli cells. While salicylic acid increased the expression of ESCRT components, it did not enhance EV production. Notably, EVs from calli contained proteins essential for cell wall biogenesis and defense mechanisms, as well as microRNAs consistent with those found in intact plants. This suggests that plant cell cultures could serve as a feasible source of EVs that reflect the characteristics of the parent plant species. However, further research is essential to determine the optimal conditions for efficient EV production in these cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Yugay
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Zhargalma Tsydeneshieva
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Tatiana Rusapetova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Olga Grischenko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Anastasia Mironova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Dmitry Bulgakov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Vladimir Silant’ev
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia;
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Galina Tchernoded
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Victor Bulgakov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Yury Shkryl
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (Z.T.); (T.R.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.); (V.B.)
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Kamarova KA, Ershova NM, Sheshukova EV, Arifulin EA, Ovsiannikova NL, Antimonova AA, Kudriashov AA, Komarova TV. Nicotiana benthamiana Class 1 Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptides Suppress Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12843. [PMID: 37629021 PMCID: PMC10454303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) have been identified in many plant species and play an important role in cell wall formation, intercellular transport regulation, and plant-virus interactions. Most plants have several RGP genes with different expression patterns depending on the organ and developmental stage. Here, we report on four members of the RGP family in N. benthamiana. Based on a homology search, NbRGP1-3 and NbRGP5 were assigned to the class 1 and class 2 RGPs, respectively. We demonstrated that NbRGP1-3 and 5 mRNA accumulation increases significantly in response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Moreover, all identified class 1 NbRGPs (as distinct from NbRGP5) suppress TMV intercellular transport and replication in N. benthamiana. Elevated expression of NbRGP1-2 led to the stimulation of callose deposition at plasmodesmata, indicating that RGP-mediated TMV local spread could be affected via a callose-dependent mechanism. It was also demonstrated that NbRGP1 interacts with TMV movement protein (MP) in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, class 1 NbRGP1-2 play an antiviral role by impeding intercellular transport of the virus by affecting plasmodesmata callose and directly interacting with TMV MP, resulting in the reduced viral spread and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila A. Kamarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Natalia M. Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Eugene A. Arifulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L. Ovsiannikova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A. Antimonova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Andrei A. Kudriashov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Mahlare MJS, Husselmann L, Lewu MN, Bester C, Lewu FB, Caleb OJ. Analysis of the Differentially Expressed Proteins and Metabolic Pathways of Honeybush ( Cyclopia subternata) in Response to Water Deficit Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112181. [PMID: 37299160 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) is a rich source of antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds. Water availability plays a crucial role in plant metabolic processes, and it contributes to overall quality. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in molecular functions, cellular components, and biological processes of Cyclopia subternata exposed to different water stress conditions, which include well-watered (as Control, T1), semi-water stressed (T2), and water-deprived (T3) potted plants. Samples were also collected from a well-watered commercial farm first cultivated in 2013 (T13) and then cultivated in 2017 (T17) and 2019 (T19). Differentially expressed proteins extracted from C. subternata leaves were identified using LC-MS/MS spectrometry. A total of 11 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified using Fisher's exact test (p < 0.00100). Only α-glucan phosphorylase was found to be statistically common between T17 and T19 (p < 0.00100). Notably, α-glucan phosphorylase was upregulated in the older vegetation (T17) and downregulated in T19 by 1.41-fold. This result suggests that α-glucan phosphorylase was needed in T17 to support the metabolic pathway. In T19, five DEPs were upregulated, while the other six were downregulated. Based on gene ontology, the DEPs in the stressed plant were associated with cellular and metabolic processes, response to stimulus, binding, catalytic activity, and cellular anatomical entity. Differentially expressed proteins were clustered based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and sequences were linked to metabolic pathways via enzyme code and KEGG ortholog. Most proteins were involved in photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, thiamine, and purine metabolism. This study revealed the presence of trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase, an intermediate for the biosynthesis of a large number of substances, such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Jane S Mahlare
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington Campus, Private Bag X8, Wellington 7654, South Africa
| | - Lizex Husselmann
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Muinat N Lewu
