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Buqué A, Montrose DC, Galluzzi L. Emergent impact of lifestyle on tumor progression and response to therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 373:ix-xvii. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(22)00132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lee MS, 'Azmiyaty Amar Ma' Ruf C, Nadhirah Izhar DP, Nafisah Ishak S, Wan Jamaluddin WS, Ya'acob SNM, Kamaluddin MN. Awareness on breast cancer screening in Malaysia: a cross sectional study. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2019; 9:18. [PMID: 31453799 PMCID: PMC6711317 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2019090318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing rate of breast cancer (BC) incidence in Malaysia hints a lack of awareness among Malaysians. One (1) woman out of nineteen (19) is at risk with BC and almost up to fifty percent (50%) of women diagnosed with BC were reported to be under the age of fifty (50). Our main concern is to study the level of awareness among the women on risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, preventions and treatments. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted exclusively among women in the public with total sample of three hundred and forty six (346), questionnaires were distributed using a simple random technique. Data was collected and analyzed by student T test in SPPS version 20. RESULTS Our study reveals insufficient awareness on BC. Overall, awareness on risk factors is inadequate, but good knowledge on the importance of family history and diet as risk factors are discovered. Awareness on the cause and clinical manifestations of BC is required for improvement. As for treatment, alternatives especially surgery and chemotherapy are unclear to public, public is remotely unwitting on cessation of smoking to prevent BC at the early stage. CONCLUSION Malaysian has spaces for improvement on awareness of BC in terms of risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Early detection can be achieved with good awareness because it leads to better prognosis and lower mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Seng Lee
- Quest International University Perak Ipoh, Perak Malaysia
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Santucci-Pereira J, Pogash TJ, Patel A, Hundal N, Barton M, Camoirano A, Micale RT, La Maestra S, Balansky R, De Flora S, Russo J. Aspirin abrogates impairment of mammary gland differentiation induced by early in life second-hand smoke in mice. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1037-1044. [PMID: 29788174 PMCID: PMC6067120 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that there is limited evidence that tobacco smoking causes breast cancer in humans. In rodents, many tobacco smoke chemicals cause mammary gland tumors. This study evaluated the mammary gland differentiation in mice exposed to environmental cigarette smoke (ECS), using 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes, starting after birth and continuing daily for 10 weeks (total particulate exposure 95 mg/m3; CO 610 ppm). We also analyzed the effects of oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin (1600 mg/kg) or naproxen (320 mg/kg), on mammary gland differentiation, either in unexposed or ECS-exposed mice. The ECS exposure caused delay of mammary glands development. We speculate that this delay may result from aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling activation, which has an antiestrogenic effect and crosstalk to the estrogen metabolism pathway. Similarly, naproxen impaired gland differentiation in unexposed and ECS-exposed mice, while aspirin hindered its development only in unexposed mice. The lack of differentiation induced by the NSAIDs could be explained by their antiestrogenic effect through inhibition of aldo-keto reductases. In ECS-exposed animals, aspirin induced intense lobular formation, which could indicate that aspirin is counteracting the AHR signaling induced by ECS. Based on the differentiation induced by aspirin in ECS-exposed animals, we postulate that these mice would be less susceptible to mammary carcinogenesis. Our results suggest that exposure to smoke at an early age impairs the development of the mammary gland, thus resulting in a longer period of susceptibility and increased risk of breast cancer. However, addition of aspirin can abrogate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Santucci-Pereira
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Pogash
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aman Patel
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Navroop Hundal
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Barton
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Camoirano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna T Micale
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Roumen Balansky
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, National Center of Oncology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jose Russo
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center - Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Triandafilidis Z, Ussher JM, Perz J, Huppatz K. ‘It’s one of those “It’ll never happen to me” things’: young women’s constructions of smoking and risk. HEALTH, RISK & SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2017.1384801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Triandafilidis
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jane M Ussher
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janette Perz
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate Huppatz
