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Dube G, Agrawal D, Dube P. Rare Association of Ankyloblepharon Filiforme Adnatum (AFA) with Cleft Palate - Case Report. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:723-725. [PMID: 36343943 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221135281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to discuss about rare representation of ankyloblepharon (an established chromosomal anomaly with aberration of p53 inherited as an autosomal dominant trait) with cleft of palate without any other feature of ectodermal dysplasia. The need to surgically address ankyloblepharon in order to avoid complications is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Dube
- Dube Surgical and Dental Hospital, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Pallavi Dube
- Dube Surgical and Dental Hospital, Jabalpur, India
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2
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Soğukpınar M, Utine GE, Boduroğlu K, Şimşek-Kiper PÖ. A spectrum of TP63-related disorders with eight affected individuals in five unrelated families. Eur J Med Genet 2024; 68:104911. [PMID: 38281558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2024.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
TP63-related disdorders broadly involve varying combinations of ectodermal dysplasia (sparse hair, hypohydrosis, tooth abnormalities, nail dysplasia), cleft lip/palate, acromelic malformation, split-hand/foot malformation/syndactyly, ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum, lacrimal duct obstruction, hypopigmentation, and hypoplastic breasts and/or nipples. TP63-related disorders are associated with heterozygous pathogenic variants in TP63 and include seven overlapping phenotypes; Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC), Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC3), Limb-mammary syndrome (LMS), Acro-dermo-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome (ADULT), Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS), Split-hand/foot malformation 4 (SHFM4), and Orofacial cleft 8. We report on five unrelated families with 8 affected individuals in which the probands presented with varying combinations of ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate, split-hand/foot malformation, lacrimal duct obstruction, and ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum. The clinical diagnosis involved AEC syndrome (2 patients), EEC3 syndrome (2 patients), and a yet hitherto unclassified TP63-related disorder. Sanger sequence analysis of the TP63 gene was performed revealing five different variants among which four were novel and three were de novo. The identificated TP63 variants co-segregated with the other affected individuals in the families. The abnormalities of ectoderm derived structures including hair, nails, sweat glands, and teeth should alert the physician to the possibility of TP63-related disorders particularly in the presence of orofacial clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Soğukpınar
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gülen Eda Utine
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Boduroğlu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Fan Y, Chen S, Chu C, Yin X, Jin J, Zhang L, Yan H, Cao Z, Liu R, Xin M, Li L, Yin C. TP63 truncating mutation causes increased cell apoptosis and premature ovarian insufficiency by enhanced transcriptional activation of CLCA2. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:67. [PMID: 38528613 PMCID: PMC10962206 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a severe disorder leading to female infertility. Genetic mutations are important factors causing POI. TP63-truncating mutation has been reported to cause POI by increasing germ cell apoptosis, however what factors mediate this apoptosis remains unclear. METHODS Ninety-three patients with POI were recruited from Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for each patient. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm potential causative genetic variants. A minigene assay was performed to determine splicing effects of TP63 variants. A TP63-truncating plasmid was constructed. Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot analyses, dual luciferase reporter assays, immunofluorescence staining, and cell apoptosis assays were used to study the underlying mechanism of a TP63-truncating mutation causing POI. RESULTS By WES of 93 sporadic patients with POI, we found a 14-bp deletion covering the splice site in the TP63 gene. A minigene assay demonstrated that the 14-bp deletion variant led to exon 13 skipping during TP63 mRNA splicing, resulting in the generation of a truncated TP63 protein (TP63-mut). Overexpression of TP63-mut accelerated cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, the TP63-mut protein could bind to the promoter region of CLCA2 and activate the transcription of CLCA2 several times compared to that of the TP63 wild-type protein. Silencing CLCA2 using a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) or inhibiting the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) pathway using the KU55933 inhibitor attenuated cell apoptosis caused by TP63-mut protein expression. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed a crucial role for CLCA2 in mediating apoptosis in POI pathogenesis, and suggested that CLCA2 is a potential therapeutic target for POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Fan
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Shuya Chen
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Chunfang Chu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xiaodan Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huihui Yan
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Mingwei Xin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China.
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Ramal M, Corral S, Kalisz M, Lapi E, Real FX. The urothelial gene regulatory network: understanding biology to improve bladder cancer management. Oncogene 2024; 43:1-21. [PMID: 37996699 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The urothelium is a stratified epithelium composed of basal cells, one or more layers of intermediate cells, and an upper layer of differentiated umbrella cells. Most bladder cancers (BLCA) are urothelial carcinomas. Loss of urothelial lineage fidelity results in altered differentiation, highlighted by the taxonomic classification into basal and luminal tumors. There is a need to better understand the urothelial transcriptional networks. To systematically identify transcription factors (TFs) relevant for urothelial identity, we defined highly expressed TFs in normal human bladder using RNA-Seq data and inferred their genomic binding using ATAC-Seq data. To focus on epithelial TFs, we analyzed RNA-Seq data from patient-derived organoids recapitulating features of basal/luminal tumors. We classified TFs as "luminal-enriched", "basal-enriched" or "common" according to expression in organoids. We validated our classification by differential gene expression analysis in Luminal Papillary vs. Basal/Squamous tumors. Genomic analyses revealed well-known TFs associated with luminal (e.g., PPARG, GATA3, FOXA1) and basal (e.g., TP63, TFAP2) phenotypes and novel candidates to play a role in urothelial differentiation or BLCA (e.g., MECOM, TBX3). We also identified TF families (e.g., KLFs, AP1, circadian clock, sex hormone receptors) for which there is suggestive evidence of their involvement in urothelial differentiation and/or BLCA. Genomic alterations in these TFs are associated with BLCA. We uncover a TF network involved in urothelial cell identity and BLCA. We identify novel candidate TFs involved in differentiation and cancer that provide opportunities for a better understanding of the underlying biology and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ramal
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Corral
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Kalisz
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Lapi
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Salois MN, Gugger JA, Webb S, Sheldon CE, Parraga SP, Lewitt GM, Grange DK, Koch PJ, Koster MI. Effects of TP63 mutations on keratinocyte adhesion and migration. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1575-1581. [PMID: 37432020 PMCID: PMC10529328 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the formation of skin erosions in patients affected by Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC). This ectodermal dysplasia is caused by mutations in the TP63 gene, which encodes several transcription factors that control epidermal development and homeostasis. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from AEC patients and corrected the TP63 mutations using genome editing tools. Three pairs of the resulting conisogenic iPSC lines were differentiated into keratinocytes (iPSC-K). We identified a significant downregulation of key components of hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions in AEC iPSC-K compared to their gene-corrected counterparts. Further, we demonstrated reduced AEC iPSC-K migration, suggesting the possibility that a process critical for cutaneous wound healing might be impaired in AEC patients. Next, we generated chimeric mice expressing a TP63-AEC transgene and confirmed a downregulation of these genes in transgene-expressing cells in vivo. Finally, we also observed these abnormalities in AEC patient skin. Our findings suggest that integrin defects in AEC patients might weaken the adhesion of keratinocytes to the basement membrane. We propose that reduced expression of extracellular matrix adhesion receptors, potentially in conjunction with previously identified desmosomal protein defects, contribute to skin erosions in AEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison N. Salois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Jessica A. Gugger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Saiphone Webb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Christina E. Sheldon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Shirley P. Parraga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | | | - Dorothy K. Grange
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Peter J. Koch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Maranke I. Koster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
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6
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Salois MN, Gugger JA, Webb S, Sheldon CE, Parraga SP, Lewitt GM, Grange DK, Koch PJ, Koster MI. Effects of TP63 Mutations on Keratinocyte Adhesion and Migration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.04.539104. [PMID: 37205354 PMCID: PMC10187256 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the formation of skin erosions in patients affected by Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC). This ectodermal dysplasia is caused by mutations in the TP63 gene, which encodes several transcription factors that control epidermal development and homeostasis. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from AEC patients and corrected the TP63 mutations using genome editing tools. Three pairs of the resulting conisogenic iPSC lines were differentiated into keratinocytes (iPSC-K). We identified a significant downregulation of key components of hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions in AEC iPSC-K compared to their gene-corrected counterparts. Further, we demonstrated reduced iPSC-K migration, suggesting the possibility that a process critical for cutaneous wound healing might be impaired in AEC patients. Next, we generated chimeric mice expressing a TP63-AEC transgene and confirmed a downregulation of these genes in transgene-expressing cells in vivo. Finally, we also observed these abnormalities in AEC patient skin. Our findings suggest that integrin defects in AEC patients might weaken the adhesion of keratinocytes to the basement membrane. We propose that reduced expression of extracellular matrix adhesion receptors, potentially in conjunction with previously identified desmosomal protein defects, contribute to skin erosions in AEC.
