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McDonald MD, Hunt K, Moullin J, Smith BJ, Donald F, Kerr DA, Ntoumanis N, Quested E. Implementation of an Australian football themed men's health program in rural Australia: a mixed-methods study. Health Promot Int 2025; 40:daaf052. [PMID: 40359023 PMCID: PMC12070986 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaf052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Rural men face a greater risk of ill-health than their urban counterparts but often lack access to appealing health programs. Aussie Fans in Training (Aussie-FIT) is an engaging men's health program delivered in urban professional sports contexts. This study examines the feasibility of implementing an adapted version of Aussie-FIT in rural Western Australia, focussing on the recruitment and retention of program coaches and participants. Men (aged 35-65) with overweight or obesity were recruited via Facebook, word of mouth, and local media for the 12-session Aussie-FIT program in 3 rural towns. Coaches were recruited via local stakeholder networks. A mixed-methods approach included process data relating to the number of coaches expressing interest and delivering programs, program reach, attendance registers, and five post-program participant focus groups (total n = 25). Qualitative data exploring barriers and facilitators to engaging men were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Eighty-three of 124 men (67%) expressing interest enrolled, with most residing in low-to-middle socioeconomic areas (n = 77; 96%) and not university educated (n = 60; 74%). Half (n = 40) were recruited via Facebook and a third by word of mouth. Average attendance was 8.2 of 12 sessions, with 57 (69%) completers. Retention varied by site (59-79%), partly due to Covid-19. An inclusive and supportive environment, the football theme and setting, and intragroup connectedness supported engagement. Findings suggest that it is feasible to implement Aussie-FIT in rural Western Australia without a professional club affiliation or setting, and that popular local sporting codes and community sports settings can be utilized to engage rural men in behavioural health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D McDonald
- Physical Activity and Well-being Research Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Kate Hunt
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Moullin
- Physical Activity and Well-being Research Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Brendan J Smith
- Physical Activity and Well-being Research Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Fraser Donald
- Physical Activity and Well-being Research Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Deborah A Kerr
- Curtin School of Population Health, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Danish Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5230, Denmark
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, 0806, Norway
| | - Eleanor Quested
- Physical Activity and Well-being Research Group, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Perth, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
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Wang W, Schweickle MJ, Arnold ER, Vella SA. Psychological Interventions to Improve Elite Athlete Mental Wellbeing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2025; 55:877-897. [PMID: 39815135 PMCID: PMC12011916 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental wellbeing, one continuum alongside mental illness in a dual-continua mental health model, has attracted less attention compared with substantial studies concerning mental illness amongst elite athletes. Notably, the promotion and protection of mental wellbeing contribute to not only a positive status of flourishing but also a reduction in the future risk of mental illness, which can potentially facilitate a status of complete mental health. Despite the critical role of wellbeing promotion and protection, there are limited evidence-based strategies to design and implement wellbeing interventions in elite athletes. OBJECTIVE This review aims to identify the different types of interventions to improve mental wellbeing amongst elite athletes and meta-analyse their effects. Further, the study aims to narratively identify the factors affecting implementation success in elite athletes. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles were systematically searched through five electronic databases (SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PSYCArticles, Academic Search Complete and MEDLINE) in July 2023 and updated in May 2024. To enrich the overall findings and reduce the risk of publication bias, grey literature was also included in this review. Dissertations and theses were the main foci and were searched in September 2023 and updated in May 2024. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the effects of the different types of interventions on mental wellbeing. Further, a narrative synthesis under the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was conducted to identify the potential factors that influenced the implementation success. RESULTS A total of 27 studies were found from peer-reviewed and grey literature, of which 15 studies were subject to meta-analyses. Results indicated that psychological skills training (SMD = 0.78, 95% CI 0.24, 1.32), third-wave interventions (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.01, 0.63) and positive psychology interventions (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI 0.31, 0.85) were all potentially effective in improving overall wellbeing amongst elite athletes. However, when quasi-experimental studies in the third-wave interventions were removed for the sensitivity analysis, the effect was no longer significant. Further, 11 facilitators and 3 barriers to implementation success were identified, of which adaptability, coach and teammate support, and instructor's capacity to connect with athletes were the key facilitators, and busy schedules and complex intervention contents were the main barriers. CONCLUSIONS This review indicated that psychological skills training, third-wave interventions and positive psychology interventions could be potentially effective for elite athlete mental wellbeing, but more studies with robust experimental designs are needed in future to increase confidence in the favourable results. Moreover, future researchers and practitioners need to be aware of context-specific implementation facilitators and barriers, optimising elite athletes' engagement and uptake of interventions. PROSPERO CRD42023437986.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia.
