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Cai M, Chen X, Li Y, Lin N, Huang H, Xu L. Genetic analysis, ultrasound phenotype, and pregnancy outcomes of fetuses with Xp22.33 or Yp11.32 microdeletions. J Perinat Med 2024; 52:96-101. [PMID: 37846158 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2023-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The phenotypes of Xp22.33 or Yp11.32 microdeletions comprising the short-stature homeobox (SHOX) gene have been extensively described in adults and children. Herein, the prenatal ultrasound phenotype and pregnancy outcomes of fetuses with Xp22.33/Yp11.32 microdeletions were analyzed to improve our understanding, diagnosis, and monitoring of this genetic condition in the fetal stage. METHODS A total of 9,100 pregnant women referred to tertiary units for prenatal diagnosis were evaluated by chromosomal microarray analysis(CMA). RESULTS Seven (0.08 %) fetuses had Xp22.33/Yp11.32 microdeletions, ranging from 243 kb to 1.1 Mb, that comprised SHOX. The ultrasonic phenotypes differed among these fetuses, with three fetuses presenting abnormal bone development, one had labial-palatal deformity and strawberry head, two had an abnormal ultrasonic soft marker, and one had no abnormalities. After genetic counseling, only one couple underwent pedigree assessment, which confirmed the paternal origin of the microdeletion. This infant presented delayed speech development, whereas other three infants showed a typical postnatal development. In three cases, the parents chose to terminate the pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS The ultrasonic phenotype of fetuses with Xp22.33/Yp11.32 microdeletions resulting in SHOX heterozygosity loss is variable. Prenatal CMA can quickly and effectively diagnose Xp22.33/Yp11.32 microdeletions and SHOX loss, which may help prenatal counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Cai
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Na Lin
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, P.R. China
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Dantas NCB, Funari MFA, Lerário AM, Andrade NLM, Rezende RC, Cellin LP, Alves C, Crisostomo LG, Arnhold IJP, Mendonca B, Scalco RC, Jorge AAL. Identification of a second genetic alteration in patients with SHOX deficiency individuals: a potential explanation for phenotype variability. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:387-395. [PMID: 37695807 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to assess the impact of genetic modifiers on the significant variation in phenotype that is observed in individuals with SHOX deficiency, which is the most prevalent monogenic cause of short stature. DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a genetic analysis in 98 individuals from 48 families with SHOX deficiency with a target panel designed to capture the entire SHOX genomic region and 114 other genes that modulate growth and/or SHOX action. We prioritized rare potentially deleterious variants. RESULTS We did not identify potential deleterious variants in the promoter or intronic regions of the SHOX genomic locus. In contrast, we found eight heterozygous variants in 11 individuals from nine families in genes with a potential role as genetic modifiers. In addition to a previously described likely pathogenic (LP) variant in CYP26C1 observed in two families, we identified LP variants in PTHLH and ACAN, and variants of uncertain significance in NPR2, RUNX2, and TP53 in more affected individuals from families with SHOX deficiency. Families with a SHOX alteration restricted to the regulatory region had a higher prevalence of a second likely pathogenic variant (27%) than families with an alteration compromising the SHOX coding region (2.9%, P = .04). CONCLUSION In conclusion, variants in genes related to the growth plate have a potential role as genetic modifiers of the phenotype in individuals with SHOX deficiency. In individuals with SHOX alterations restricted to the regulatory region, a second alteration could be critical to determine the penetrance and expression of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara C B Dantas
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana F A Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Lerário
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Nathalia L M Andrade
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raíssa C Rezende
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laurana P Cellin
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Crésio Alves
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40026-010 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Lindiane G Crisostomo
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Universitário Sao Camilo, 04263-200 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Ivo J P Arnhold
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Berenice Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata C Scalco
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, 01221-020 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Yoon SH, Kim GY, Choi GT, Do JT. Organ Abnormalities Caused by Turner Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:1365. [PMID: 37408200 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder due to incomplete dosage compensation of X-linked genes, affects multiple organ systems, leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, short stature, cardiovascular and vascular abnormalities, liver disease, renal abnormalities, brain abnormalities, and skeletal problems. Patients with TS experience premature ovarian failure with a rapid decline in ovarian function caused by germ cell depletion, and pregnancies carry a high risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Aortic abnormalities, heart defects, obesity, hypertension, and liver abnormalities, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, biliary involvement, liver cirrhosis, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia, are commonly observed in patients with TS. The SHOX gene plays a crucial role in short stature and abnormal skeletal phenotype in patients with TS. Abnormal structure formation of the ureter and kidney is also common in patients with TS, and a non-mosaic 45,X karyotype is significantly associated with horseshoe kidneys. TS also affects brain structure and function. In this review, we explore various phenotypic and disease manifestations of TS in different organs, including the reproductive system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, brain, and skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Yoon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Yeon Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Tae Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Gravholt CH, Viuff M, Just J, Sandahl K, Brun S, van der Velden J, Andersen NH, Skakkebaek A. The Changing Face of Turner Syndrome. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:33-69. [PMID: 35695701 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a condition in females missing the second sex chromosome (45,X) or parts thereof. It is considered a rare genetic condition and is associated with a wide range of clinical stigmata, such as short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, delayed puberty and infertility, congenital malformations, endocrine disorders, including a range of autoimmune conditions and type 2 diabetes, and neurocognitive deficits. Morbidity and mortality are clearly increased compared with the general population and the average age at diagnosis is quite delayed. During recent years it has become clear that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary toward the patient with TS. A number of clinical advances has been implemented, and these are reviewed. Our understanding of the genomic architecture of TS is advancing rapidly, and these latest developments are reviewed and discussed. Several candidate genes, genomic pathways and mechanisms, including an altered transcriptome and epigenome, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Mette Viuff
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Kristian Sandahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Sara Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Janielle van der Velden
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Children's Hospital, 6525 Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels H Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg 9000, Denmark
| | - Anne Skakkebaek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200 N, Denmark
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Dantas NCB, Funari MFA, Vasques GA, Andrade NLM, Rezende RC, Brito V, Scalco RC, Arnhold IJP, Mendonca BB, Jorge AAL. Adult Height of Patients with SHOX Haploinsufficiency with or without GH Therapy: A Real-World Single-Center Study. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 95:264-274. [PMID: 35390795 DOI: 10.1159/000524374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Isolated SHOX haploinsufficiency is a common monogenic cause of short stature. Few studies compare untreated and rhGH-treated patients up to adult height (AH). Our study highlights a growth pattern from childhood to AH in patients with SHOX haploinsufficiency and analyzes the real-world effectiveness of rhGH alone or plus GnRH analog (GnRHa). METHODS Forty-seven patients (18 untreated and 29 rhGH-treated) with SHOX haploinsufficiency were included in a longitudinal retrospective study. Adult height was attained in 13 untreated and 18 rhGH-treated (rhGH alone [n = 8] or plus GnRHa [n = 10]) patients. RESULTS The untreated group decreased height SDS from baseline to AH (-0.8 [-1.1; -0.4]), with an increase in the prevalence of short stature from 31% to 77%. Conversely, the rhGH-treated group had an improvement in height SDS from baseline to AH (0.6 [0.2; 0.6]; p < 0.001), with a reduction in the prevalence of short stature (from 61% to 28%). AH in the rhGH-treated patients was 1 SD (6.3 cm) taller than in untreated ones. Regarding the use of GnRHa, the subgroups (rhGH alone or plus GnRHa) attained similar AH, despite the higher prevalence of pubertal patients and worse AH prediction at the start of rhGH treatment in patients who used combined therapy. CONCLUSION The use of rhGH treatment improves AH in patients with SHOX haploinsufficiency, preventing the loss of height potential during puberty. In peripubertal patients, the addition of GnRHa to rhGH allows AH attainment similar to the AH of patients who start rhGH alone in the prepubertal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara C B Dantas
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana F A Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Vasques
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia L M Andrade
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raíssa C Rezende
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Brito
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata C Scalco
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivo J P Arnhold
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Turner Syndrome. ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) affects approximately 1 out of every 1500–2500 live female births, with clinical features including short stature, premature ovarian failure, dysmorphic features and other endocrine, skeletal, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and neurodevelopmental organ system involvement. TS, a common genetic syndrome, is caused by sex chromosome aneuploidy, mosaicism or abnormalities with complete or partial loss of function of the second X chromosome. Advances in genetic and genomic testing have further elucidated other possible mechanisms that contribute to pathogenic variability in phenotypic expression that are not necessarily explained by monosomy or haploinsufficiency of the X chromosome alone. The role of epigenetics in variations of gene expression and how this knowledge can contribute to more individualized therapy is currently being explored. TS is established as a multisystemic condition, with several endocrine manifestations of TS affecting growth, puberty and fertility having significant impact on quality of life. Treatment guidelines are in place for the management of these conditions; however, further data on optimal management is needed.