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7
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Douka A, Goutzanis L, Vlachakis D, Chrousos GP, Yapijakis C. Molecular Modeling Analysis Provides Genotype-Phenotype Correlation Insights in a Patient with Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1246. [PMID: 37372427 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder. AEC is caused by mutations in the TP63 gene that encodes the tumor suppressor p63 protein, itself involved in the regulation of epidermal proliferation, development, and differentiation. We present here a typical AEC case of a four-year-old girl with extensive skin erosions and erythroderma of the scalp and the trunk, and to a lesser extent of the limbs, nail dystrophy on the fingers and toes, xerophthalmia, a high-arched palate, oligodontia, and hypohidrosis. Mutation analysis of the TP63 gene detected a de novo missense mutation in exon 14 (c.1799G>T; p.Gly600Val). We discuss the phenotype-genotype correlation by presenting the clinical features of AEC in the patient, and the effect of the detected mutation in p63 structure and function using protein structural modeling, in view of similar cases in the literature. We performed a molecular modeling study in order to link the effect on the protein structure level of the missense mutation G600V. We noted that the introduction of the bulkier Valine residue in place of the slim Glycine residue caused a significantly altered 3D conformational arrangement of that protein region, pushing away the adjacent antiparallel α helix. We propose that the introduced locally altered structure of the G600V mutant p63 has a significant functional effect on specific protein-protein interactions, thus affecting the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Douka
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Cephalogenetics Center, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Lambros Goutzanis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, Choremion Laboratory, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, Choremion Laboratory, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Yapijakis
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Cephalogenetics Center, 17675 Athens, Greece
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, Choremion Laboratory, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Osterburg C, Ferniani M, Antonini D, Frombach AS, D'Auria L, Osterburg S, Lotz R, Löhr F, Kehrloesser S, Zhou H, Missero C, Dötsch V. Disease-related p63 DBD mutations impair DNA binding by distinct mechanisms and varying degree. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:274. [PMID: 37072394 PMCID: PMC10113246 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 shares a high sequence identity with the tumour suppressor p53 which manifests itself in high structural similarity and preference for DNA sequences. Mutations in the DNA binding domain (DBD) of p53 have been studied in great detail, enabling a general mechanism-based classification. In this study we provide a detailed investigation of all currently known mutations in the p63 DBD, which are associated with developmental syndromes, by measuring their impact on transcriptional activity, DNA binding affinity, zinc binding capacity and thermodynamic stability. Some of the mutations we have further characterized with respect to their ability to convert human dermal fibroblasts into induced keratinocytes. Here we propose a classification of the p63 DBD mutations based on the four different mechanisms of DNA binding impairment which we identified: direct DNA contact, zinc finger region, H2 region, and dimer interface mutations. The data also demonstrate that, in contrast to p53 cancer mutations, no p63 mutation induces global unfolding and subsequent aggregation of the domain. The dimer interface mutations that affect the DNA binding affinity by disturbing the interaction between the individual DBDs retain partial DNA binding capacity which correlates with a milder patient phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Ferniani
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Antonini
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Ann-Sophie Frombach
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ludovica D'Auria
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Susanne Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca Lotz
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kehrloesser
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Departments of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Departments of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Wright JT, Abbott BM, Salois MN, Gugger JA, Parraga SP, Swanson AK, Fete M, Koster MI. Rare diseases of ectoderm: Translating discovery to therapy. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:902-909. [PMID: 36534506 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heritable conditions known as ectodermal dysplasias are rare and can be associated with marked morbidity, mortality, and a reduced quality of life. The diagnosis and care of individuals affected by one of the many ectodermal dysplasias presents myriad challenges due to their rarity and the diverse phenotypes. These conditions are caused by abnormalities in multiple genes and signaling pathways that are essential for the development and function of ectodermal derivatives. During a 2021 international conference focused on translating discovery to therapy, researchers and clinicians gathered with the goal of advancing the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting ectodermal tissues with an emphasis on skin, hair, tooth, and eye phenotypes. Conference participants presented a variety of promising treatment strategies including gene or protein replacement, gene editing, cell therapy, and the identification of druggable targets. Further, barriers that negatively influence the current development of novel therapeutics were identified. These barriers include a lack of accurate prevalence data for rare conditions, absence of an inclusive patient registry with deep phenotyping data, and insufficient animal models and cell lines. Overcoming these barriers will need to be prioritized in order to facilitate the development of novel treatments for genetic disorders of the ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Timothy Wright
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Becky M Abbott
- National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias, Fairview Heights, Illinois, USA
| | - Maddison N Salois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica A Gugger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shirley P Parraga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda K Swanson
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Fete
- National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias, Fairview Heights, Illinois, USA
| | - Maranke I Koster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Petrin AL, Zeng E, Thomas MA, Moretti-Ferreira D, Marazita ML, Xie XJ, Murray JC, Moreno-Uribe LM. DNA methylation differences in monozygotic twins with Van der Woude syndrome. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2023; 4:1120948. [PMID: 36936396 PMCID: PMC10019782 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1120948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Van der Woude Syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant disorder responsible for 2% of all syndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs) with IRF6 being the primary causal gene (70%). Cases may present with lip pits and either cleft lip, cleft lip with cleft palate, or cleft palate, with marked phenotypic discordance even among individuals carrying the same mutation. This suggests that genetic or epigenetic modifiers may play additional roles in the syndrome's etiology and variability in expression. We report the first DNA methylation profiling of 2 pairs of monozygotic twins with VWS. Our goal is to explore epigenetic contributions to VWS etiology and variable phenotypic expressivity by comparing DNAm profiles in both twin pairs. While the mutations that cause VWS in these twins are known, the additional mechanism behind their phenotypic risk and variability in expression remains unclear. Methods We generated whole genome DNAm data for both twin pairs. Differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were selected based on: (1) a coefficient of variation in DNAm levels in unaffected individuals < 20%, and (2) intra-twin pair absolute difference in DNAm levels >5% (delta beta > | 0.05|). We then divided the DMPs in two subgroups for each twin pair for further analysis: (1) higher methylation levels in twin A (Twin A > Twin B); and (2) higher methylation levels in twin B (Twin B >Twin A). Results and Discussion Gene ontology analysis revealed a list of enriched genes that showed significant differential DNAm, including clef-associated genes. Among the cleft-associated genes, TP63 was the most significant hit (p=7.82E-12). Both twin pairs presented differential DNAm levels in CpG sites in/near TP63 (Twin 1A > Twin 1B and Twin 2A < Twin 2B). The genes TP63 and IRF6 function in a biological regulatory loop to coordinate epithelial proliferation and differentiation in a process that is critical for palatal fusion. The effects of the causal mutations in IRF6 can be further impacted by epigenetic dysregulation of IRF6 itself, or genes in its pathway. Our data shows evidence that changes in DNAm is a plausible mechanism that can lead to markedly distinct phenotypes, even among individuals carrying the same mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Petrin
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
- CORRESPONDENCE A. L. Petrin
| | - E. Zeng
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - M. A. Thomas
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D. Moretti-Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M. L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - X. J. Xie
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - J. C. Murray
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - L. M. Moreno-Uribe
- College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
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11
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Kataria S, Dabas P, Saraswathy KN, Sachdeva MP, Jain S. Investigating the morphology and genetics of scalp and facial hair characteristics for phenotype prediction. Sci Justice 2023; 63:135-148. [PMID: 36631178 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic traits and ultrastructure of hair such as cross-sectional shape, pigmentation, curvature, and internal structure help determine the level of variations between and across human populations. Apart from cosmetics and anthropological applications, such as determining species, somatic origin (body area), and biogeographic ancestry, the evidential value of hair has increased with rapid progression in the area of forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP). Individuals differ in the features of their scalp hair (greying, shape, colour, balding, thickness, and density) and facial hair (eyebrow thickness, monobrow, and beard thickness) features. Scalp and facial hair characteristics are genetically controlled and lead to visible inter-individual variations within and among populations of various ethnic origins. Hence, these characteristics can be exploited and made more inclusive in FDP, thereby leading to more comprehensive, accurate, and robust prediction models for forensic purposes. The present article focuses on understanding the genetics of scalp and facial hair characteristics with the goal to develop a more inclusive approach to better understand hair biology by integrating hair microscopy with genetics for genotype-phenotype correlation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kataria
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Prashita Dabas
- Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | - M P Sachdeva
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Sonal Jain
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, India.