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Cecilia Bester
- Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
| | - Francis B Lewu
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington Campus, Private Bag X8, Wellington 7654, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi James Caleb
- Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Huang X, Bai X, Qian C, Liu S, Goher F, He F, Zhao G, Pei G, Zhao H, Wang J, Kang Z, Guo J. TaUAM3, a UDP‐Ara mutases protein, positively regulates wheat resistance to the stripe rust fungus. Food Energy Secur 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Chaowei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Farhan Goher
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guosen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guoliang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Suanno C, Tonoli E, Fornari E, Savoca MP, Aloisi I, Parrotta L, Faleri C, Cai G, Coveney C, Boocock DJ, Verderio EAM, Del Duca S. Small extracellular vesicles released from germinated kiwi pollen (pollensomes) present characteristics similar to mammalian exosomes and carry a plant homolog of ALIX. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1090026. [PMID: 36760648 PMCID: PMC9905850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1090026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade, it has been discovered that allergen-bearing extracellular nanovesicles, termed "pollensomes", are released by pollen during germination. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an important role in pollen-pistil interaction during fertilization, stabilizing the secreted bioactive molecules and allowing long-distance signaling. However, the molecular composition and the biological role of these EVs are still unclear. The present study had two main aims: (I) to clarify whether pollen germination is needed to release pollensomes, or if they can be secreted also in high humidity conditions; and (II) to investigate the molecular features of pollensomes following the most recent guidelines for EVs isolation and identification. METHODS To do so, pollensomes were isolated from hydrated and germinated kiwi (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) pollen, and characterized using imaging techniques, immunoblotting, and proteomics. RESULTS These analyses revealed that only germinated kiwi pollen released detectable concentrations of nanoparticles compatible with small EVs for shape and protein content. Moreover, a plant homolog of ALIX, which is a well-recognized and accepted marker of small EVs and exosomes in mammals, was found in pollensomes. DISCUSSION The presence of this protein, along with other proteins involved in endocytosis, is consistent with the hypothesis that pollensomes could comprehend a prominent subpopulation of plant exosome-like vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Suanno
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- Nottingham Trent University, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Enzo Fornari
- Chrysalis Health & Beauty Creation House, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria P. Savoca
- Nottingham Trent University, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Iris Aloisi
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Parrotta
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
- University of Bologna, Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Cesena, Italy
| | - Claudia Faleri
- University of Siena, Department of Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- University of Siena, Department of Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Clare Coveney
- Nottingham Trent University, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Trent University, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Boocock
- Nottingham Trent University, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Trent University, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A. M. Verderio
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
- Nottingham Trent University, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Bologna, Italy
- University of Bologna, Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Cesena, Italy
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Du X, Chu X, Liu N, Jia X, Peng H, Xiao Y, Liu L, Yu H, Li F, He C. Structures of the NDP-pyranose mutase belonging to glycosyltransferase family 75 reveal residues important for Mn 2+ coordination and substrate binding. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102903. [PMID: 36642179 PMCID: PMC9937993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of glycosyltransferase family 75 (GT75) not only reversibly catalyze the autoglycosylation of a conserved arginine residue with specific NDP-sugars but also exhibit NDP-pyranose mutase activity that reversibly converts specific NDP-pyranose to NDP-furanose. The latter activity provides valuable NDP-furanosyl donors for glycosyltransferases and requires a divalent cation as a cofactor instead of FAD used by UDP-D-galactopyranose mutase. However, details of the mechanism for NDP-pyranose mutase activity are not clear. Here we report the first crystal structures of GT75 family NDP-pyranose mutases. The novel structures of GT75 member MtdL in complex with Mn2+ and GDP, GDP-D-glucopyranose, GDP-L-fucopyranose, GDP-L-fucofuranose, respectively, combined with site-directed mutagenesis studies, reveal key residues involved in Mn2+ coordination, substrate binding, and catalytic reactions. We also provide a possible catalytic mechanism for this unique type of NDP-pyranose mutase. Taken together, our results highlight key elements of an enzyme family important for furanose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Du