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Auwerx C, Lepamets M, Sadler MC, Patxot M, Stojanov M, Baud D, Mägi R, Porcu E, Reymond A, Kutalik Z, Metspalu A, Milani L, Mägi R, Nelis M. The individual and global impact of copy-number variants on complex human traits. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:647-668. [PMID: 35240056 PMCID: PMC9069145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of copy-number variations (CNVs) on complex human traits remains understudied. We called CNVs in 331,522 UK Biobank participants and performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) between the copy number of CNV-proxy probes and 57 continuous traits, revealing 131 signals spanning 47 phenotypes. Our analysis recapitulated well-known associations (e.g., 1q21 and height), revealed the pleiotropy of recurrent CNVs (e.g., 26 and 16 traits for 16p11.2-BP4-BP5 and 22q11.21, respectively), and suggested gene functionalities (e.g., MARF1 in female reproduction). Forty-eight CNV signals (38%) overlapped with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-GWASs signals for the same trait. For instance, deletion of PDZK1, which encodes a urate transporter scaffold protein, decreased serum urate levels, while deletion of RHD, which encodes the Rhesus blood group D antigen, associated with hematological traits. Other signals overlapped Mendelian disorder regions, suggesting variable expressivity and broad impact of these loci, as illustrated by signals mapping to Rotor syndrome (SLCO1B1/3), renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (HNF1B), or Charcot-Marie-Tooth (PMP22) loci. Total CNV burden negatively impacted 35 traits, leading to increased adiposity, liver/kidney damage, and decreased intelligence and physical capacity. Thirty traits remained burden associated after correcting for CNV-GWAS signals, pointing to a polygenic CNV architecture. The burden negatively correlated with socio-economic indicators, parental lifespan, and age (survivorship proxy), suggesting a contribution to decreased longevity. Together, our results showcase how studying CNVs can expand biological insights, emphasizing the critical role of this mutational class in shaping human traits and arguing in favor of a continuum between Mendelian and complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Maarja Lepamets
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Marie C Sadler
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Marion Patxot
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Miloš Stojanov
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, CHUV, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, CHUV, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.
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Saxena A, Sharma V, Muthuirulan P, Neufeld SJ, Tran MP, Gutierrez HL, Chen KD, Erberich JM, Birmingham A, Capellini TD, Cobb J, Hiller M, Cooper KL. Interspecies transcriptomics identify genes that underlie disproportionate foot growth in jerboas. Curr Biol 2022; 32:289-303.e6. [PMID: 34793695 PMCID: PMC8792248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great diversity of vertebrate limb proportion and our deep understanding of the genetic mechanisms that drive skeletal elongation, little is known about how individual bones reach different lengths in any species. Here, we directly compare the transcriptomes of homologous growth cartilages of the mouse (Mus musculus) and bipedal jerboa (Jaculus jaculus), the latter of which has "mouse-like" arms but extremely long metatarsals of the feet. Intersecting gene-expression differences in metatarsals and forearms of the two species revealed that about 10% of orthologous genes are associated with the disproportionately rapid elongation of neonatal jerboa feet. These include genes and enriched pathways not previously associated with endochondral elongation as well as those that might diversify skeletal proportion in addition to their known requirements for bone growth throughout the skeleton. We also identified transcription regulators that might act as "nodes" for sweeping differences in genome expression between species. Among these, Shox2, which is necessary for proximal limb elongation, has gained expression in jerboa metatarsals where it has not been detected in other vertebrates. We show that Shox2 is sufficient to increase mouse distal limb length, and a nearby putative cis-regulatory region is preferentially accessible in jerboa metatarsals. In addition to mechanisms that might directly promote growth, we found evidence that jerboa foot elongation may occur in part by de-repressing latent growth potential. The genes and pathways that we identified here provide a framework to understand the modular genetic control of skeletal growth and the remarkable malleability of vertebrate limb proportion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Saxena
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Virag Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, Dresden 01307, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nothnitzerstraße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Pushpanathan Muthuirulan
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stanley J Neufeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mai P Tran
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haydee L Gutierrez
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin D Chen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joel M Erberich
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda Birmingham
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, Dresden 01307, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nothnitzerstraße 38, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020611. [PMID: 35054794 PMCID: PMC8775829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute the majority of the transcriptome, as the result of pervasive transcription of the mammalian genome. Different RNA species, such as lncRNAs, miRNAs, circRNA, mRNAs, engage in regulatory networks based on their reciprocal interactions, often in a competitive manner, in a way denominated “competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks” (“ceRNET”): miRNAs and other ncRNAs modulate each other, since miRNAs can regulate the expression of lncRNAs, which in turn regulate miRNAs, titrating their availability and thus competing with the binding to other RNA targets. The unbalancing of any network component can derail the entire regulatory circuit acting as a driving force for human diseases, thus assigning “new” functions to “old” molecules. This is the case of XIST, the lncRNA characterized in the early 1990s and well known as the essential molecule for X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females, thus preventing an imbalance of X-linked gene expression between females and males. Currently, literature concerning XIST biology is becoming dominated by miRNA associations and they are also gaining prominence for other lncRNAs produced by the X-inactivation center. This review discusses the available literature to explore possible novel functions related to ceRNA activity of lncRNAs produced by the X-inactivation center, beyond their role in dosage compensation, with prospective implications for emerging gender-biased functions and pathological mechanisms.
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Bolt CC, Lopez-Delisle L, Mascrez B, Duboule D. Mesomelic dysplasias associated with the HOXD locus are caused by regulatory reallocations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5013. [PMID: 34408147 PMCID: PMC8373931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human families with chromosomal rearrangements at 2q31, where the human HOXD locus maps, display mesomelic dysplasia, a severe shortening and bending of the limb. In mice, the dominant Ulnaless inversion of the HoxD cluster produces a similar phenotype suggesting the same origin for these malformations in humans and mice. Here we engineer 1 Mb inversion including the HoxD gene cluster, which positioned Hoxd13 close to proximal limb enhancers. Using this model, we show that these enhancers contact and activate Hoxd13 in proximal cells, inducing the formation of mesomelic dysplasia. We show that a secondary Hoxd13 null mutation in-cis with the inversion completely rescues the alterations, demonstrating that ectopic HOXD13 is directly responsible for this bone anomaly. Single-cell expression analysis and evaluation of HOXD13 binding sites suggests that the phenotype arises primarily by acting through genes normally controlled by HOXD13 in distal limb cells. Altogether, these results provide a conceptual and mechanistic framework to understand and unify the molecular origins of human mesomelic dysplasia associated with 2q31.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/embryology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/embryology
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/genetics
- Bone Diseases, Developmental/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/embryology
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/metabolism
- Loss of Function Mutation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multigene Family
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chase Bolt
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Lucille Lopez-Delisle
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Mascrez
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Duboule
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Collège de France, Paris, France.