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12
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Congenital Nail Disorders among Children with Suspected Ectodermal Dysplasias. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112119. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13112119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a cohort of 204 children referred between January 2017 and January 2022 to the German Center for Ectodermal Dysplasias, Erlangen. The most frequent reasons for referral were tooth malformations and lack of multiple teeth leading to the suspicion of an ectodermal dysplasia. Many patients also suffered from being unable to perspire. Nail abnormalities, in contrast, represented a much rarer finding, albeit the impact on some individuals was large. As ectodermal dysplasias are congenital genetic conditions affecting the development and/or homeostasis of two or more ectodermal derivatives, including hair, teeth, nails, and certain glands, we analyzed congenital nail disorders detected in these patients. Dystrophic or otherwise abnormal nails were evident in 17 of 18 subjects with pathogenic WNT10A or GJB6 variants but in none of 161 children with EDA variants underlying X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. However, 2 of 17 children who carry mutations in EDAR or EDARADD, two other genes involved in the ectodysplasin A signaling pathway, showed nail abnormalities, such as brittle or hypoplastic nails. TP63 variants were regularly associated with nail disorders. In one girl, anonychia congenita caused by a compound heterozygous variant of the R-spondin-4 gene (RSPO4) was diagnosed. Thus, nail dysplasia is rarer among patients with ectodermal dysplasia than commonly thought.
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13
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Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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14
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P63 and P73 Activation in Cancers with p53 Mutation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071490. [PMID: 35884795 PMCID: PMC9313412 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the p53 family comprise p53, p63, and p73, and full-length isoforms of the p53 family have a tumor suppressor function. However, p53, but not p63 or p73, has a high mutation rate in cancers causing it to lose its tumor suppressor function. The top and second-most prevalent p53 mutations are missense and nonsense mutations, respectively. In this review, we discuss possible drug therapies for nonsense mutation and a missense mutation in p53. p63 and p73 activators may be able to replace mutant p53 and act as anti-cancer drugs. Herein, these p63 and p73 activators are summarized and how to improve these activator responses, particularly focusing on p53 gain-of-function mutants, is discussed.
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15
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Jiménez-Andrade Y, Hillette KR, Yoshida T, Kashiwagi M, Choo MK, Liang Y, Georgopoulos K, Park JM. The Developmental Transcription Factor p63 Is Redeployed to Drive Allergic Skin Inflammation through Phosphorylation by p38α. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2613-2621. [PMID: 35623662 PMCID: PMC9308733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocytes, the epithelial cells of the skin, reprogram their gene expression and produce immune effector molecules when exposed to environmental and endogenous triggers of inflammation. It remains unclear how keratinocytes process physiological signals generated during skin irritation and switch from a homeostatic to an inflammatory state. In this article, we show that the stress-activated protein kinase p38α is crucial for keratinocytes to prompt changes in their transcriptome upon cytokine stimulation and drive inflammation in allergen-exposed skin. p38α serves this function by phosphorylating p63, a transcription factor essential for the lineage identity and stemness of the skin epithelium. Phosphorylation by p38α alters the activity of p63 and redeploys this developmental transcription factor to a gene expression program linked to inflammation. Genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of p38α or the p38α-p63 target gene product MMP13 attenuate atopic dermatitis-like disease in mice. Our study reveals an epithelial molecular pathway promoting skin inflammation and actionable through treatment with topical small-molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanek Jiménez-Andrade
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Kathryn R Hillette
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Toshimi Yoshida
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; and
| | - Mariko Kashiwagi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Yinming Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Katia Georgopoulos
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Jin Mo Park
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA;
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16
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A novel TP63 variant in a patient with ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defect-cleft lip/palate syndrome and Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome-like ectodermal dysplasia. Hum Genome Var 2022; 9:17. [PMID: 35595744 PMCID: PMC9123001 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-022-00186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defect-cleft lip/palate syndrome and Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome are well-known TP63-related autosomal-dominant genetic disorders with various similar ectodermal dysplasias. In this study, whole-exome sequencing revealed a novel, potentially pathogenic TP63 nonsense variant (NM_001114980.2:c.25 C > T: p.Gln9Ter) in a patient with an atypical clinical phenotype. This variant was detected near translation initiation sites and has an effect only on ΔNp63α, the short isoform protein product of the TP63 gene.
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17
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Osterburg C, Dötsch V. Structural diversity of p63 and p73 isoforms. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:921-937. [PMID: 35314772 PMCID: PMC9091270 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 protein family is the most studied protein family of all. Sequence analysis and structure determination have revealed a high similarity of crucial domains between p53, p63 and p73. Functional studies, however, have shown a wide variety of different tasks in tumor suppression, quality control and development. Here we review the structure and organization of the individual domains of p63 and p73, the interaction of these domains in the context of full-length proteins and discuss the evolutionary origin of this protein family.
Facts
Distinct physiological roles/functions are performed by specific isoforms.
The non-divided transactivation domain of p63 has a constitutively high activity while the transactivation domains of p53/p73 are divided into two subdomains that are regulated by phosphorylation.
Mdm2 binds to all three family members but ubiquitinates only p53.
TAp63α forms an autoinhibited dimeric state while all other vertebrate p53 family isoforms are constitutively tetrameric.
The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 contain an additional helix that is necessary for stabilizing the tetrameric states. During evolution this helix got lost independently in different phylogenetic branches, while the DNA binding domain became destabilized and the transactivation domain split into two subdomains.
Open questions
Is the autoinhibitory mechanism of mammalian TAp63α conserved in p53 proteins of invertebrates that have the same function of genomic quality control in germ cells?
What is the physiological function of the p63/p73 SAM domains?
Do the short isoforms of p63 and p73 have physiological functions?
What are the roles of the N-terminal elongated TAp63 isoforms, TA* and GTA?
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18
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Mouse models in palate development and orofacial cleft research: Understanding the crucial role and regulation of epithelial integrity in facial and palate morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:13-50. [PMID: 35461563 PMCID: PMC9060390 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip and cleft palate are common birth defects resulting from genetic and/or environmental perturbations of facial development in utero. Facial morphogenesis commences during early embryogenesis, with cranial neural crest cells interacting with the surface ectoderm to form initially partly separate facial primordia consisting of the medial and lateral nasal prominences, and paired maxillary and mandibular processes. As these facial primordia grow around the primitive oral cavity and merge toward the ventral midline, the surface ectoderm undergoes a critical differentiation step to form an outer layer of flattened and tightly connected periderm cells with a non-stick apical surface that prevents epithelial adhesion. Formation of the upper lip and palate requires spatiotemporally regulated inter-epithelial adhesions and subsequent dissolution of the intervening epithelial seam between the maxillary and medial/lateral nasal processes and between the palatal shelves. Proper regulation of epithelial integrity plays a paramount role during human facial development, as mutations in genes encoding epithelial adhesion molecules and their regulators have been associated with syndromic and non-syndromic orofacial clefts. In this chapter, we summarize mouse genetic studies that have been instrumental in unraveling the mechanisms regulating epithelial integrity and periderm differentiation during facial and palate development. Since proper epithelial integrity also plays crucial roles in wound healing and cancer, understanding the mechanisms regulating epithelial integrity during facial development have direct implications for improvement in clinical care of craniofacial patients.