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Bottorff JL, Haines-Saah R, Oliffe JL, Struik LL, Bissell LJL, Richardson CP, Gotay C, Johnson KC, Hutchinson P. Designing Tailored Messages about Smoking and Breast Cancer: A Focus Group Study with Youth. Can J Nurs Res 2017; 46:66-86. [DOI: 10.1177/084456211404600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kasajova P, Holubekova V, Mendelova A, Lasabova Z, Zubor P, Kudela E, Biskupska-Bodova K, Danko J. Active cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer at the level of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene polymorphisms. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:7929-37. [PMID: 26700672 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between the tobacco exposure and NAT2 gene (rs1041983 C/T, rs1801280 T/C, rs1799930 G/A) polymorphisms in association with breast cancer development. We wanted to determine the prognostic clinical importance of these polymorphisms in association with smoking and breast cancer. For the detection of possible association between smoking, NAT2 gene polymorphisms, and the risk of breast cancer, we designed a case-controlled study with 198 patients enrolled, 98 breast cancer patients and 100 healthy controls. Ten milliliters of peripheral blood from the cubital vein was withdrawn from every patient. The HRM (high resolution melting) analysis was used for the detection of three abovementioned NAT2 gene polymorphisms. When comparing a group of women smoking more than 5 cigarettes a day with the patients smoking fewer than 5 cigarettes a day, we found out that if women were the carriers of aberrant AA genotype for rs1799930, the first group of women had higher risk of breast carcinoma than the second group. If patients were the carriers of aberrant TT genotype for rs1041983, for rs1801280CC genotype, and rs1799930AA genotype and they smoked more than 5 cigarettes a day, they had higher risk of malignant breast disease than never-smoking women. Our results confirm the hypothesis that NAT2 gene polymorphisms (rs1041983 C/T, rs1801280 T/C, and rs1799930 G/A) in association with long-period active smoking could be the possible individual risk-predicting factors for breast cancer development in the population of Slovak women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kasajova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Veronika Holubekova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Mendelova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zora Lasabova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Zubor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erik Kudela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Kristina Biskupska-Bodova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Danko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
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Bottorff JL, Haines-Saah R, Kelly MT, Oliffe JL, Torchalla I, Poole N, Greaves L, Robinson CA, Ensom MHH, Okoli CTC, Phillips JC. Gender, smoking and tobacco reduction and cessation: a scoping review. Int J Equity Health 2014; 13:114. [PMID: 25495141 PMCID: PMC4297403 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-014-0114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerations of how gender-related factors influence smoking first appeared over 20 years ago in the work of critical and feminist scholars. This scholarship highlighted the need to consider the social and cultural context of women's tobacco use and the relationships between smoking and gender inequity. Parallel research on men's smoking and masculinities has only recently emerged with some attention being given to gender influences on men's tobacco use. Since that time, a multidisciplinary literature addressing women and men's tobacco use has spanned the social, psychological and medical sciences. To incorporate these gender-related factors into tobacco reduction and cessation interventions, our research team identified the need to clarify the current theoretical and methodological interpretations of gender within the context of tobacco research. To address this need a scoping review of the published literature was conducted focussing on tobacco reduction and cessation from the perspective of three aspects of gender: gender roles, gender identities, and gender relations. Findings of the review indicate that there is a need for greater clarity on how researchers define and conceptualize gender and its significance for tobacco control. Patterns and anomalies in the literature are described to guide the future development of interventions that are gender-sensitive and gender-specific. Three principles for including gender-related factors in tobacco reduction and cessation interventions were identified: a) the need to build upon solid conceptualizations of gender, b) the importance of including components that comprehensively address gender-related influences, and c) the importance of promoting gender equity and healthy gender norms, roles and relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Bottorff
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 2V7, Canada. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Haines-Saah
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, 302-6190 Agronomy Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Mary T Kelly
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, 302-6190 Agronomy Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - John L Oliffe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, 302-6190 Agronomy Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Iris Torchalla
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Room 620, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Nancy Poole
- British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, E311 - 4500 Oak Street, Box 48, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.