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White-Sutton syndrome with hot water epilepsy and coexistence of SHOX gene variations. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:749-755. [PMID: 33837909 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect on the clinical phenotype of variants detected at family examination of a case of combined pogo transposable element derived with zinc finger domain (POGZ) gene, tubulin folding cofactor E (TBCE) gene, and short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene variation. A Turkish non-consanguineous family consisting of five members was investigated. Whole exome sequence analysis and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) were performed for a 2-year-old male patient (the proband) with global developmental delay, hypotonia, dysmorphia, and hot water epilepsy. Targeted sequence and chromosomal microarray analyses were performed for each family member. A heterozygous c.3908_3911delTCTG/p.V1303fs*6 variant was detected in the POGZ gene and a heterozygous c.626 T > G(p.L209X) variant in the TBCE gene in the proband. In addition, a gain of 0.1 MB was detected in the Xp22.33(602488-733497) × 3/Yp11.32(552488-683497) × 3 region at CMA. The SHOX (312865) gene defined in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man is located in this region. While the proband's father and brother had heterozygous variations only in the TBCE gene, neither TBCE nor POGZ mutations were detected in the mother or sister. A gain in Xp22.33(419224-883640) × 3 was detected in the mother at CMA. Except for short stature and Madelung deformity, no phenotypical findings were detected in the mother. Other family members were also phenotypically normal. The family screening confirmed that dysmorphic findings and global developmental delay in the proband resulted from the variation in the POGZ gene, while short stature was caused by the gain in the Xp22.33(602488-733497) × 3/Yp11.32(552488-683497) × 3 region. In addition, the pathogenic POGZ gene variation in our patient may be a possible cause of hot water epilepsy. Heterozygous variation in the TBCE gene was clinically insignificant. Hot water epilepsy has not previously been reported in the rare patients with POGZ gene mutation. Additionally, in contrast to the previous literature, the proband exhibited no features of autism. It should also be remembered that posterior fossa abnormalities are frequently seen in these patients. We think that this case and family review involving POGZ and SHOX gene mutations will make a useful contribution to the existing literature.
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12
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Of mice and men - and guinea pigs? Ann Anat 2021; 238:151765. [PMID: 34000371 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This year marks the twentieth anniversary of the publication of the first draft of the human genome and its broad availability to the scientific community. In parallel, the annotation of the mouse genome led to the identification and analysis of countless genes by means of genetic manipulation. Today, when comparing both genomes, it might surprise that some genes are still seeking their respective homologs in either species. In this review, we aim at raising awareness for the remarkable differences between the researcher's favorite rodents, i.e., mice and rats, when it comes to the generation of rodent research models regarding genes with a particular delicate localization, namely the pseudoautosomal region on both sex chromosomes. Many of these genes are of utmost clinical relevance in humans and still miss a rodent disease model giving their absence in mice and rats or low sequence similarity compared to humans. The abundance of rodents within mammals prompted us to investigate different branches of rodents leading us to the re-discovery of the guinea pig as a mammalian research model for a distinct group of genes.
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The Role of Number of Copies, Structure, Behavior and Copy Number Variations (CNV) of the Y Chromosome in Male Infertility. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010040. [PMID: 31905733 PMCID: PMC7016774 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve spontaneous pregnancy within one year. Statistics show that the two sexes are equally at risk. Several causes may be responsible for male infertility; however, in 30–40% of cases a diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility is made in men with normal urogenital anatomy, no history of familial fertility-related diseases and a normal panel of values as for endocrine, genetic and biochemical markers. Idiopathic male infertility may be the result of gene/environment interactions, genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Numerical and structural anomalies of the Y chromosome represent a minor yet significant proportion and are the topic discussed in this review. We searched the PubMed database and major search engines for reports about Y-linked male infertility. We present cases of Y-linked male infertility in terms of (i) anomalies of the Y chromosome structure/number; (ii) Y chromosome misbehavior in a normal genetic background; (iii) Y chromosome copy number variations (CNVs). We discuss possible explanations of male infertility caused by mutations, lower or higher number of copies of otherwise wild type, Y-linked sequences. Despite Y chromosome structural anomalies are not a major cause of male infertility, in case of negative results and of normal DNA sequencing of the ascertained genes causing infertility and mapping on this chromosome, we recommend an analysis of the karyotype integrity in all cases of idiopathic fertility impairment, with an emphasis on the structure and number of this chromosome.
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Fahrner JA, Lin WY, Riddle RC, Boukas L, DeLeon VB, Chopra S, Lad SE, Luperchio TR, Hansen KD, Bjornsson HT. Precocious chondrocyte differentiation disrupts skeletal growth in Kabuki syndrome mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129380. [PMID: 31557133 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome 1 (KS1) is a Mendelian disorder of the epigenetic machinery caused by mutations in the gene encoding KMT2D, which methylates lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4). KS1 is characterized by intellectual disability, postnatal growth retardation, and distinct craniofacial dysmorphisms. A mouse model (Kmt2d+/βGeo) exhibits features of the human disorder and has provided insight into other phenotypes; however, the mechanistic basis of skeletal abnormalities and growth retardation remains elusive. Using high-resolution micro-CT, we show that Kmt2d+/βGeo mice have shortened long bones and ventral bowing of skulls. In vivo expansion of growth plates within skulls and long bones suggests disrupted endochondral ossification as a common disease mechanism. Stable chondrocyte cell lines harboring inactivating mutations in Kmt2d exhibit precocious differentiation, further supporting this mechanism. A known inducer of chondrogenesis, SOX9, and its targets show markedly increased expression in Kmt2d-/- chondrocytes. By transcriptome profiling, we identify Shox2 as a putative KMT2D target. We propose that decreased KMT2D-mediated H3K4me3 at Shox2 releases Sox9 inhibition and thereby leads to enhanced chondrogenesis, providing a potentially novel and plausible explanation for precocious chondrocyte differentiation. Our findings provide insight into the pathogenesis of growth retardation in KS1 and suggest therapeutic approaches for this and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Fahrner
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics
| | | | | | - Leandros Boukas
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Valerie B DeLeon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Susan E Lad
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Kasper D Hansen
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hans T Bjornsson
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics.,Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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15
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Liu J, Song X, Chen Z, Ma J. Neural fashion experts: I know how to make the complementary clothing matching. Neurocomputing 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2019.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Cui X, Cui Y, Shi L, Luan J, Zhou X, Han J. A preliminary study on the mechanism of skeletal abnormalities in Turner syndrome using inducing pluripotent stem cells (iPS)- based disease models. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2019; 8:113-119. [PMID: 31218161 PMCID: PMC6557239 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2019.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis represent one of main characteristics of Turner syndrome (TS), a rare diseases caused by aberrant deletion of X chromosomes, however, the underlying pathological mechanism remains unknown yet. In this study, we used pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from a Turner syndrome patient and a health control to induce functional osteoblasts and osteoclasts, in order to compare their difference in these two differentiation. We successfully produced functional osteoblasts and osteoclasts from iPSCs through embryoid bodies (EBs) and mesoderm stages, as demonstrated obvious mineralized nodules and multi-nuclear giant cells with positive tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and significant up-regulated differentiation marker genes. Interestingly, we found that there was no significant difference in phenotype and marker genes expression between osteoblasts from Turner syndrome and healthy control iPSCs. In contrast, Turner syndrome showed increased osteoclastogenesis compared to the healthy control indicating higher frequency of multi-nuclear TRAP staining cells and elevated osteoclast marker genes TRAP, MMP9, CA2, OSCAR. Therefore, our results suggest that the low bone density of Turner syndrome patients may be caused by aberrant osteoclast differentiation, and further investigation towards osteoclast function under Turner syndrome is deserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Cui
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Chinan
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yazhou Cui
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jing Luan