- Global Alliance for Mental Health and Sport, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Schweickle
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Global Alliance for Mental Health and Sport, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Emily R Arnold
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Global Alliance for Mental Health and Sport, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stewart A Vella
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
- Global Alliance for Mental Health and Sport, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Gava V, Xavier de Araujo F, Sharma S, Abbott JH, Lamb SE, Ribeiro DC. Insufficient structure and reporting of process evaluations of complex interventions for musculoskeletal conditions in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 2025; 179:111637. [PMID: 39662642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore how process evaluation of complex interventions alongside randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in musculoskeletal conditions are conducted. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Systematic review. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. Studies were included if they reported process evaluation conducted alongside RCTs, within the main report or as separate reports, that assessed process evaluation of RCTs of complex nonsurgical and nonpharmacological interventions for musculoskeletal conditions. We performed a descriptive analysis of the included studies based on process evaluation parameters. RESULTS Data were extracted from 61 studies from 17 countries. Our findings showed studies used qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods for process evaluations, typically reporting within the main RCT. Most studies were conducted in primary care settings. Only a few studies (16%) included a theoretical model to guide their process evaluation. Studies reported reach (8%), patients' and clinicians' perceptions of the interventions (44% and 8%, respectively), treatment fidelity and adherence (52% and 43%, respectively), training of patients and clinicians (eg, workshops, manuals and additional training) (54%), how the integration of process evaluation and outcome evaluation findings was performed (68%), barriers to perform the process evaluation (2%), and the strengths and weaknesses of the process evaluation (65%). CONCLUSION Reporting of process evaluations within RCTs is insufficiently reported. Researchers rarely adopted a theoretical model or framework to guide their process evaluation. Studies used a variety of methods to conduct process evaluations. We identified barriers, strengths, and weaknesses of methods used for assessing process evaluation as reported by authors from studies included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vander Gava
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Francisco Xavier de Araujo
- School of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Saurab Sharma
- Michael J. Cousins Pain Management and Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Haxby Abbott
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah E Lamb
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Daniel Cury Ribeiro
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Tézier B, Barros K, Geidne S, Bardid F, Grieco S, Johnson S, Kokko S, Lambe B, Lefebvre A, Lane A, Ooms L, Seghers J, Sevdalis V, Whiting S, Vuillemin A, Van-Hoye A. The health promoting sports coach: theoretical background and practical guidance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2025; 17:17. [PMID: 39891298 PMCID: PMC11784006 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-025-01056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 02/03/2025]
Abstract
The sports club setting is a key context for health promotion, but it can also be associated with risky behaviours. Sports coaches play a crucial role in supporting the physical, mental and social health of sport participants but often lack the resources and support to do so. This paper proposes a guide to help coaches become health promoters by aligning their actions with the Health Promoting Sports Club model, which represents the setting-based approach applied to sports clubs. An embedded mixed-method study with a QUAL (qual) design was used, where 15 experts took part in 5 meetings and 299 coaches provided input through an online survey. Four steps were carried out: (1) defining the health-promoting sports coach and key action principles, (2) co-constructing progression stages using the settings-based approach, (3) identifying key actions for promoting health in different moments of coaching (i.e., before, during, and after training and competition, and outside of coaching), and (4) developing long-term intervention components. A definition of the health-promoting sports coach was produced, and eight key action principles have been identified, divided into three dimensions: connection with the system, adoption of a coaching philosophy, and focus on participants. Five stages of progression for integrating health promotion into coaching have been established, ranging from risk prevention to a global approach involving the entire sports system. Specific actions for each moment of coaching (before, during, and after training and competition, and outside of coaching) have been identified, such as monitoring the physical, mental, and social health of participants or plan the coaching session to ensure safety, inclusion, and well-being for all sports participants, staying open for last-minute changes. Finally, long-term intervention components to support the implementation of these actions in practice have been developed, based on what coaches are already doing, the skills they possess and the five stages of progression. This paper enables the development of a guide to help sports coaches promote health by identifying concrete actions and short- and long-term interventions, whilst making links with the health promoting sports club model. It broadens the scope of coaching by incorporating health principles, while emphasising the need to adapt to the environment and context of the club. This work calls for future research to test the effectiveness and feasibility of these approaches in various sporting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tézier
- UMR1319 INSPIIRE, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
| | - Kévin Barros
- UMR1319 INSPIIRE, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Susanna Geidne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Farid Bardid
- Strathclyde Institute of Education, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Spartaco Grieco
- Aps Asd Margherita Sport E Vita, Margherita Di Savoia, Italy
| | - Stacey Johnson
- UMR1319 INSPIIRE, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finlande
| | - Barry Lambe
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Centre for Health Behaviour Research, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Arthur Lefebvre
- Institute for the Analysis of Change in Contemporary and Historical Societies (IACS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aoife Lane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, SHE Research Centre, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Linda Ooms
- Department of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, Mulier Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Seghers
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vassilis Sevdalis
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Whiting
- Special Initiative On Noncommunicable Diseases and Innovation, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Aurélie Van-Hoye
- UMR1319 INSPIIRE, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France.