| | - Lorraine Greaves
- British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, E311 - 4500 Oak Street, Box 48, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.
| | - Carole A Robinson
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Mary H H Ensom
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Chizimuzo T C Okoli
- College of Nursing, 315 College of Nursing Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0232, USA.
| | - J Craig Phillips
- RGN 3249A, School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Guidon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Bottorff JL, Struik LL, Bissell LJL, Graham R, Stevens J, Richardson CG. A social media approach to inform youth about breast cancer and smoking: an exploratory descriptive study. Collegian 2014; 21:159-68. [PMID: 25109215 DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco exposure during periods of breast development has been shown to increase risk of premenopausal breast cancer. An urgent need exists, therefore, to raise awareness among adolescent girls about this new evidence, and for adolescent girls and boys who smoke to understand how their smoking puts their female peers at risk for breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to develop two youth-informed, gender specific YouTube-style videos designed to raise awareness among adolescent girls and boys about tobacco exposure as a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer and to assess youths' responses to the videos and their potential for inclusion on social media platforms. Both videos consisted of a combination of moving text, novel images, animations, and youth-friendly music. A brief questionnaire was used to gather feedback on two videos using a convenience sample of 135 youth in British Columbia, Canada. The overall positive responses by girls and boys to their respective videos and their reported interest in sharing these videos via social networking suggests that this approach holds potential for other types of health promotion messaging targeting youth. The videos offer a promising messaging strategy for raising awareness about tobacco exposure as a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. Tailored, gender-specific messages for use on social media hold the potential for cost-effective, health promotion and cancer prevention initiatives targeting youth.
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Schwartz J, Graham RB, Richardson CG, Okoli CT, Struik LL, Bottorff JL. An examination of exposure and avoidance behavior related to second-hand cigarette smoke among adolescent girls in Canada. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:468. [PMID: 24885176 PMCID: PMC4037430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although rates of tobacco use and exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) are declining in Canada, SHS exposure among non-smoking adolescents remains high. This study aimed to describe frequency, locations, and avoidance behavior related to SHS exposure among adolescent girls in British Columbia, Canada. METHODS Data were analyzed from 841 adolescent girls aged 13 to 15 years old who completed an internet-delivered survey as part of a cohort study examining SHS exposure and substance use. Measures assessed demographics, smoking behavior and intentions, frequency and locations of SHS exposure, and avoidance behavior related to SHS. RESULTS Excluding their own smoking, 27% of girls reported exposure at least once a week and an additional 17% reported daily or almost daily exposure over the past month. Among girls who reported daily or almost daily exposure, the locations of most frequent levels of high exposure were in the home, at or near school, inside a vehicle, and outdoor public places. Avoidance behavior related to SHS exposure significantly differed by overall SHS exposure in the past month. CONCLUSIONS Despite historically low smoking rates, many adolescent girls continue to report regular SHS exposure in multiple locations in British Columbia. Girls with the most frequent exposure were significantly less likely to report habitual avoidance behavior related to SHS compared to those less frequently exposed. This study elucidates settings of high SHS exposure among adolescent girls that could be targeted in future policy interventions. Additionally, future interventions could target adolescent girls who are frequently exposed to SHS and report infrequent avoidance behavior around their SHS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schwartz
- School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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Richardson CG, Struik LL, Johnson KC, Ratner PA, Gotay C, Memetovic J, Okoli CT, Bottorff JL. Initial impact of tailored web-based messages about cigarette smoke and breast cancer risk on boys' and girls' risk perceptions and information seeking: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2013; 2:e53. [PMID: 24326101 PMCID: PMC3868973 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence indicates a causal link between both active smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and breast cancer (BC). Objective The objective of the present study was to evaluate the initial reactions of girls and boys to tailored Web-based messages that describe the relationship between SHS and BC, using a parallel, single-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods This trial was nested within a