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
- Address correspondence to:Dr. Jinxiang Han, Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250062, China. E-mail:
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17
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Kurnaz E, Savaş-Erdeve Ş, Çetinkaya S, Aycan Z. SHOX gene deletion screening by FISH in children with short stature and Madelung deformity and their characteristics. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:1273-1278. [PMID: 30332396 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The short stature homeobox-containing (SHOX) gene strongly affects height. Therefore, a better understanding of SHOX haploinsufficiency could be advantageous to early diagnosis and treatment. We investigated the rate of SHOX haploinsufficiency in patients of short stature and documented their anthropometric measurements. Methods Between 2010 and 2017, we evaluated 86 patients (70 females, 16 males; age 4.3-18 years) with clinical diagnoses of short stature and Madelung deformity (MD). Clinical abnormalities are presented for patients with MD with and without SHOX haploinsufficiency as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Results According to our inclusion criteria, 78 of 86 patients (70 females, 16 males) had short stature (height <-2.5 standard deviation [SD]) and a family history suggestive of short stature. Eight patients had short stature, a family history suggestive of short stature and MD. MD was obvious in eight children in radiographic examinations. Although five of these had no deletion of SHOX, three had deletion of this gene. The deletion detection rate was 37.5% in the individuals with short stature and MD, i.e. Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis syndrome (LWS), whilst no deletions were detected in the individuals with only short stature. One individual responded well to growth hormone (GH) treatment for the first 2 years but then developed an intolerance with persistently elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. Conclusions As we likely missed cases due to our methodology, the routine analysis for SHOX screening should be firstly multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The incidence of MD may have been higher in the cohort if X-rays were performed in all individuals. GH treatment was not well tolerated in one case due to persistently elevated IGF-1 levels, and long-term evaluations of patients with SHOX deficiency are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Kurnaz
- Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şenay Savaş-Erdeve
- Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Çetinkaya
- Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zehra Aycan
- Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Nakayama M, Kondo O, Pesonen P, Alvesalo L, Lähdesmäki R. Influence of long and short arms of X chromosome on maxillary molar crown morphology. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207070. [PMID: 30439977 PMCID: PMC6237344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genes on the human X chromosome reportedly influence tooth crown morphology, little is known about X chromosome activation or inactivation systems relevant to morphological variations. We assessed the relationships between tooth crown size and crown morphological traits in females with Turner syndrome, the variants of which include complete absence of one X chromosome, lack of the short arm (Xp), or duplication of the long arms (Xq), and then estimated the functions of Xp and Xq in the process of unilateral X chromosome inactivation during tooth crown development. The mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters in the maxillary first (M1) and second (M2) permanent molars were compared among X chromosome karyotypes by multiple regression analyses, and their relationships with the development of Carabelli’s cusp and the distolingual cusp were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The crown sizes increased in the order of the 46,X,i(Xq) karyotype, 45,X and 45,X/46,XX karyotypes, and control group. A lower frequency of Carabelli’s cusp and higher frequency of a reduced distolingual cusp in M1 were characteristics of Turner syndrome. The overall M1 and M2 crown sizes differed among the X chromosome karyotypes, whereas a smaller crown size was associated with a reduced distolingual cusp but not with Carabelli’s cusp. Considering the differences in chromosome arrangement among females with Turner syndrome and the process of unilateral X chromosome inactivation, the observed results can be considered in terms of quantity or number of promoters/inhibitors during tooth crown development. The X chromosome karyotypes have a strong influence on the overall crown sizes of the M1 and M2 molars because those karyotypes with variable numbers of active gene regions directly influence tooth germ development in an early stage of human odontogenesis. The later forming cusps, such as the distolingual cusp and Carabelli’s cusp, may be affected by this developmental prerequisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Nakayama
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Anatomy I, Nihon University, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Osamu Kondo
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paula Pesonen
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Alvesalo
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Lähdesmäki
- Oral Development and Orthodontics, Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
Background Monosomy of the X chromosome is the most frequent genetic abnormality in human as it is present in approximately 2% of all conceptions, although 99% of these embryos are spontaneously miscarried. In postnatal life, clinical features of Turner syndrome may include typical dysmorphic stigmata, short stature, sexual infantilism, and renal, cardiac, skeletal, endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. Main text Turner syndrome is due to a partial or total loss of the second sexual chromosome, resulting in the development of highly variable clinical features. This phenotype may not merely be due to genomic imbalance from deleted genes but may also result from additive influences on associated genes within a given gene network, with an altered regulation of gene expression triggered by the absence of the second sex chromosome. Current studies in human and mouse models have demonstrated that this chromosomal abnormality leads to epigenetic changes, including differential DNA methylation in specific groups of downstream target genes in pathways associated with several clinical and metabolic features, mostly on autosomal chromosomes. In this article, we begin exploring the potential involvement of both genetic and epigenetic factors in the origin of X chromosome monosomy. We review the dispute between the meiotic and post-zygotic origins of 45,X monosomy, by mainly analyzing the findings from several studies that compare gene expression of the 45,X monosomy to their euploid and/or 47,XXX trisomic cell counterparts on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, amniotic fluid, human fibroblast cells, and induced pluripotent human cell lines. From these studies, a profile of epigenetic changes seems to emerge in response to chromosomal imbalance. An interesting finding of all these studies is that methylation-based and expression-based pathway analyses are complementary, rather than overlapping, and are correlated with the clinical picture displayed by TS subjects. Conclusions The clarification of these possible causal pathways may have future implications in increasing the life expectancy of these patients and may provide informative targets for early pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Álvarez-Nava
- Biological Sciences School, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Roberto Lanes
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hospital de Clínicas Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
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20
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Colaco S, Modi D. Genetics of the human Y chromosome and its association with male infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:14. [PMID: 29454353 PMCID: PMC5816366 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Y chromosome harbors genes that are responsible for testis development and also for initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis in adulthood. The long arm of the Y chromosome (Yq) contains many ampliconic and palindromic sequences making it predisposed to self-recombination during spermatogenesis and hence susceptible to intra-chromosomal deletions. Such deletions lead to copy number variation in genes of the Y chromosome resulting in male infertility. Three common Yq deletions that recur in infertile males are termed as AZF (Azoospermia Factor) microdeletions viz. AZFa, AZFb and AZFc. As estimated from data of nearly 40,000 Y chromosomes, the global prevalence of Yq microdeletions is 7.5% in infertile males; however the European infertile men are less susceptible to Yq microdeletions, the highest prevalence is in Americans and East Asian infertile men. In addition, partial deletions of the AZFc locus have been associated with infertility but the effect seems to be ethnicity dependent. Analysis of > 17,000 Y chromosomes from fertile and infertile men has revealed an association of gr/gr deletion with male infertility in Caucasians and Mongolian men, while the b2/b3 deletion is associated with male infertility in African and Dravidian men. Clinically, the screening for Yq microdeletions would aid the clinician in determining the cause of male infertility and decide a rational management strategy for the patient. As these deletions are transmitted to 100% of male offspring born through assisted reproduction, testing of Yq deletions will allow the couples to make an informed choice regarding the perpetuation of male infertility in future generations. With the emerging data on association of Yq deletions with testicular cancers and neuropsychiatric conditions long term follow-up data is urgently needed for infertile men harboring Yq deletions. If found so, the information will change the current the perspective of androgenetics from infertility and might have broad implication in men health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Colaco
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Deepak Modi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India.