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19
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Schmidt J, Schreiber G, Altmüller J, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Li Y, Kaulfuß S, Funke R, Wilken B, Yigit G, Wollnik B. Familial cleft tongue caused by a unique translation initiation codon variant in TP63. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 30:211-218. [PMID: 34629465 PMCID: PMC8821562 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in transcription factor p63 have been linked to several autosomal dominantly inherited malformation syndromes. These disorders show overlapping phenotypic characteristics with various combinations of the following features: ectodermal dysplasia, split-hand/foot malformation/syndactyly, lacrimal duct obstruction, hypoplastic breasts and/or nipples, ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum, hypospadias and cleft lip/palate. We describe a family with six individuals presenting with a striking novel phenotype characterized by a furrowed or cleft tongue, a narrow face, reddish hair, freckles and various foot deformities. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified a novel heterozygous variant, c.3G>T, in TP63 affecting the translation initiation codon (p.1Met?). Sanger sequencing confirmed dominant inheritance of this unique variant in all six affected family members. In summary, our findings indicate that heterozygous variants in TP63 affecting the first translation initiation codon result in a novel phenotype dominated by a cleft tongue, expanding the complex genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of TP63-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Schreiber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Core Facility Genomics, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Funke
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Bernd Wilken
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Serra G, Antona V, Giuffré M, Li Pomi F, Lo Scalzo L, Piro E, Schierz IAM, Corsello G. Novel missense mutation of the TP63 gene in a newborn with Hay-Wells/Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome: clinical report and follow-up. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:196. [PMID: 34583755 PMCID: PMC8479907 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, also known as Hay-Wells syndrome, is a rare genetic syndrome with ectodermal dysplasia. About 100 patients have been reported to date. It is associated to a heterozygous mutation of the tumor protein p63 (TP63) gene, located on chromosome 3q28. Typical clinical manifestations include: filiform ankyloblepharon adnatum (congenital adherence of the eyelids), ectodermal abnormalities (sparse and frizzy hair, skin defects, nail alterations, dental changes and hypohidrosis), and cleft lip/palate. Diagnostic suspicion is based on clinical signs and confirmed by genetic testing. Patient’s presentation We hereby report on a female newborn with erythroderma, thin lamellar desquamations, extensive skin erosions, sparse and wiry hair, filiform ankyloblepharon adnatum, agenesis of the lachrymal puncta, cleft palate and nail dysplasia. Her phenotype was compatible with AEC syndrome. Then, based on the clinical suspicion, sequencing analysis of the TP63 gene was performed, and revealed a de novo novel missense mutation. Eyelids adherence and cleft palate underwent surgical correction, while skin erosions were treated with topical antibiotics/antifungals and emollient/re-epithelizing creams. A surgical reconstruction is presently planned for the agenesis of the lachrymal puncta. The infant currently is 17 months of age and is included in a multidisciplinary follow-up. At present shows growth impairment and mild developmental delay, and typical signs of ectodermal dysplasia with small areas of dermatitis lesions on the scalp, without further abnormalities. Conclusions Our report underlines the relevance of an early and careful clinical evaluation in neonates with ankyloblefaron, facial dysmorphism, and signs of ectodermal dysplasia. In these cases, the suspicion of AEC syndrome must be promptly raised, and sequencing analysis of TP63 early performed as well. An individualized, multidisciplinary and long-term follow-up should be guaranteed to affected subjects and their families, also to identify associated morbidities and prevent possible serious complications and adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Serra
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Antona
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Giuffré
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Li Pomi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lucia Lo Scalzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ettore Piro
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ingrid Anne Mandy Schierz
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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21
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Koch PJ, Koster MI. Rare Genetic Disorders: Novel Treatment Strategies and Insights Into Human Biology. Front Genet 2021; 12:714764. [PMID: 34422015 PMCID: PMC8378213 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.714764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in innovative ideas for the treatment of genetic disorders for which no curative therapies exist. Gene and protein replacement therapies stand out as novel approaches to treat a select group of these diseases, such as certain tissue fragility disorders. Further, the advent of stem cell approaches, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology, has led to the development of new methods of creating replacement tissues for regenerative medicine. This coincided with the discovery of genome editing techniques, which allow for the correction of disease-causing mutations. The culmination of these discoveries suggests that new and innovative therapies for monogenetic disorders affecting single organs or tissues are on the horizon. Challenges remain, however, especially with diseases that simultaneously affect several tissues and organs during development. Examples of this group of diseases include ectodermal dysplasias, genetic disorders affecting the development of tissues and organs such as the skin, cornea, and epithelial appendages. Gene or protein replacement strategies are unlikely to be successful in addressing the multiorgan phenotype of these diseases. Instead, we believe that a more effective approach will be to focus on correcting phenotypes in the most severely affected tissues. This could include the generation of replacement tissues or the identification of pharmaceutical compounds that correct disease pathways in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Koch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine (BSOM) at East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Maranke I Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine (BSOM) at East Carolina University (ECU), Greenville, NC, United States
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22
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Isoform-Specific Roles of Mutant p63 in Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030536. [PMID: 33572532 PMCID: PMC7866788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein p63 belongs to the family of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mouse models have, however, shown that it is not a classical tumor suppressor but instead involved in developmental processes. Mutations in the p63 gene cause several developmental defects in human patients characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia due to p63’s role as a master regulator of epidermal development. In addition, p63 plays a key role as a quality control factor in oocytes and p63 mutations can result either in compromised genetic quality control or premature cell death of all oocytes. Abstract The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the DNA binding domain cause Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia while mutations in in the C-terminal domain of the α-isoform cause Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility, severe, long-lasting skin erosions, and cleft lip/palate. The molecular disease mechanisms of these syndromes have recently become elucidated and have enhanced our understanding of the role of p63 in epidermal development. Here we review the molecular cause and functional consequences of these p63-mutations for skin development and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations for female fertility.
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23
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The p63 C-terminus is essential for murine oocyte integrity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:383. [PMID: 33452256 PMCID: PMC7810856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 mediates distinct cellular responses, primarily regulating epithelial and oocyte biology. In addition to the two amino terminal isoforms, TAp63 and ΔNp63, the 3’-end of p63 mRNA undergoes tissue-specific alternative splicing that leads to several isoforms, including p63α, p63β and p63γ. To investigate in vivo how the different isoforms fulfil distinct functions at the cellular and developmental levels, we developed a mouse model replacing the p63α with p63β by deletion of exon 13 in the Trp63 gene. Here, we report that whereas in two organs physiologically expressing p63α, such as thymus and skin, no abnormalities are detected, total infertility is evident in heterozygous female mice. A sharp reduction in the number of primary oocytes during the first week after birth occurs as a consequence of the enhanced expression of the pro-apoptotic transcriptional targets Puma and Noxa by the tetrameric, constitutively active, TAp63β isoform. Hence, these mice show a condition of ovary dysfunction, resembling human primary ovary insufficiency. Our results show that the p63 C-terminus is essential in TAp63α-expressing primary oocytes to control cell death in vivo, expanding the current understanding of human primary ovarian insufficiency. The transcription factor p63 mediates different cellular responses affecting epithelial and oocyte biology. Here, the authors generate a mouse model (HET Δ13p63 mice) expressing the p63β isoform and show this affects ovary development, phenocopying a human syndrome, primary ovary insufficiency.