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing and School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuan Chu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing and School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing and School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing and School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing and School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing and School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing and School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haizhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Fudong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chao He
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing and School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Chi C, Xu R, Chen Q, Zhang X, Shi X, Jin H, Yin F, Jia H, Zhang L, Yang D, Ju J, Li Q, Ma M. Structural Insight into a Metal-Dependent Mutase Revealing an Arginine Residue-Covalently Mediated Interconversion between Nucleotide-Based Pyranose and Furanose. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changbiao Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Run Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaomeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fuling Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Donghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qinglian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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10
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Ergon Å, Milvang ØW, Skøt L, Ruttink T. Identification of loci controlling timing of stem elongation in red clover using genotyping by sequencing of pooled phenotypic extremes. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1587-1600. [PMID: 36001174 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Through selective genotyping of pooled phenotypic extremes, we identified a number of loci and candidate genes putatively controlling timing of stem elongation in red clover. We have identified candidate genes controlling the timing of stem elongation prior to flowering in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). This trait is of ecological and agronomic significance, as it affects fitness, competitivity, climate adaptation, forage and seed yield, and forage quality. We genotyped replicate pools of phenotypically extreme individuals (early and late-elongating) within cultivar Lea using genotyping-by-sequencing in pools (pool-GBS). After calling and filtering SNPs and GBS locus haplotype polymorphisms, we estimated allele frequencies and searched for markers with significantly different allele frequencies in the two phenotypic groups using BayeScan, an FST-based test utilizing replicate pools, and a test based on error variance of replicate pools. Of the three methods, BayeScan was the least stringent, and the error variance-based test the most stringent. Fifteen significant markers were identified in common by all three tests. The candidate genes flanking the markers include genes with potential roles in the vernalization, autonomous, and photoperiod regulation of floral transition, hormonal regulation of stem elongation, and cell growth. These results provide a first insight into the potential genes and mechanisms controlling transition to stem elongation in a perennial legume, which lays a foundation for further functional studies of the genetic determinants regulating this important trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åshild Ergon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Øystein W Milvang
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Leif Skøt
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Tom Ruttink
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Caritasstraat 39, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
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11
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Marriboina S, Sekhar KM, Subramanyam R, Reddy AR. Physiological, Biochemical, and Root Proteome Networks Revealed New Insights Into Salt Tolerance Mechanisms in Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:771992. [PMID: 35140728 PMCID: PMC8818674 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.771992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of potential biofuel tree species such as Pongamia pinnata would rehabilitate saline marginal lands toward economic gains. We carried out a physiological, biochemical, and proteomic analysis to identify key regulatory responses which are associated with salt tolerance mechanisms at the shoot and root levels. Pongamia seedlings were grown at 300 and 500 mM NaCl (∼3% NaCl; sea saline equivalent) concentrations for 15 and 30 days, gas exchange measurements including leaf net photosynthetic rate (A sat ), stomatal conductance (g s ), and transpiration rate (E), and varying chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics were recorded. The whole root proteome was quantified using the free-labeled nanoLC-MS/MS technique to investigate crucial proteins involved in signaling pathways associated with salt tolerance. Pongamia showed no visible salt-induced morphological symptoms. However, Pongamia showed about 50% decline in gas exchange parameters including A sat , E, and g s 15 and 30 days after salt treatment (DAS). The maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem (PS) II (Fv/Fm) was maintained at approximately 0.8 in salt-treated plants. The thermal component of PSII (DIo) was increased by 1.6-fold in the salt-treated plants. A total of 1,062 protein species were identified with 130 commonly abundant protein species. Our results also elucidate high abundance of protein species related to flavonoid biosynthesis, seed storage protein species, and carbohydrate metabolism under salt stress. Overall, these analyses suggest that Pongamia exhibited sustained leaf morphology by lowering net photosynthetic rates and emitting most of its light energy as heat. Our root proteomic results indicated that these protein species were most likely recruited from secondary and anaerobic metabolism, which could provide defense for roots against Na+ toxicity under salt stress conditions.