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Ramachandrappa S, Kulkarni A, Gandhi H, Ellis C, Hutt R, Roberts L, Hamid R, Papageorghiou A, Mansour S. SHOX haploinsufficiency presenting with isolated short long bones in the second and third trimester. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:350-358. [PMID: 29330548 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor short stature homeobox (SHOX) manifests as a spectrum of clinical phenotypes, ranging from disproportionate short stature and Madelung deformity to isolated short stature. Here, we describe five infants with molecularly confirmed diagnoses of SHOX haploinsufficiency who presented in utero with short long bones during routine antenatal scanning from as early as 19 weeks gestation. Other foetal growth parameters were normal. The molecular basis of SHOX haploinsufficiency was distinct in each case. In four cases, SHOX haploinsufficiency was inherited from a previously undiagnosed parent. In our de novo case, SHOX haploinsufficiency reflected the formation of a derivative sex chromosome during paternal meiosis. Final adult height in the SHOX-deficient parents ranged from -1.9 to -1.2 SDS. All affected parents had disproportionately short limbs and two affected mothers had bilateral Madelung deformity. To our knowledge, SHOX haploinsufficiency has not previously been reported to present in utero. Our experience illustrates that SHOX deficiency should form part of the differential diagnosis of foetal short long bones and suggests a low threshold for genetic testing. This should be particularly targeted at, but not limited to, families with a history of features suggestive of SHOX deficiency. Data on the postnatal growth of our index cases is presented which demonstrates that antenatal presentation of SHOX haploinsufficiency is not indicative of severe postnatal growth restriction. Early identification of SHOX deficiency will enable accurate genetic counselling reflecting a good postnatal outcome and facilitate optimal initiation of growth hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Ramachandrappa
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Abhijit Kulkarni
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Hina Gandhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Canada Avenue, Redhill, RH1 5RH, UK
| | - Cheryl Ellis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Wrythe Lane, Carshalton, SM5 1AA, UK
| | - Renata Hutt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Egerton Road, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK
| | - Lesley Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Egerton Road, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK
| | - Rosol Hamid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Croydon Health Services NHS Trust, London Road, Croydon, CR7 7YE, UK
| | - Aris Papageorghiou
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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Tung YC, Lee NC, Hwu WL, Liu SY, Lee CT, Chien YH, Tsai WY. SHOX deficiency in short Taiwanese children: A single-center experience. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 117:909-914. [PMID: 29254682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SHOX deficiency is a common cause of idiopathic short stature. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and molecular findings of patients with SHOX deficiency in Taiwan. METHODS A phenotype scoring system was used to evaluate several anthropometric measures in patients with idiopathic short stature. Twenty-three patients with a phenotype score >7 were enrolled for SHOX gene analysis by MLPA and sequencing. Another patient with a deletion/insertion of the short arm of the X chromosome containing the SHOX gene was enrolled for the assessment. RESULTS SHOX deficiency was detected in 26% of short children with a phenotype score >7. The arm-span-to-height ratio was significantly lower in SHOX-D patients than in non-SHOX-D patients. In patients with SHOX deficiency, an arm-span-to-height ratio <96.5% and short forearm were the most common characteristics. Three patients also exhibited typical radiological findings. A molecular analysis of the SHOX gene revealed five patients with intragenic deletions, one with a deletion in the regulatory region, and one with a missense mutation at exon 5. CONCLUSION The phenotype scoring system is useful to select children with SHOX deficiency in Taiwan. Family history and radiological image of the radius are also of value for the diagnosis. This study may aid physicians in the early diagnosis of children with SHOX deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Tung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
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23
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Kang MJ. Novel genetic cause of idiopathic short stature. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 22:153-157. [PMID: 29025200 PMCID: PMC5642075 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the growth hormone - insulin-like growth factor I (GH - IGF-I) axis is the most important signaling pathway in linear growth, and defects in this axis present as growth hormone deficiencies or IGF-I deficiencies. However, subtle changes in serum levels of GH or IGF-I, caused by gene mutations involved in the GH - IGF-I axis, can present as idiopathic short stature (ISS). This paper briefly discusses GHR and IGFALS. In addition, recent studies have shown that many factors, including paracrine signals, extracellular matrix, and intracellular mechanisms of chondrocytes, regulate the growth plate independent of the GH - IGF-I system. Rapid development of diagnostic technologies has enabled discovery of many genetic causes of ISS. This paper discusses 5 genes, SHOX, NPR2, NPPC, FGFR3, and ACAN, that may lead to better understanding of ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Kang
- Address for correspondence: Min Jae Kang, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3080-0941 Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang 14068, Korea Tel: +82-31-380-3730 Fax: +82-31-380-1900 E-mail:
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24
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Short Stature Homeobox-Containing Haploinsufficiency in Seven Siblings with Short Stature. Case Rep Endocrinol 2017; 2017:7287351. [PMID: 28948052 PMCID: PMC5602651 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7287351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the short stature homeobox-containing (SHOX) gene is a frequent cause of short stature in children (2–15%). Here, we report 7 siblings with SHOX deficiency due to a point mutation in the SHOX gene. Index case was a 3-year-old male who presented for evaluation of short stature. His past medical history and birth history were unremarkable. Family history was notable for multiple individuals with short stature. Physical exam revealed short stature, with height standard deviation score (SDS) of −2.98, as well as arm span 3 cm less than his height. His laboratory workup was noncontributory for common etiologies of short stature. Due to significant familial short stature and shortened arm span, SHOX gene analysis was performed and revealed patient is heterozygous for a novel SHOX gene mutation at nucleotide position c.582. This mutation is predicted to cause termination of the SHOX protein at codon 194, effectively causing haploinsufficiency. Six out of nine other siblings were later found to also be heterozygous for the same mutation. Growth hormone was initiated in all seven siblings upon diagnosis and they have demonstrated improved height SDS.
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Alexandrou A, Papaevripidou I, Tsangaras K, Alexandrou I, Tryfonidis M, Christophidou-Anastasiadou V, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Koumbaris G, Neocleous V, Phylactou LA, Skordis N, Tanteles GA, Sismani C. Identification of a novel 15.5 kb SHOX deletion associated with marked intrafamilial phenotypic variability and analysis of its molecular origin. J Genet 2017; 95:839-845. [PMID: 27994182 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the short stature homeobox contaning SHOX gene has been shown to result in a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) at the more severe end to SHOX-related short stature at the milder end of the spectrum. Most alterations are whole gene deletions, point mutations within the coding region, or microdeletions in its flanking sequences. Here, we present the clinical and molecular data as well as the potential molecular mechanism underlying a novel microdeletion, causing a variable SHOX-related haploinsufficiency disorder in a three-generation family. The phenotype resembles that of LWD in females, in males, however, the phenotypic expression is milder. The 15523-bp SHOX intragenic deletion, encompassing exons 3-6, was initially detected by array-CGH, followed by MLPA analysis. Sequencing of the breakpoints indicated an Alu recombination-mediated deletion (ARMD) as the potential causative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Alexandrou
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 1683, Cyprus.
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26
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Marstrand-Joergensen MR, Jensen RB, Aksglaede L, Duno M, Juul A. Prevalence of SHOX haploinsufficiency among short statured children. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:335-341. [PMID: 27814343 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this clinical study was to determine the prevalence of SHOX haploinsufficiency in a population of short stature patients and describe their anthropometric measurements. METHODS 574 short statured patients were evaluated in a single center (1992-2015). SHOX copy number was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 574 subjects, followed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and DNA sequencing in subjects with SHOX haploinsufficiency. We evaluated anthropometric measurements at birth, and at first examination. Skeletal abnormalities were recorded for patients with SHOX haploinsufficiency. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were excluded due to Turner syndrome (n = 28), SRY-positive 46,XX male karyotype (n = 1), or lacked clinical follow-up information (n = 3). The prevalence of SHOX haploinsufficiency was 9 out of 542 (1.7%). The nine children had decreased height -2.85 (0.6) SD scores (SDS) (mean (SD)) and weight -2.15 (1.36) SDS, P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively. The sitting height/height ratio was increased, P = 0.04. Madelung deformity was diagnosed in three patients. Mean height was -2.9 (0.4) SDS at baseline and increased by 0.25 (0.2) SDS, P = 0.046, after 1 y of growth hormone (GH) treatment. CONCLUSION The prevalence of SHOX haploinsufficiency was 1.7%. The clinical findings indicating SHOX haploinsufficiency among the nine children were disproportionate short stature and forearm anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikke Beck Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Aksglaede
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Duno
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Widespread DNA hypomethylation and differential gene expression in Turner syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34220. [PMID: 27687697 PMCID: PMC5043230 DOI: 10.1038/srep34220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adults with 45,X monosomy (Turner syndrome) reflect a surviving minority since more than 99% of fetuses with 45,X monosomy die in utero. In adulthood 45,X monosomy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, although strikingly heterogeneous with some individuals left untouched while others suffer from cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease and infertility. The present study investigates the leukocyte DNAmethylation profile by using the 450K-Illumina Infinium assay and the leukocyte RNA-expression profile in 45,X monosomy compared with karyotypically normal female and male controls. We present results illustrating that genome wide X-chromosome RNA-expression profile, autosomal DNA-methylation profile, and the X-chromosome methylation profile clearly distinguish Turner syndrome from controls. Our results reveal genome wide hypomethylation with most differentially methylated positions showing a medium level of methylation. Contrary to previous studies, applying a single loci specific analysis at well-defined DNA loci, our results indicate that the hypomethylation extend to repetitive elements. We describe novel candidate genes that could be involved in comorbidity in TS and explain congenital urinary malformations (PRKX), premature ovarian failure (KDM6A), and aortic aneurysm formation (ZFYVE9 and TIMP1).