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24
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Gebel J, Tuppi M, Sänger N, Schumacher B, Dötsch V. DNA Damaged Induced Cell Death in Oocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235714. [PMID: 33287328 PMCID: PMC7730327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of haploid gametes through meiosis is central to the principle of sexual reproduction. The genetic diversity is further enhanced by exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes by the crossover mechanism. This mechanism not only requires correct pairing of homologous chromosomes but also efficient repair of the induced DNA double-strand breaks. Oocytes have evolved a unique quality control system that eliminates cells if chromosomes do not correctly align or if DNA repair is not possible. Central to this monitoring system that is conserved from nematodes and fruit fly to humans is the p53 protein family, and in vertebrates in particular p63. In mammals, oocytes are stored for a long time in the prophase of meiosis I which, in humans, can last more than 50 years. During the entire time of this arrest phase, the DNA damage checkpoint remains active. The treatment of female cancer patients with DNA damaging irradiation or chemotherapeutics activates this checkpoint and results in elimination of the oocyte pool causing premature menopause and infertility. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of this quality control system and discuss potential therapeutic intervention for the preservation of the oocyte pool during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicole Sänger
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53217 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-798-29631
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A Novel Missense Variant of TP63 Heterozygously Present in Split-Hand/Foot Malformation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4215632. [PMID: 33294441 PMCID: PMC7714569 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4215632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a severe congenital disability mainly characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the central ray of the hand/foot. To date, several candidate genes associated with SHFM have been identified, including TP63, DLX5, DLX6, FGFR1, and WNT10B. Herein, we report a novel variant of TP63 heterozygously present in affected members of a family with SHFM. Methods This study investigated a Chinese family, in which the proband and his son suffered from SHFM. The peripheral blood sample of the proband was used to perform whole-exome sequencing (WES) to explore the possible genetic causes of this disease. Postsequencing bioinformatic analyses and Sanger sequencing were conducted to verify the identified variants and parental origins on all family members in the pedigree. Results By postsequencing bioinformatic analyses and Sanger sequencing, we identified a novel missense variant (NM_003722.4:c.948G>A; p.Met316Ile) of TP63 in this family that results in a substitution of methionine with isoleucine, which is probably associated with the occurrence of SHFM. Conclusion A novel missense variant (NM_003722.4:c.948G>A; p.Met316Ile) of TP63 in SHFM was thus identified, which may enlarge the spectrum of known TP63 variants and also provide new approaches for genetic counselling of families with SHFM.
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Ganske IM, Irwin T, Langa O, Upton J, Tan WH, Mulliken JB. Cleft Lip and Palate in Ectodermal Dysplasia. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:237-243. [PMID: 32864997 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620949124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) comprises multiple syndromes that affect skin, hair, nails, and teeth, and sometimes are associated with orofacial clefting. The purpose of this study is to (1) identify the prevalence and characteristics of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in patients with ED and (2) describe the management and outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective review from 1990 to 2019. PATIENTS All patients with ED treated at Boston Children's Hospital. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Prevalence of CL/P was calculated and clinical details recorded: phenotypic anomalies, cleft type, operative treatment, and results of repair. RESULTS Of 170 patients with a purported diagnosis of ED, 24 (14%) had CL/P. Anatomic categories were bilateral CL/P (67%), unilateral CL/P (8%), and cleft palate only (25%). The most common ED syndrome (37%) was ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate (EEC). Pathogenic variants in TP63 were the most frequent finding in the 11 patients who had genetic testing. Aberrations from a typical clinical course included failure of presurgical dentofacial orthopedics, dehiscence of nasolabial adhesion, and total palatal absence requiring free-flap construction. Two patients had prolonged postoperative admission for respiratory infection. High fistula (8%) and velopharyngeal insufficiency (33%) rates reflected the predominance of bilateral complete forms. CONCLUSIONS As in other types of syndromic CL/P, cleft phenotypic expression in ED is more severe than the general cleft population. Further studies are needed to correlate genotype and phenotype for the distinct syndromes included in the ED spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Ganske
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, 1862Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim Irwin
- Harvard Plastic Surgery Residency, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, 1862Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Langa
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, 1862Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Upton
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, 1862Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Hann Tan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, 1862Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B Mulliken
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, 1862Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sylvester B, Brindopke F, Suzuki A, Giron M, Auslander A, Maas RL, Tsai B, Gao H, Magee W, Cox TC, Sanchez-Lara PA. A Synonymous Exonic Splice Silencer Variant in IRF6 as a Novel and Cryptic Cause of Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080903. [PMID: 32784565 PMCID: PMC7465030 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense, nonsense, splice site and regulatory region variants in interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) have been shown to contribute to both syndromic and non-syndromic forms of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). We report the diagnostic evaluation of a complex multigeneration family of Honduran ancestry with a pedigree structure consistent with autosomal-dominant inheritance with both incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The proband's grandmother bore children with two partners and CL/P segregates on both sides of each lineage. Through whole-exome sequencing of five members of the family, we identified a single shared synonymous variant, located in the middle of exon 7 of IRF6 (p.Ser307Ser; g.209963979 G>A; c.921C>T). The variant was shown to segregate in the seven affected individuals and through three unaffected obligate carriers, spanning both sides of this pedigree. This variant is very rare, only being found in three (all of Latino ancestry) of 251,352 alleles in the gnomAD database. While the variant did not create a splice acceptor/donor site, in silico analysis predicted it to impact an exonic splice silencer element and the binding of major splice regulatory factors. In vitro splice assays supported this by revealing multiple abnormal splicing events, estimated to impact >60% of allelic transcripts. Sequencing of the alternate splice products demonstrated the unmasking of a cryptic splice site six nucleotides 5' of the variant, as well as variable utilization of cryptic splice sites in intron 6. The ectopic expression of different splice regulatory proteins altered the proportion of abnormal splicing events seen in the splice assay, although the alteration was dependent on the splice factor. Importantly, each alternatively spliced mRNA is predicted to result in a frame shift and prematurely truncated IRF6 protein. This is the first study to identify a synonymous variant as a likely cause of NS-CL/P and highlights the care that should be taken by laboratories when considering and interpreting variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau Sylvester
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
| | | | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (A.S.); (T.C.C.)
| | - Melissa Giron
- Operación Sonrisa Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
| | - Allyn Auslander
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Richard L. Maas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Becky Tsai
- Fulgent Genetics, Temple City, CA 91780, USA; (B.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Hanlin Gao
- Fulgent Genetics, Temple City, CA 91780, USA; (B.T.); (H.G.)
| | - William Magee
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (A.S.); (T.C.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(310)-423-4461
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28
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland MA, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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29
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Vincenzi M, Mercurio FA, Leone M. Sam Domains in Multiple Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:450-476. [PMID: 30306850 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009114445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sterile alpha motif (Sam) domain is a small helical protein module, able to undergo homo- and hetero-oligomerization, as well as polymerization, thus forming different types of protein architectures. A few Sam domains are involved in pathological processes and consequently, they represent valuable targets for the development of new potential therapeutic routes. This study intends to collect state-of-the-art knowledge on the different modes by which Sam domains can favor disease onset and progression. METHODS This review was build up by searching throughout the literature, for: a) the structural properties of Sam domains, b) interactions mediated by a Sam module, c) presence of a Sam domain in proteins relevant for a specific disease. RESULTS Sam domains appear crucial in many diseases including cancer, renal disorders, cataracts. Often pathologies are linked to mutations directly positioned in the Sam domains that alter their stability and/or affect interactions that are crucial for proper protein functions. In only a few diseases, the Sam motif plays a kind of "side role" and cooperates to the pathological event by enhancing the action of a different protein domain. CONCLUSION Considering the many roles of the Sam domain into a significant variety of diseases, more efforts and novel drug discovery campaigns need to be engaged to find out small molecules and/or peptides targeting Sam domains. Such compounds may represent the pillars on which to build novel therapeutic strategies to cure different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Vincenzi
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.,Cirpeb, InterUniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.,Cirpeb, InterUniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
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30
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Smirnov A, Anemona L, Novelli F, Piro CM, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G, Candi E. p63 Is a Promising Marker in the Diagnosis of Unusual Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5781. [PMID: 31744230 PMCID: PMC6888618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Ozone depletion and climate changes might cause a further increase in the incidence rate in the future. Although the early detection of skin cancer enables it to be treated successfully, some tumours can evolve and become more aggressive, especially in the case of melanoma. Therefore, good diagnostic and prognostic markers are needed to ensure correct detection and treatment. Transcription factor p63, a member of the p53 family of proteins, plays an essential role in the development of stratified epithelia such as skin. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive review of p63 expression in different types of skin cancer and discuss its possible use in the diagnosis and prognosis of cutaneous tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Smirnov
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Anemona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina M. Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- MRC-Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, 00163 Rome, Italy
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31
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Cai BH, Chao CF, Huang HC, Lee HY, Kannagi R, Chen JY. Roles of p53 Family Structure and Function in Non-Canonical Response Element Binding and Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153681. [PMID: 31357595 PMCID: PMC6696488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 canonical consensus sequence is a 10-bp repeat of PuPuPuC(A/T)(A/T)GPyPyPy, separated by a spacer with up to 13 bases. C(A/T)(A/T)G is the core sequence and purine (Pu) and pyrimidine (Py) bases comprise the flanking sequence. However, in the p53 noncanonical sequences, there are many variations, such as length of consensus sequence, variance of core sequence or flanking sequence, and variance in number of bases making up the spacer or AT gap composition. In comparison to p53, the p53 family members p63 and p73 have been found to have more tolerance to bind and activate several of these noncanonical sequences. The p53 protein forms monomers, dimers, and tetramers, and its nonspecific binding domain is well-defined; however, those for p63 or p73 are still not fully understood. Study of p63 and p73 structure to determine the monomers, dimers or tetramers to bind and regulate noncanonical sequence is a new challenge which is crucial to obtaining a complete picture of structure and function in order to understand how p63 and p73 regulate genes differently from p53. In this review, we will summarize the rules of p53 family non-canonical sequences, especially focusing on the structure of p53 family members in the regulation of specific target genes. In addition, we will compare different software programs for prediction of p53 family responsive elements containing parameters with canonical or non-canonical sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Faye Chao
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yi Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Jang-Yi Chen
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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32
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Molecular Mechanisms of p63-Mediated Squamous Cancer Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143590. [PMID: 31340447 PMCID: PMC6678256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 gene is a member of the p53/p63/p73 family of transcription factors and plays a critical role in development and homeostasis of squamous epithelium. p63 is transcribed as multiple isoforms; ΔNp63α, the predominant p63 isoform in stratified squamous epithelium, is localized to the basal cells and is overexpressed in squamous cell cancers of multiple organ sites, including skin, head and neck, and lung. Further, p63 is considered a stem cell marker, and within the epidermis, ΔNp63α directs lineage commitment. ΔNp63α has been implicated in numerous processes of skin biology that impact normal epidermal homeostasis and can contribute to squamous cancer pathogenesis by supporting proliferation and survival with roles in blocking terminal differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence, and influencing adhesion and migration. ΔNp63α overexpression may also influence the tissue microenvironment through remodeling of the extracellular matrix and vasculature, as well as by enhancing cytokine and chemokine secretion to recruit pro-inflammatory infiltrate. This review focuses on the role of ΔNp63α in normal epidermal biology and how dysregulation can contribute to cutaneous squamous cancer development, drawing from knowledge also gained by squamous cancers from other organ sites that share p63 overexpression as a defining feature.