cycle of an ongoing longitudinal study of 1498 students from 74 secondary schools. Self-reported assessments were used to evaluate the impact of study messages on participants’ risk perception and interest in obtaining additional information after participants were randomized by schools to control or intervention groups. The intervention group received a tailored visual message (based on gender and Aboriginal status) about BC and tobacco smoke. The control group received a standard visual message about smoking and cancer. Results SHS exposure was identified as a BC risk factor by 380/1488 (25.54%) participants, during the preintervention analysis. Compared to the female participants in the control group (491/839, 58.5%), girls who received the intervention (339/649, 52.2%) were 14% more likely to agree that exposure to SHS increased their BC risk (relative risk [RR] 1.14, 95% CI 1.07-1.21). Nonsmoking girls who received the intervention were 14% more likely to agree that starting smoking would increase their BC risk (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07-1.21). Compared to the male participants in control group (348/839, 41.5%), boys who received the intervention (310/649, 47.8%) were 10% more likely to agree that girls’ exposure to SHS increased their BC risk (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.18). Compared to controls, girls who received the intervention were 52% more likely to request additional information about SHS and BC (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.12-2.06). Conclusions Brief gender-sensitive messages delivered via the Internet have the potential to increase awareness and to stimulate information seeking about the risk for BC associated with SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris G Richardson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Dsouza ND, Murthy N, Aras R. Projection of Cancer Incident Cases for India - Till 2026. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.7.4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Giusti F, Ottanelli S, Masi L, Amedei A, Brandi ML, Falchetti A. Construction of a database for the evaluation and the clinical management of patients with breast cancer treated with antiestrogens and/or aromatase inhibitors. CLINICAL CASES IN MINERAL AND BONE METABOLISM : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF OSTEOPOROSIS, MINERAL METABOLISM, AND SKELETAL DISEASES 2011; 8:37-50. [PMID: 22461802 PMCID: PMC3230922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer, mostly exhibiting an hormone-dependent pathogenesis, is a commonly diagnosed cancer in females.It is well known that sex steroids favor the process of carcinogenesis of breast tissue and anti-hormonal therapy of breast cancer aims to decrease the action of estrogens on this tissue. For this purpose, two different compounds are prevalently used: the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, preventing the cancer cell to interact with estrogens, and Aromatase Inhibitors, inhibiting the tissue conversion of androgens into estrogens. Unfortunately, latter treatments negatively impact on bone mass leading to the onset of osteoporosis. For this purpose, we propose to build a database to afford, to store and analyze information about the effects of treatment with Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and/or Aromatase Inhibitors on bone metabolism in patients with breast cancer referred to Our Center. We will focus on the possibility of intervening to reduce the negative effects on bone both by the identification of modifiable risk factors and administration of specific therapies, in order to create a therapeutic, diagnostic standard workup for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giusti
- SOD Malattie del Metabolismo Minerale ed Osseo, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
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Haines RJ, Bottorff JL, Barclay McKeown S, Ptolemy E, Carey J, Sullivan K. Breast cancer messaging for younger women: gender, femininity, and risk. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2010; 20:731-742. [PMID: 20354237 DOI: 10.1177/1049732310367502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Evidence linking both active smoking and secondhand smoke exposure to premenopausal breast cancer makes the development of health messages specific to younger women a pressing priority. To determine how to communicate information about this modifiable breast cancer risk to young women, we analyzed a selection of 32 recent English-language breast cancer messages and campaigns that targeted young women. In addition, we obtained young women's responses to three breast cancer campaign images during focus group discussions. A visual analysis of messages points to an explicitly gendered discourse within contemporary campaigns, one that entails conflicting messages regarding breast cancer, health, feminine beauty, and risk. Although the intent might be to educate and empower young women to "fight" against breast cancer, paradoxically, the messages employ imagery that sexually objectifies young women's breasts and bodies. Recommendations are made for messaging about tobacco and breast cancer risk to avoid reproducing one-dimensional or stereotypical presentations of gender and femininity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Haines
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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