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28
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Thrasher BJ, Hong LK, Whitmire JK, Su MA. Epigenetic Dysfunction in Turner Syndrome Immune Cells. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16:36. [PMID: 27039394 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal condition associated with partial or complete absence of the X chromosome that involves characteristic findings in multiple organ systems. In addition to well-known clinical characteristics such as short stature and gonadal failure, TS is also associated with T cell immune alterations and chronic otitis media, suggestive of a possible immune deficiency. Recently, ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat on the X chromosome (UTX), a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase, has been identified as a downregulated gene in TS immune cells. Importantly, UTX is an X-linked gene that escapes X-chromosome inactivation and thus is haploinsufficient in TS. Mice with T cell-specific UTX deficiency have impaired clearance of chronic viral infection due to decreased frequencies of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which are critical for B cell antibody generation. In parallel, TS patients have decreased Tfh frequencies in peripheral blood. Together, these findings suggest that haploinsufficiency of the X-linked UTX gene in TS T cells underlies an immune deficit, which may manifest as increased predisposition to chronic otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradly J Thrasher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lee Kyung Hong
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maureen A Su
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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29
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Identification of 15 novel partial SHOX deletions and 13 partial duplications, and a review of the literature reveals intron 3 to be a hotspot region. J Hum Genet 2016; 62:229-234. [PMID: 27604558 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Short stature homeobox gene (SHOX) is located in the pseudoautosomal region 1 of the sex chromosomes. It encodes a transcription factor implicated in the skeletal growth. Point mutations, deletions or duplications of SHOX or its transcriptional regulatory elements are associated with two skeletal dysplasias, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD), as well as in a small proportion of idiopathic short stature (ISS) individuals. We have identified a total of 15 partial SHOX deletions and 13 partial SHOX duplications in LWD, LMD and ISS patients referred for routine SHOX diagnostics during a 10 year period (2004-2014). Subsequently, we characterized these alterations using MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay), fine-tiling array CGH (comparative genomic hybridation) and breakpoint PCR. Nearly half of the alterations have a distal or proximal breakpoint in intron 3. Evaluation of our data and that in the literature reveals that although partial deletions and duplications only account for a small fraction of SHOX alterations, intron 3 appears to be a breakpoint hotspot, with alterations arising by non-allelic homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining or other complex mechanisms.
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30
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Marchini A, Ogata T, Rappold GA. A Track Record on SHOX: From Basic Research to Complex Models and Therapy. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:417-48. [PMID: 27355317 PMCID: PMC4971310 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SHOX deficiency is the most frequent genetic growth disorder associated with isolated and syndromic forms of short stature. Caused by mutations in the homeobox gene SHOX, its varied clinical manifestations include isolated short stature, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, and Langer mesomelic dysplasia. In addition, SHOX deficiency contributes to the skeletal features in Turner syndrome. Causative SHOX mutations have allowed downstream pathology to be linked to defined molecular lesions. Expression levels of SHOX are tightly regulated, and almost half of the pathogenic mutations have affected enhancers. Clinical severity of SHOX deficiency varies between genders and ranges from normal stature to profound mesomelic skeletal dysplasia. Treatment options for children with SHOX deficiency are available. Two decades of research support the concept of SHOX as a transcription factor that integrates diverse aspects of bone development, growth plate biology, and apoptosis. Due to its absence in mouse, the animal models of choice have become chicken and zebrafish. These models, therefore, together with micromass cultures and primary cell lines, have been used to address SHOX function. Pathway and network analyses have identified interactors, target genes, and regulators. Here, we summarize recent data and give insight into the critical molecular and cellular functions of SHOX in the etiopathogenesis of short stature and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchini
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Delil K, Karabulut HG, Hacıhamdioğlu B, Şıklar Z, Berberoğlu M, Öçal G, Tükün A, Ruhi HI. Investigation of SHOX Gene Mutations in Turkish Patients with Idiopathic Short Stature. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:144-9. [PMID: 26758084 PMCID: PMC5096468 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The frequency of mutations in the short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene in patients with idiopathic short stature (ISS) ranges widely, depending mostly on the mutation detection technique and inclusion criteria. We present phenotypic and genotypic data on 38 Turkish patients with ISS and the distinctive features of 1 patient with a SHOX deletion. METHODS Microsatellite markers (MSMs) DXYS10092 (GA repeats) and DXYS10093 (CT repeats) were used to select patients for fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis and to screen for deletions in the SHOX gene. The FISH analysis was applied to patients homozygous for at least one MSM. A Sanger sequencing analysis was performed on patients with no deletions according to FISH to investigate point mutations in the SHOX gene. RESULTS One patient (2.6%) had a SHOX mutation. CONCLUSION Although the number of cases was limited and the mutation analysis techniques we used cannot detect all mutations, our findings emphasize the importance of the difference in arm span and height when selecting patients for SHOX gene testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Delil
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 216 625 45 45-9129/9120 E-mail:
| | | | - Bülent Hacıhamdioğlu
- Süleymaniye Maternity Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Şıklar
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merih Berberoğlu
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gönül Öçal
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ajlan Tükün
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ilgın Ruhi
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
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32
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Fang H, Xu J, Wu H, Fan H, Zhong L. Combination of Klinefelter Syndrome and Acromegaly: A Rare Case Report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3444. [PMID: 27124035 PMCID: PMC4998698 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common chromosomal aneuploidy in male population, which demonstrates an unusual association with acromegaly. We herein present a rare case involving the confirmation of KS 2 years after surgical treatment for acromegaly.A 27-year-old man presented with an acromegalic appearance. Endocrinological examination revealed a high growth hormone (GH) concentration, low testosterone concentration, and high follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone concentration. Brain imaging revealed a 9 × 6 × 7- mm sellar low-density nodule suggestive of a microadenoma. Trans-sphenoidal surgery was undertaken, and immunohistochemistry revealed GH positivity. Two years after surgery, the patient underwent examination for infertility. He presented with diminished pubic hair, and small and firm testes. Hormonal assay revealed hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism on the basis of decreased serum total testosterone (<0.2 ng/mL), and elevated luteinizing hormone (14.71 mIU/mL) and follicle-stimulating hormone (21.8 mIU/mL). A chromosomal karyotype examination showed 47,XXY, confirming the diagnosis of KS. Replacement therapy with oral testosterone undecanoate was begun. Brain imaging showed no delayed enhancement in the saddle region of the pituitary gland, but the concentration of plasma insulin-like growth factor maintained a high level. The patient's GH concentration was not significantly suppressed by the GH glucose suppression test. In this consideration, he was referred for postoperative somatostatin analogue treatment to control GH hypersecretion.The misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of KS is mainly because of substantial variations in clinical presentation and insufficient professional awareness of the syndrome itself. As the simultaneous occurrence of KS and acromegaly is rare, and the association between them remains unclear, we suggest that complete pituitary hormonal screening and conventional pituitary MRI should be essential for patients with KS to screen for pituitary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Fang
- From the Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University (HF, JX, HF, LZ); and Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) (HW), Beijing, China
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Valetto A, Bertini V, Michelucci A, Toschi B, Dati E, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S. Short Stature in Isodicentric Y Chromosome and Three Copies of the SHOX Gene: Clinical Report and Review of Literature. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:19-25. [PMID: 27194969 PMCID: PMC4862393 DOI: 10.1159/000444430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Short stature homeobox gene (SHOX) mutations and pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) deletions encompassing SHOX are known causes of Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis and isolated short stature, while 3 copies of SHOX in cases with triple sex chromosome constitution are responsible for tall stature. Duplications involving SHOX have been rarely reported, and they were found in individuals with short, normal and tall stature. An adopted boy with short stature, isodicentric Y chromosome and 3 copies of SHOX is described. Normal growth hormone (GH) secretion and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) increase during an IGF1 generation test were found, ruling out impaired GH-IGF1 axis. No other organic or psychiatric causes of impaired growth were found. GH treatment improved linear growth, as reported in children with SHOX haploinsufficiency. This new report and the review of literature support that SHOX duplication may cause short stature, especially in those children with duplications of the 5'SHOX regulatory elements. Chromosome analysis and detailed molecular characterization of the duplicated region should be warranted in individuals with SHOX duplications in order to investigate the presence of occult chromosome imbalance. Additional reports and follow-up till adult height are needed to give conclusions on long-term efficacy and safety of GH treatment in short children with SHOX duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Valetto