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, PAH Research Center, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Salmon DM, Badenhorst M, Keung S, Kerr ZY, Register‐Mihalik JK, Romanchuk J, Sullivan SJ, Sutherland C, Whatman C, Walters SR. Utilisation of New Zealand Rugby's concussion management pathway: A mixed methods investigation. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:1883-1902. [PMID: 39500620 PMCID: PMC11621389 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Concerns around concussion highlight the need for strategies to improve the implementation and translation of concussion guidelines in community sports. This study assessed players' utilisation and compliance with New Zealand Rugby's Concussion Management Pathway (CMP). This pragmatic, mixed methods study comprised of concussion injury surveillance and mapping of players' healthcare touchpoints through the CMP. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand stakeholders' experiences. Over the season, 27 different healthcare pathways were identified with 28% of players progressing through all phases of the CMP (ideal pathway). Of the 206 suspected concussions reported over the season, 70% were logged in the CMP phone App, and 89% of these had an associated valid baseline concussion assessment. Prior to returning to contact training, 64% of players obtained a medical clearance. One theme, 'belief in the value of pathway' was identified as a facilitator across all CMP components. Themes such as 'concussion knowledge and the nature of concussion'; 'communication between stakeholders and sufficient information on the process'; and 'strong relationships and clarity around responsibilities' were identified as facilitators across several pathway components. Other facilitators included 'ease and timing of general practitioner access'; 'the phone App as facilitator to logging'; and 'spotting for concussion as a team'. Additionally, the findings signify baseline testing as a potential pre-cursor to overall CMP compliance. Strategies that support the facilitators identified in this study may further enhance compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marelise Badenhorst
- School of Sport and RecreationSports Performance Research Institute New ZealandAuckland University of TechnologyAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Sierra Keung
- School of Sport and RecreationSports Performance Research Institute New ZealandAuckland University of TechnologyAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Zachary Yukio Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceMatthew Gfeller Sport‐Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Johna K. Register‐Mihalik
- Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceMatthew Gfeller Sport‐Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Chris Whatman
- School of Sport and RecreationSports Performance Research Institute New ZealandAuckland University of TechnologyAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Simon R. Walters
- School of Sport and RecreationSports Performance Research Institute New ZealandAuckland University of TechnologyAucklandNew Zealand
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Timm A, van Hoye A, Sharp P, Helms Andersen T, Hansen L, Nautrup Østergaard J, Krustrup P, Cortsen K, Iversen PB, Rod MH, Demant Klinker C. Promoting men's health through sports clubs: A systematic rapid realist review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 14:100969. [PMID: 39209022 PMCID: PMC11863273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health promotion (HP) interventions delivered through sports clubs have demonstrated promising outcomes among men, but less is known about which aspects of the interventions work, for whom, and under what circumstances. This rapid realist review aimed to understand the contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes of HP interventions for men delivered through sports clubs. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in February 2023 for studies published after 2013 in MEDLINE, Embase, and SPORTDiscus databases. INCLUDED STUDIES (a) were delivered by or in collaboration with sports clubs, (b) targeted men aged 18+ years, and (c) reported 1 or more HP outcomes. A grey literature search was also performed. Studies were included in a realist synthesis based on richness and rigor. Hereafter, context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations were developed. RESULTS We identified and screened 3358 studies, finally including 59 studies describing 22 interventions. Most HP interventions were delivered in high income countries, included Caucasian men aged 35-65 years with overweight/obesity, and used professional sports clubs (mostly football) for recruitment and facilities. Quantitative HP outcomes were reported across 19 interventions. Of these 19 interventions, the majority reported on weight (n = 18), physical activity (n = 12), mental health (n = 10), and diet (n = 9). We identified 13 CMOs related to how HP interventions affected men's recruitment, engagement, and health behavior maintenance. CONCLUSION Our findings show that using sports clubs for HP interventions is effective for engaging men. Recruitment was facilitated by leveraging sports clubs' identity, addressing masculinity-related barriers, improving accessibility, and building trust. Engagement was enhanced through shared identity experiences, safe spaces, inclusive competition, and self-efficacy. However, there's limited evidence on behavior maintenance post-intervention, though involving community stakeholders seemed vital. In general, considerations should be made to avoid perpetuating traditional masculine norms, which may exclude some men and reinforce unhealthy behaviors. These findings can guide intervention development, emphasizing the need to harness men's perspectives in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Timm
- Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Community Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark.
| | - Aurelie van Hoye
- UMR1319 Interdisciplinarité en Santé Publique, Intervention et Instruments de Mesures Complexes, University of Lorraine, Villers-les-Nancy 54600, France; Physical Activity for Health research cluster, Health Research Institute, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Paul Sharp
- School of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 2B5, Canada; School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Tue Helms Andersen
- Department of Education, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Louise Hansen
- Department of Education, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Krustrup
- Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark; Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Cortsen
- University College of Northern Denmark, Hjoerring 9800, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Hulvej Rod
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen 1455, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Demant Klinker
- Department of Prevention, Health Promotion and Community Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
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Thomas S, Francis J, Hennessy M, Frazer K, Godziewski C, Douglass C, Okan O, Daube M. The year in review-Health Promotion International 2023. Health Promot Int 2024; 39:daad181. [PMID: 38211952 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Thomas
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Joel Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marita Hennessy
- College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kate Frazer
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Orkan Okan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Literacy, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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