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33
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p73 regulates epidermal wound healing and induced keratinocyte programming. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218458. [PMID: 31216312 PMCID: PMC6583996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p63 is a transcriptional regulator of ectodermal development that is required for basal cell proliferation and stem cell maintenance. p73 is a closely related p53 family member that is expressed in select p63-positive basal cells and can heterodimerize with p63. p73-/- mice lack multiciliated cells and have reduced numbers of basal epithelial cells in select tissues; however, the role of p73 in basal epithelial cells is unknown. Herein, we show that p73-deficient mice exhibit delayed wound healing despite morphologically normal-appearing skin. The delay in wound healing is accompanied by decreased proliferation and increased levels of biomarkers of the DNA damage response in basal keratinocytes at the epidermal wound edge. In wild-type mice, this same cell population exhibited increased p73 expression after wounding. Analyzing single-cell transcriptomic data, we found that p73 was expressed by epidermal and hair follicle stem cells, cell types required for wound healing. Moreover, we discovered that p73 isoforms expressed in the skin (ΔNp73) enhance p63-mediated expression of keratinocyte genes during cellular reprogramming from a mesenchymal to basal keratinocyte-like cell. We identified a set of 44 genes directly or indirectly regulated by ΔNp73 that are involved in skin development, cell junctions, cornification, proliferation, and wound healing. Our results establish a role for p73 in cutaneous wound healing through regulation of basal keratinocyte function.
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Lin-Shiao E, Lan Y, Welzenbach J, Alexander KA, Zhang Z, Knapp M, Mangold E, Sammons M, Ludwig KU, Berger SL. p63 establishes epithelial enhancers at critical craniofacial development genes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw0946. [PMID: 31049400 PMCID: PMC6494499 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 is a key mediator of epidermal development. Point mutations in p63 in patients lead to developmental defects, including orofacial clefting. To date, knowledge on how pivotal the role of p63 is in human craniofacial development is limited. Using an inducible transdifferentiation model, combined with epigenomic sequencing and multicohort meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies data, we show that p63 establishes enhancers at craniofacial development genes to modulate their transcription. Disease-specific substitution mutation in the DNA binding domain or sterile alpha motif protein interaction domain of p63, respectively, eliminates or reduces establishment of these enhancers. We show that enhancers established by p63 are highly enriched for single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip ± cleft palate (CL/P). These orthogonal approaches indicate a strong molecular link between p63 enhancer function and CL/P, illuminating molecular mechanisms underlying this developmental defect and revealing vital regulatory elements and new candidate causative genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lin-Shiao
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epigenetics Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yemin Lan
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epigenetics Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia Welzenbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katherine A Alexander
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epigenetics Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epigenetics Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Morgan Sammons
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epigenetics Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epigenetics Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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35
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Deletions and loss-of-function variants in TP63 associated with orofacial clefting. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1101-1112. [PMID: 30850703 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify novel deletions and variants of TP63 associated with orofacial clefting (OFC). Copy number variants were assessed in three OFC families using microarray analysis. Subsequently, we analyzed TP63 in a cohort of 1072 individuals affected with OFC and 706 population-based controls using molecular inversion probes (MIPs). We identified partial deletions of TP63 in individuals from three families affected with OFC. In the OFC cohort, we identified several TP63 variants predicting to cause loss-of-function alleles, including a frameshift variant c.569_576del (p.(Ala190Aspfs*5)) and a nonsense variant c.997C>T (p.(Gln333*)) that introduces a premature stop codon in the DNA-binding domain. In addition, we identified the first missense variants in the oligomerization domain c.1213G>A (p.(Val405Met)), which occurred in individuals with OFC. This variant was shown to abrogate oligomerization of mutant p63 protein into oligomeric complexes, and therefore likely represents a loss-of-function allele rather than a dominant-negative. All of these variants were inherited from an unaffected parent, suggesting reduced penetrance of such loss-of-function alleles. Our data indicate that loss-of-function alleles in TP63 can also give rise to OFC as the main phenotype. We have uncovered the dosage-dependent functions of p63, which were previously rejected.