- Division of Cytogenetic and Molecular Biology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Bertini
- Division of Cytogenetic and Molecular Biology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Michelucci
- Division of Cytogenetic and Molecular Biology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Toschi
- Division of Cytogenetic and Molecular Biology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Dati
- Division of Pediatrics, San Giuseppe Hospital, ASL 11, Empoli, Italy
| | - Giampietro I. Baroncelli
- Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Division, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvano Bertelloni
- Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Division, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy
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Song L, Yu H, Li Y. Diagnosis of Lung Cancer by SHOX2 Gene Methylation Assay. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 19:159-67. [PMID: 26014676 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world. Few effective and cheap methods are available so far for early detection and screening of lung cancer. Although histological and cytological examinations are gold standards in lung cancer diagnosis, patients are always at late stages when diagnosis is confirmed. Therefore, new diagnostic methods are needed urgently to increase the early diagnostic rate, enhance the confirmed diagnostic rate, and reduce mortality. The SHOX2 gene methylation assay has become a promising option for the above purposes. It has been shown to enhance the confirmed diagnostic rate of lung cancer in several clinical trials when combined with histological or cytological assays, and has the potential to become an early diagnostic tool. This article reviews the outcome of clinical trials using the SHOX2 gene methylation assay alone or in combination with other examinations, and suggests its future applications and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Song
- The Chinese PLA 309 Hospital, No. 17, Heishanhu Road, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China,
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35
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Faienza MF, Ventura A, Colucci S, Cavallo L, Grano M, Brunetti G. Bone Fragility in Turner Syndrome: Mechanisms and Prevention Strategies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:34. [PMID: 27199891 PMCID: PMC4844601 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fragility is recognized as one of the major comorbidities in Turner syndrome (TS). The mechanisms underlying bone impairment in affected patients are not clearly elucidated, but estrogen deficiency and X-chromosomal abnormalities represent important factors. Moreover, although many girls with TS undergo recombinant growth hormone therapy to treat short stature, the efficacy of this treatment on bone mineral density is controversial. The present review will focus on bone fragility in subjects with TS, providing an overview on the pathogenic mechanisms and some prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Pediatrics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ventura
- Pediatrics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Luciano Cavallo
- Pediatrics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giacomina Brunetti,
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Slavney A, Arbiza L, Clark AG, Keinan A. Strong Constraint on Human Genes Escaping X-Inactivation Is Modulated by their Expression Level and Breadth in Both Sexes. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:384-93. [PMID: 26494842 PMCID: PMC4751236 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In eutherian mammals, X-linked gene expression is normalized between XX females and XY males through the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI). XCI results in silencing of transcription from one ChrX homolog per female cell. However, approximately 25% of human ChrX genes escape XCI to some extent and exhibit biallelic expression in females. The evolutionary basis of this phenomenon is not entirely clear, but high sequence conservation of XCI escapers suggests that purifying selection may directly or indirectly drive XCI escape at these loci. One hypothesis is that this signal results from contributions to developmental and physiological sex differences, but presently there is limited evidence supporting this model in humans. Another potential driver of this signal is selection for high and/or broad gene expression in both sexes, which are strong predictors of reduced nucleotide substitution rates in mammalian genes. Here, we compared purifying selection and gene expression patterns of human XCI escapers with those of X-inactivated genes in both sexes. When we accounted for the functional status of each ChrX gene’s Y-linked homolog (or “gametolog”), we observed that XCI escapers exhibit greater degrees of purifying selection in the human lineage than X-inactivated genes, as well as higher and broader gene expression than X-inactivated genes across tissues in both sexes. These results highlight a significant role for gene expression in both sexes in driving purifying selection on XCI escapers, and emphasize these genes’ potential importance in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Slavney
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University
| | - Leonardo Arbiza
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University
| | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University
| | - Alon Keinan
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University
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Seo GH, Kang E, Cho JH, Lee BH, Choi JH, Kim GH, Seo EJ, Yoo HW. Turner syndrome presented with tall stature due to overdosage of the SHOX gene. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015; 20:110-3. [PMID: 26191517 PMCID: PMC4504991 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2015.20.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal disorders. It is caused by numerical or structural abnormalities of the X chromosome and results in short stature and gonadal dysgenesis. The short stature arises from haploinsufficiency of the SHOX gene, whereas overdosage contributes to tall stature. This report describes the first Korean case of Turner syndrome with tall stature caused by SHOX overdosage. The patient presented with primary amenorrhea and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism at the age of 17 years. Estrogen replacement therapy was initiated at that time. She displayed tall stature from childhood, with normal growth velocity, and reached a final height of 190 cm (standard deviation score, 4.3) at the age of 30 years. Her karyotype was 46,X, psu idic(X)(q21.2), representing partial monosomy of Xq and partial trisomy of Xp. Analysis by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification detected a duplication at Xp22.3-Xp22.2, encompassing the PPP2R3 gene near the 5'-end of the SHOX gene through the FANCD gene at Xp22.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Hun Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eungu Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyang Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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38
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Mei L, Huang Y, Pan Q, Li H, Liang D, Wu L. Identification of a novel SHOX mutation in a Chinese family with isolated Madelung deformity. J Genet 2015; 93:809-12. [PMID: 25572239 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Simpson JL. Genetics of female infertility due to anomalies of the ovary and mullerian ducts. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1154:39-73. [PMID: 24782005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0659-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors are pivotal in reproductive development and subsequent reproductive processes. If disturbed, infertility can occur. In the female, genetic factors affecting the ovary and the uterus are not uncommon causes of infertility. Terminal deletions on the X long arm and X short arm and X chromosomal mosaicism have long been accepted as causes of premature ovarian failure (POF). Responsible genes on the X have not yet elucidated. Attractive candidate genes for POF also exist on autosomes, and in over a dozen genes molecular perturbations are documented in non-syndromic POF. The most common single-gene cause of POF is premutation carriers for FMR1 (fragile X syndrome). As other candidate genes and additional ethnic groups are interrogated, the proportion of POF cases due to single-gene mutation will increase. Among uterine anomalies, incomplete mullerian fusion is most common. Increased recurrence risks for first-degree relatives confirm a role for genetic factors; interrogation of candidate genes is under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Leigh Simpson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC2 693, Miami, FL, 33199, USA,
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40
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Malaquias AC, Scalco RC, Fontenele EGP, Costalonga EF, Baldin AD, Braz AF, Funari MFA, Nishi MY, Guerra-Junior G, Mendonca BB, Arnhold IJP, Jorge AAL. The sitting height/height ratio for age in healthy and short individuals and its potential role in selecting short children for SHOX analysis. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:449-56. [PMID: 24296787 DOI: 10.1159/000355411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the presence of abnormal body proportion, assessed by sitting height/height ratio for age and sex (SH/H SDS) in healthy and short individuals, and to estimate its role in selecting short children for SHOX analysis. METHODS Height, sitting height and weight were evaluated in 1,771 healthy children, 128 children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), 58 individuals with SHOX defects (SHOX-D) and 193 females with Turner syndrome (TS). RESULTS The frequency of abnormal body proportion, defined as SH/H SDS >2, in ISS children was 16.4% (95% CI 10-22%), which was higher than in controls (1.4%, 95% CI 0.8-1.9%, p < 0.001). The SHOX gene was evaluated in all disproportionate ISS children and defects in this gene were observed in 19%. Among patients with SHOX-D, 88% of children (95% CI 75-100%) and 96% of adults had body disproportion. In contrast, SH/H SDS >2 were less common in children (48%, 95% CI 37-59%) and in adults (28%, 95% CI 20-36%) with TS. CONCLUSION Abnormal body proportions were observed in almost all individuals with SHOX-D, 50% of females with TS and 16% of children considered ISS. Defects in SHOX gene were identified in 19% of ISS children with SH/H SDS >2, suggesting that SH/H SDS is a useful tool to select children for undergoing SHOX molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandra C Malaquias
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica, LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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41