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12
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Mariette A, Kang HS, Heazlewood JL, Persson S, Ebert B, Lampugnani ER. Not Just a Simple Sugar: Arabinose Metabolism and Function in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1791-1812. [PMID: 34129041 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These intricate wall structures are mostly made up of different sugars connected through specific glycosidic linkages but also contain many glycosylated proteins. A key plant sugar that is present throughout the plantae, even before the divergence of the land plant lineage, but is not found in animals, is l-arabinose (l-Ara). Here, we summarize and discuss the processes and proteins involved in l-Ara de novo synthesis, l-Ara interconversion, and the assembly and recycling of l-Ara-containing cell wall polymers and proteins. We also discuss the biological function of l-Ara in a context-focused manner, mainly addressing cell wall-related functions that are conferred by the basic physical properties of arabinose-containing polymers/compounds. In this article we explore these processes with the goal of directing future research efforts to the many exciting yet unanswered questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Mariette
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Hee Sung Kang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
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13
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Chen X, Börner A, Xin X, Nagel M, He J, Li J, Li N, Lu X, Yin G. Comparative Proteomics at the Critical Node of Vigor Loss in Wheat Seeds Differing in Storability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:707184. [PMID: 34527008 PMCID: PMC8435634 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.707184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The critical node (CN, 85% germination) of seed viability is an important threshold for seed regeneration decisions after long-term conservation. Dependent on the germplasm, the storage period until CN is reached varies and information on the divergence of the proteomic profiles is limited. Therefore, the study aims to identify key proteins and mechanisms relevant for a long plateau phase and a late CN during artificial seed aging of wheat. Seeds of the storage-tolerant genotype (ST) TRI 23248, and the storage-sensitive genotype (SS) TRI 10230 were exposed to artificial ageing (AA) and extracted embryos of imbibed seeds were analyzed using an iTRAQ-based proteomic technique. ST and SS required AA for 24 and 18 days to reach the CN, respectively. Fifty-seven and 165 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were observed in the control and aged groups, respectively. Interestingly, a higher activity in metabolic processes, protein synthesis, transcription, cell growth/division, and signal transduction were already found in imbibed embryos of control ST seeds. After AA, 132 and 64 DAPs were accumulated in imbibed embryos of both aged ST and SS seeds, respectively, which were mainly associated with cell defense, rescue, and metabolism. Moreover, 78 DAPs of ST appeared before CN and were mainly enriched in biological pathways related to the maintenance of redox and carbon homeostasis and they presented a stronger protein translation ability. In contrast, in SS, only 3 DAPs appeared before CN and were enriched only in the structural constituents of the cytoskeleton. In conclusion, a longer span of plateau phase might be obtained in seeds when proteins indicate an intense stress response before CN and include the effective maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and avoidance of excess accumulation of cytotoxic compounds. Although key proteins, inherent factors and the precise regulatory mechanisms need to be further investigated, the found proteins may also have functional potential roles during long-term seed conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Chen
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Applied Technology Research and Development Center for Sericulture and Special Local Products of Hebei Universities, Institute of Sericulture, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Andreas Börner
- Department of Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Xia Xin
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manuela Nagel
- Department of Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Juanjuan He
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Applied Technology Research and Development Center for Sericulture and Special Local Products of Hebei Universities, Institute of Sericulture, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Na Li
- Applied Technology Research and Development Center for Sericulture and Special Local Products of Hebei Universities, Institute of Sericulture, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xinxiong Lu
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangkun Yin