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36
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Zhu X, Shen X, Jiang X, Wei K, He T, Ma Y, Liu J, Hu X. Nonlinear expression and visualization of nonmetric relationships in genetic diseases and microbiome data. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:505. [PMID: 30577738 PMCID: PMC6302369 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional methods of visualizing high-dimensional data objects in low-dimensional metric spaces are subject to the basic limitations of metric space. These limitations result in multidimensional scaling that fails to faithfully represent non-metric similarity data. Results Multiple maps t-SNE (mm-tSNE) has drawn much attention due to the construction of multiple mappings in low-dimensional space to visualize the non-metric pairwise similarity to eliminate the limitations of a single metric map. mm-tSNE regularization combines the intrinsic geometry between data points in a high-dimensional space. The weight of data points on each map is used as the regularization parameter of the manifold, so the weights of similar data points on the same map are also as close as possible. However, these methods use standard momentum methods to calculate parameters of gradient at each iteration, which may lead to erroneous gradient search directions so that the target loss function fails to achieve a better local minimum. In this article, we use a Nesterov momentum method to learn the target loss function and correct each gradient update by looking back at the previous gradient in the candidate search direction. By using indirect second-order information, the algorithm obtains faster convergence than the original algorithm. To further evaluate our approach from a comparative perspective, we conducted experiments on several datasets including social network data, phenotype similarity data, and microbiomic data. Conclusions The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better results than several versions of mm-tSNE based on three evaluation indicators including the neighborhood preservation ratio (NPR), error rate and time complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Zhu
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianjun Shen
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xingpeng Jiang
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiping Wei
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting He
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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37
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Mollo MR, Cirillo L, Russo C, Antonini D, Missero C. Functional and Mechanistic Insights into the Pathogenesis of P63-Associated Disorders. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2018; 19:S98-S100. [PMID: 30471766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisp.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The p53 family member p63 is a master regulator of gene expression in stratified epithelia, such as the epidermis. One of the main functions of p63 is to sustain mechanical resistance, positively regulating several epidermal genes involved in cell-matrix adhesion and cell-cell adhesion (Ferone et al., 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Russo
- Center for Genetic Engineering, Napoli, Italy; European School of Molecular Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Antonini
- Center for Genetic Engineering, Napoli, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Missero
- Center for Genetic Engineering, Napoli, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
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38
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Zhao H, Zhang M, Zhong W, Zhang J, Huang W, Zhang Y, Li W, Jia P, Zhang T, Liu Z, Lin J, Chen F. A novel IRF6 mutation causing non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a pedigree. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:195-202. [PMID: 30053123 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jieni Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peizeng Jia
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Taowen Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Yantai Stomatology Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Yantai Stomatology Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
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39
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Dinella JD, Chen J, Webb S, Siegfried E, Bree AF, Lakshmanachetty S, Balaiya V, Koster MI, Koch PJ. A Human Stem Cell-Based System to Study the Role of TP63 Mutations in Ectodermal Dysplasias. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1662-1665. [PMID: 29481901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Dinella
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jiangli Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Saiphone Webb
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elaine Siegfried
- Department of Dermatology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alanna F Bree
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Senthilnath Lakshmanachetty
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaiya
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maranke I Koster
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter J Koch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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40
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Protein aggregation of the p63 transcription factor underlies severe skin fragility in AEC syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E906-E915. [PMID: 29339502 PMCID: PMC5798343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713773115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal development and function. Specific mutations in p63 are causative of a life-threatening disorder mainly characterized by severe skin erosions and cleft palate. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying disease pathology and possible treatments. Based on biochemical studies, genetic mouse models, and functional assays, we demonstrate that these mutations cause p63 protein misfolding and aggregation. Protein aggregation lead to reduced DNA binding and impaired transcriptional activity. Importantly, genetic modifications of p63 that abolish aggregation of the mutant proteins rescue its function, revealing that ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome is a protein aggregation disorder and opening avenues for therapeutic intervention. The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the C-terminal domain of the p63 gene can cause ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility and severe, long-lasting skin erosions. Despite deep knowledge of p63 functions, little is known about mechanisms underlying disease pathology and possible treatments. Here, we show that multiple AEC-associated p63 mutations, but not those causative of other diseases, lead to thermodynamic protein destabilization, misfolding, and aggregation, similar to the known p53 gain-of-function mutants found in cancer. AEC mutant proteins exhibit impaired DNA binding and transcriptional activity, leading to dominant negative effects due to coaggregation with wild-type p63 and p73. Importantly, p63 aggregation occurs also in a conditional knock-in mouse model for the disorder, in which the misfolded p63 mutant protein leads to severe epidermal defects. Variants of p63 that abolish aggregation of the mutant proteins are able to rescue p63’s transcriptional function in reporter assays as well as in a human fibroblast-to-keratinocyte conversion assay. Our studies reveal that AEC syndrome is a protein aggregation disorder and opens avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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41
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Rojnueangnit K, Mikhail FM, Cui X, Yu S, Robin NH. Predictor(s) of Abnormal Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Results in Patients with Cleft Lip and/or Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 52:724-31. [DOI: 10.1597/14-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) occurs either as an isolated anomaly or as one manifestation of genetic syndromes. Chromosomal abnormalities from karyotype analysis are commonly seen in cases of nonisolated CL/P. This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of clinical array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) testing in patients with CL/P. Our objectives were to identify the clinical phenotypes that are predicative of an abnormal aCGH result, correlate aCGH results with language outcome, and analyze the data in the abnormal aCGH results group. Methods Nonisolated CL/P patients who had clinical aCGH testing performed between 2009 and 2012 in the University of Alabama at Birmingham cytogenetics lab were enrolled. The demographic data, clinical phenotypes, and speech outcome were collected. Results Two hundred forty-five nonisolated CL/P patients were studied, with 62 having an abnormal aCGH result compared to 183 patients with a normal aCGH result. The presence of developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), dysmorphic features, congenital anomalies, and/or family history of DD/ID were significantly higher in the abnormal aCGH group ( P < .05). Neither the aCGH results nor the type of CL/P correlated with speech outcome. Finally, analysis of the abnormal aCGH result group revealed that DD/ID had a strong positive association with the copy number variation pathogenicity and the number of genes involved. Conclusions This study demonstrated the diagnostic value of clinical aCGH testing in CL/P patients who present with DD/ID, dysmorphic features, other congenital anomalies, and/or family history of DD/ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitiwan Rojnueangnit
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Fady M. Mikhail
- Department of Genetics; Department of Biostatistics; Department of Biostatistics; Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Department of Genetics; Department of Biostatistics; Department of Biostatistics; Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shaohua Yu
- Department of Genetics; Department of Biostatistics; Department of Biostatistics; Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nathaniel H. Robin
- Department of Genetics; Department of Biostatistics; Department of Biostatistics; Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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42
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Khandelwal KD, Ockeloen CW, Venselaar H, Boulanger C, Brichard B, Sokal E, Pfundt R, Rinne T, van Beusekom E, Bloemen M, Vriend G, Revencu N, Carels CEL, van Bokhoven H, Zhou H. Identification of a de novo variant in CHUK in a patient with an EEC/AEC syndrome-like phenotype and hypogammaglobulinemia. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1813-1820. [PMID: 28513979 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal features of Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal dysplasia, Cleft lip/palate (EEC), and Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndromes are ectodermal dysplasia (ED), orofacial clefting, and limb anomalies. EEC and AEC are caused by heterozygous mutations in the transcription factor p63 encoded by TP63. Here, we report a patient with an EEC/AEC syndrome-like phenotype, including ankyloblepharon, ED, cleft palate, ectrodactyly, syndactyly, additional hypogammaglobulinemia, and growth delay. Neither pathogenic mutations in TP63 nor CNVs at the TP63 locus were identified. Exome sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous variants in CHUK (conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase), PTGER4, and IFIT2. While the variant in PTGER4 might contribute to the immunodeficiency and growth delay, the variant in CHUK appeared to be most relevant for the EEC/AEC-like phenotype. CHUK is a direct target gene of p63 and encodes a component of the IKK complex that plays a key role in NF-κB pathway activation. The identified CHUK variant (g.101980394T>C; c.425A>G; p.His142Arg) is located in the kinase domain which is responsible for the phosphorylation activity of the protein. The variant may affect CHUK function and thus contribute to the disease phenotype in three ways: (1) the variant exhibits a dominant negative effect and results in an inactive IKK complex that affects the canonical NF-κB pathway; (2) it affects the feedback loop of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways that are CHUK kinase activity-dependent; and (3) it disrupts NF-κB independent epidermal development that is often p63-dependent. Therefore, we propose that the heterozygous CHUK variant is highly likely to be causative to the EEC/AEC-like and additional hypogammaglobulinemia phenotypes in the patient presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti D Khandelwal
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte W Ockeloen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile Boulanger
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Brichard
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Service de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Rinne
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon Bloemen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Vriend
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Centre for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carine E L Carels
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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43
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Leslie EJ, Carlson JC, Shaffer JR, Butali A, Buxó CJ, Castilla EE, Christensen K, Deleyiannis FWB, Leigh Field L, Hecht JT, Moreno L, Orioli IM, Padilla C, Vieira AR, Wehby GL, Feingold E, Weinberg SM, Murray JC, Beaty TH, Marazita ML. Genome-wide meta-analyses of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts identify novel associations between FOXE1 and all orofacial clefts, and TP63 and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Hum Genet 2017; 136:275-286. [PMID: 28054174 PMCID: PMC5317097 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs) are a heterogeneous group of common craniofacial birth defects with complex etiologies that include genetic and environmental risk factors. OFCs are commonly categorized as cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate alone (CP), which have historically been analyzed as distinct entities. Genes for both CL/P and CP have been identified via multiple genome-wide linkage and association studies (GWAS); however, altogether, known variants account for a minority of the estimated heritability in risk to these craniofacial birth defects. We performed genome-wide meta-analyses of CL/P, CP, and all OFCs across two large, multiethnic studies. We then performed population-specific meta-analyses in sub-samples of Asian and European ancestry. In addition to observing associations with known variants, we identified a novel genome-wide significant association between SNPs located in an intronic TP63 enhancer and CL/P (p = 1.16 × 10-8). Several novel loci with compelling candidate genes approached genome-wide significance on 4q21.1 (SHROOM3), 12q13.13 (KRT18), and 8p21 (NRG1). In the analysis of all OFCs combined, SNPs near FOXE1 reached genome-wide significance (p = 1.33 × 10-9). Our results support the highly heterogeneous nature of OFCs and illustrate the utility of meta-analysis for discovering new genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Leslie
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Jenna C Carlson
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Carmen J Buxó
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Eduardo E Castilla
- CEMIC: Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research, Buenos Aires, 1431, Argentina
- ECLAMC (Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) at INAGEMP (National Institute of Population Medical Genetics), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Congenital Malformation Epidemiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Fred W B Deleyiannis
- Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, 80045, USA
| | - L Leigh Field
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School and School of Dentistry UT Health at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lina Moreno
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ieda M Orioli
- ECLAMC (Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) at INAGEMP (National Institute of Population Medical Genetics), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-617, Brazil
| | - Carmencita Padilla
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine; and Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1101, The Philippines
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Terri H Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Science, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, also known as Hay-Wells syndrome, is an autosomal genetic disease with the main features of ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum, ectodermal defects, and cleft lip/palate. The authors report a patient with 17 months old girl with AEC syndrome having ankyloblepharon, cleft and palate, and ectrodactyly with some associated features. Etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and treatment have been elaborated in this clinical report.
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45
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Journey toward unraveling the molecular basis of hereditary hair disorders. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:232-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Kehrloesser S, Osterburg C, Tuppi M, Schäfer B, Vousden KH, Dötsch V. Intrinsic aggregation propensity of the p63 and p73 TI domains correlates with p53R175H interaction and suggests further significance of aggregation events in the p53 family. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1952-1960. [PMID: 27447112 PMCID: PMC5136486 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high percentage of p53 missense mutations found in cancer has been attributed to mutant acquired oncogenic gain of functions. Different aspects of these tumour-promoting functions are caused by repression of the transcriptional activity of p53 family members p63 and p73. A subset of frequently occurring p53 mutations results in thermodynamic destabilisation of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) rendering this domain highly unstable. These conformational mutants (such as p53R175H) have been suggested to directly bind to p63 and p73 via a co-aggregation mechanism mediated by their DBDs. Although the DBDs of p63 and p73 are in fact not sufficient for the interaction as shown previously, we demonstrate here that the transactivation inhibitory (TI) domains within the α-isoform-specific C termini of p63 and p73 are essential for binding to p53R175H. Hence, the closed dimeric conformation of inactive TAp63α that renders the TI domain inaccessible prevents efficient interaction. We further show that binding to p53R175H correlates with an intrinsic aggregation propensity of the tetrameric α-isoforms conferred by an openly accessible TI domain again supporting interaction via a co-aggregation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kehrloesser
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christian Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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47
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Mechanism of TAp73 inhibition by ΔNp63 and structural basis of p63/p73 hetero-tetramerization. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1930-1940. [PMID: 27716744 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the p53 tumor-suppressor family are expressed as multiple isoforms. Isoforms with an N-terminal transactivation domain are transcriptionally active, while those ones lacking this domain often inhibit the transcriptional activity of other family members. In squamous cell carcinomas, the high expression level of ΔNp63α inhibits the tumor-suppressor function of TAp73β. This can in principle be due to blocking of the promoter or by direct interaction between both proteins. p63 and p73 can hetero-oligomerize through their tetramerization domains and a hetero-tetramer consisting of two p63 and two p73 molecules is thermodynamically more stable than both homo-tetramers. Here we show that cells expressing both p63 and p73 exist in mouse epidermis and hair follicle and that hetero-tetramer complexes can be detected by immunoprecipitation in differentiating keratinocytes. Through structure determination of the hetero-tetramer, we reveal why this hetero-tetramer is the thermodynamically preferred species. We have created mutants that exclusively form either hetero-tetramers or homo-tetramers, allowing to investigate the function of these p63/p73 hetero-tetramers. Using these tools, we show that inhibition of TAp73β in squamous cell carcinomas is due to promoter squelching and not direct interaction.
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48
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Tooth agenesis and orofacial clefting: genetic brothers in arms? Hum Genet 2016; 135:1299-1327. [PMID: 27699475 PMCID: PMC5065589 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts represent the most common developmental anomalies and their co-occurrence is often reported in patients as well in animal models. The aim of the present systematic review is to thoroughly investigate the current literature (PubMed, EMBASE) to identify the genes and genomic loci contributing to syndromic or non-syndromic co-occurrence of tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts, to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying their dual involvement in the development of teeth and facial primordia. Altogether, 84 articles including phenotype and genotype description provided 9 genomic loci and 26 gene candidates underlying the co-occurrence of the two congenital defects: MSX1, PAX9, IRF6, TP63, KMT2D, KDM6A, SATB2, TBX22, TGFα, TGFβ3, TGFβR1, TGFβR2, FGF8, FGFR1, KISS1R, WNT3, WNT5A, CDH1, CHD7, AXIN2, TWIST1, BCOR, OFD1, PTCH1, PITX2, and PVRL1. The molecular pathways, cellular functions, tissue-specific expression and disease association were investigated using publicly accessible databases (EntrezGene, UniProt, OMIM). The Gene Ontology terms of the biological processes mediated by the candidate genes were used to cluster them using the GOTermMapper (Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University), speculating on six super-clusters: (a) anatomical development, (b) cell division, growth and motility, (c) cell metabolism and catabolism, (d) cell transport, (e) cell structure organization and (f) organ/system-specific processes. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts, to pave the way for improving targeted (prenatal) molecular diagnosis and finally to reflect on therapeutic or ultimately preventive strategies for these disabling conditions in the future.
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Gonzalez F, Loidi L, Abalo-Lojo JM. Novel variant in the TP63 gene associated to ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 38:277-280. [PMID: 27485918 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1210649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome is a disorder resulting from anomalous embryonic development of ectodermal tissues. There is evidence that AEC syndrome is caused by mutations in the TP63 gene, which encodes the p63 protein. This is an important regulatory protein involved in epidermal proliferation and differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genome sequencing was performed in DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes of a newborn with AEC syndrome and her parents. Variants were searched in all coding exons and intron-exon boundaries of the TP63 gene. RESULTS A heterozygous missense variant (NM_003722.4:c.1063G>C (p.Asp355His) was found in the newborn patient. No variants were found in either of the parents. CONCLUSIONS We identified a previously unreported variant in TP63 gene which seems to be involved in the somatic malformations found in the AEC syndrome. The absence of this variant in both parents suggests that the variant appeared de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonzalez
- a Department of Surgery and CIMUS , University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain.,b Service of Ophthalmology and IDIS , Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Lourdes Loidi
- c Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenomica, SERGAS , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Jose M Abalo-Lojo
- b Service of Ophthalmology and IDIS , Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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Enriquez A, Krivanek M, Flöttmann R, Peters H, Wilson M. Recurrence of split hand/foot malformation, cleft lip/palate, and severe urogenital abnormalities due to germline mosaicism for TP63 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2372-6. [PMID: 27351625 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe two sibling fetuses with urogenital abnormalities detected by prenatal ultrasound, in which post-delivery examination showed split hand and foot malformation, and bilateral cleft lip and palate. These findings are consistent with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip with or without cleft palate syndrome (EEC). Both fetuses were found to have the same missense mutation in TP63 (c.1051G > A; p.D351N). Parental clinical examinations and lymphocyte DNA analyses were normal. This report illustrates the potential severity of urogenital defects in TP63-related disorders, which may be detectable with fetal ultrasonography. It highlights the need to counsel for the possibility of germline mosaicism in TP63-associated disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Enriquez
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Genetic Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Krivanek
- Department of Histopathology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ricarda Flöttmann
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Peters
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meredith Wilson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Genetic Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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