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Giogha C, Scott NE, Wong Fok Lung T, Pollock GL, Harper M, Goddard-Borger ED, Pearson JS, Hartland EL. NleB2 from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is a novel arginine-glucose transferase effector. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009658. [PMID: 34133469 PMCID: PMC8238200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) directly manipulate various aspects of host cell function through the translocation of type III secretion system (T3SS) effector proteins directly into the host cell. Many T3SS effector proteins are enzymes that mediate post-translational modifications of host proteins, such as the glycosyltransferase NleB1, which transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to arginine residues, creating an Arg-GlcNAc linkage. NleB1 glycosylates death-domain containing proteins including FADD, TRADD and RIPK1 to block host cell death. The NleB1 paralogue, NleB2, is found in many EPEC and EHEC strains but to date its enzymatic activity has not been described. Using in vitro glycosylation assays combined with mass spectrometry, we found that NleB2 can utilize multiple sugar donors including UDP-glucose, UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-galactose during glycosylation of the death domain protein, RIPK1. Sugar donor competition assays demonstrated that UDP-glucose was the preferred substrate of NleB2 and peptide sequencing identified the glycosylation site within RIPK1 as Arg603, indicating that NleB2 catalyses arginine glucosylation. We also confirmed that NleB2 catalysed arginine-hexose modification of Flag-RIPK1 during infection of HEK293T cells with EPEC E2348/69. Using site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro glycosylation assays, we identified that residue Ser252 in NleB2 contributes to the specificity of this distinct catalytic activity. Substitution of Ser252 in NleB2 to Gly, or substitution of the corresponding Gly255 in NleB1 to Ser switches sugar donor preference between UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-glucose. However, this switch did not affect the ability of the NleB variants to inhibit inflammatory or cell death signalling during HeLa cell transfection or EPEC infection. NleB2 is thus the first identified bacterial Arg-glucose transferase that, similar to the NleB1 Arg-GlcNAc transferase, inhibits host protein function by arginine glycosylation. Bacterial gut pathogens including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), manipulate host cell function by using a type III secretion system to inject ‘effector’ proteins directly into the host cell cytoplasm. We and others have shown that many of these effectors are novel enzymes, including NleB1, which transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) sugar to arginine residues, mediating Arg-GlcNAc glycosylation. Here, we found that a close homologue of NleB1 that is also present in EPEC and EHEC termed NleB2, uses a different sugar during glycosylation. We demonstrated that in contrast to NleB1, the preferred nucleotide-sugar substrate of NleB2 is UDP-glucose and we identified the amino acid residue within NleB2 that dictates this unique catalytic activity. Substitution of this residue in NleB2 and NleB1 switches the sugar donor usage of these enzymes but does not affect their ability to inhibit host cell signalling. Thus, NleB2 is the first identified bacterial arginine-glucose transferase, an activity which has previously only been described in plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giogha
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nichollas E. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tania Wong Fok Lung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgina L. Pollock
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina Harper
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ethan D. Goddard-Borger
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L. Hartland
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Petersen BL, MacAlister CA, Ulvskov P. Plant Protein O-Arabinosylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645219. [PMID: 33815452 PMCID: PMC8012813 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of proteins with diverse functions in development, defense, and stress responses are O-arabinosylated at hydroxyprolines (Hyps) within distinct amino acid motifs of continuous stretches of Hyps, as found in the structural cell wall extensins, or at non-continuous Hyps as, for example, found in small peptide hormones and a variety of plasma membrane proteins involved in signaling. Plant O-glycosylation relies on hydroxylation of Prolines to Hyps in the protein backbone, mediated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4H) which is followed by O-glycosylation of the Hyp C4-OH group by either galactosyltransferases (GalTs) or arabinofuranosyltranferases (ArafTs) yielding either Hyp-galactosylation or Hyp-arabinosylation. A subset of the P4H enzymes with putative preference to hydroxylation of continuous prolines and presumably all ArafT enzymes needed for synthesis of the substituted arabinose chains of one to four arabinose units, have been identified and functionally characterized. Truncated root-hair phenotype is one common denominator of mutants of Hyp formation and Hyp-arabinosylation glycogenes, which act on diverse groups of O-glycosylated proteins, e.g., the small peptide hormones and cell wall extensins. Dissection of different substrate derived effects may not be regularly feasible and thus complicate translation from genotype to phenotype. Recently, lack of proper arabinosylation on arabinosylated proteins has been shown to influence their transport/fate in the secretory pathway, hinting to an additional layer of functionality of O-arabinosylation. Here, we provide an update on the prevalence and types of O-arabinosylated proteins and the enzymatic machinery responsible for their modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cora A. MacAlister
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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