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Bunyan DJ, Taylor EJ, Maloney VK, Blyth M. Homozygosity for a novel deletion downstream of the SHOX gene provides evidence for an additional long range regulatory region with a mild phenotypic effect. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2764-8. [PMID: 25125269 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis is caused by heterozygous mutations in SHOX or its flanking sequences, including whole or partial gene deletions, point mutations within the coding sequence, and deletions of downstream regulatory elements. The same mutations when biallelic cause the more severe Langer Mesomelic dysplasia. Here, we report on a consanguineous family with a novel deletion downstream of SHOX in which homozygously deleted individuals have a phenotype intermediate between Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis and Langer Mesomelic dysplasia while heterozygously deleted individuals are mostly asymptomatic. The deleted region is distal to all previously described 3' deletions, suggesting the presence of an additional regulatory element, deletions of which have a milder, variable phenotypic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bunyan
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK
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42
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Gatta V, Palka C, Chiavaroli V, Franchi S, Cannataro G, Savastano M, Cotroneo AR, Chiarelli F, Mohn A, Stuppia L. Spectrum of phenotypic anomalies in four families with deletion of the SHOX enhancer region. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:87. [PMID: 25056248 PMCID: PMC4112833 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SHOX alterations have been reported in 67% of patients affected by Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD), with a larger prevalence of gene deletions than point mutations. It has been recently demonstrated that these deletions can involve the SHOX enhancer region, rather that the coding region, with variable phenotype of the affected patients.Here, we report a SHOX gene analysis carried out by MLPA in 14 LWD patients from 4 families with variable phenotype. CASE PRESENTATION All patients presented a SHOX enhancer deletion. In particular, a patient with a severe bilateral Madelung deformity without short stature showed a homozygous alteration identical to the recently described 47.5 kb PAR1 deletion. Moreover, we identified, for the first time, in three related patients with a severe bilateral Madelung deformity, a smaller deletion than the 47.5 kb PAR1 deletion encompassing the same enhancer region (ECR1/CNE7). CONCLUSIONS Data reported in this study provide new information about the spectrum of phenotypic alterations showed by LWD patients with different deletions of the SHOX enhancer region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territory Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G, d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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43
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Rajpathak SN, Vellarikkal SK, Patowary A, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S, Deobagkar DD. Human 45,X fibroblast transcriptome reveals distinct differentially expressed genes including long noncoding RNAs potentially associated with the pathophysiology of Turner syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100076. [PMID: 24932682 PMCID: PMC4059722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the absence of whole or part of the X chromosome in females. This X aneuploidy condition is associated with a diverse set of clinical phenotypes such as gonadal dysfunction, short stature, osteoporosis and Type II diabetes mellitus, among others. These phenotypes differ in their severity and penetrance among the affected individuals. Haploinsufficiency for a few X linked genes has been associated with some of these disease phenotypes. RNA sequencing can provide valuable insights to understand molecular mechanism of disease process. In the current study, we have analysed the transcriptome profiles of human untransformed 45,X and 46,XX fibroblast cells and identified differential expression of genes in these two karyotypes. Functional analysis revealed that these differentially expressing genes are associated with bone differentiation, glucose metabolism and gonadal development pathways. We also report differential expression of lincRNAs in X monosomic cells. Our observations provide a basis for evaluation of cellular and molecular mechanism(s) in the establishment of Turner syndrome phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriram N Rajpathak
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Shamsudheen Karuthedath Vellarikkal
- Genomics and Molecular medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Patowary
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Centre for Genome Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- Genomics and Molecular medicine, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti D Deobagkar
- Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Pune, Pune, India
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44
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Turner syndrome revisited: review of new data supports the hypothesis that all viable 45,X cases are cryptic mosaics with a rescue cell line, implying an origin by mitotic loss. Hum Genet 2014; 133:417-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Benaiges D, Pedro-Botet J, Hernández E, Tarragón S, Chillarón JJ, Flores Le-Roux JA. Different clinical presentation of Klinefelter's syndrome in monozygotic twins. Andrologia 2014; 47:116-20. [PMID: 24404777 DOI: 10.1111/and.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variability in the clinical presentation of Klinefelter's syndrome. We report the case of a 45-year-old man who was incidentally diagnosed a 47,XXY/46,XY karyotype in a bone marrow aspiration (case 1). He presented hypogonadic features with undetectable testosterone levels and a height in accordance with mid-parental height. He had a monozygous sibling (case 2) who did not show clinical signs of hypogonadism and whose height exceeded mid-parental height. Both patients had presented language disorders since childhood. The karyotype of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of both subjects was compatible with mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome (46,XY/47,XXY). Testosterone replacement was initiated in case 1. Lack of testicular involvement due to mosaicism and the overexpression of the SHOX gene in case 2 could explain the marked differences in phenotype in these homozygous twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Benaiges
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Comarcal de l'Alt Penedés, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Hristov G, Marttila T, Durand C, Niesler B, Rappold GA, Marchini A. SHOX triggers the lysosomal pathway of apoptosis via oxidative stress. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1619-30. [PMID: 24186869 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SHOX gene encodes for a transcription factor important for normal bone development. Mutations in the gene are associated with idiopathic short stature and are responsible for the growth failure and skeletal defects found in the majority of patients with Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and Langer mesomelic dysplasia. SHOX is expressed in growth plate chondrocytes where it is supposed to modulate the proliferation, differentiation and cell death of these cells. Supporting this hypothesis, in vitro studies have shown that SHOX expression induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in both transformed and primary cells. In this study, we further characterized the cell death mechanisms triggered by SHOX and compared them with the effects induced by one clinically relevant mutant form of SHOX, detected in LWD patients (SHOX R153L) and a SHOX C-terminally truncated version (L185X). We show that SHOX expression in U2OS osteosarcoma cells leads to oxidative stress that, in turn, induces lysosomal membrane rupture with release of active cathepsin B to the cytosol and subsequent activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway characterized by mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and caspase activation. Importantly, cells expressing SHOX R153L or L185X did not display any of these features. Given the fact that many of the events observed in SHOX-expressing cells also characterize the complex cell death process occurring in the growth plate during endochondral ossification, our findings further support the hypothesis that SHOX may play a central role in the regulation of the cell death pathways activated during long bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Hristov
- Tumour Virology Division F010, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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47
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Sandoval GTV, Jaimes GC, Barrios MC, Cespedes C, Velasco HM. SHOX gene and conserved noncoding element deletions/duplications in Colombian patients with idiopathic short stature. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2013; 2:95-102. [PMID: 24689071 PMCID: PMC3960050 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOX gene mutations or haploinsufficiency cause a wide range of phenotypes such as Leri Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD), Turner syndrome, and disproportionate short stature (DSS). However, this gene has also been found to be mutated in cases of idiopathic short stature (ISS) with a 3–15% frequency. In this study, the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique was employed to determine the frequency of SHOX gene mutations and their conserved noncoding elements (CNE) in Colombian patients with ISS. Patients were referred from different centers around the county. From a sample of 62 patients, 8.1% deletions and insertions in the intragenic regions and in the CNE were found. This result is similar to others published in other countries. Moreover, an isolated case of CNE 9 duplication and a new intron 6b deletion in another patient, associated with ISS, are described. This is one of the first studies of a Latin American population in which deletions/duplications of the SHOX gene and its CNE are examined in patients with ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauricio Coll Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital De La Misericordia, Universidad Nacional De Colombia Colombia
| | - Camila Cespedes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Colombia
| | - Harvy Mauricio Velasco
- Institute of Genetics, School of Medicine, Master in Human Genetics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia
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48
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Daggag H, Srour W, El-Khateeb M, Ajlouni K. Analysis of Turner syndrome patients within the Jordanian population, with a focus on four patients with Y chromosome abnormalities. Sex Dev 2013; 7:295-302. [PMID: 23988405 DOI: 10.1159/000354279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents findings in Turner syndrome (TS) patients from the Jordanian population, with focus on 4 patients with Y chromosomal abnormalities. From 1989 to 2011, 504 patients with TS stigmata were referred to our institute for karyotyping, resulting in 142 positive TS cases. Of these, 62 (43.7%) had the typical 45,X karyotype and the remaining individuals (56.3%) were found to be mosaics. Fifteen TS patients (10.5%) carried a structural abnormality of the Y chromosome and presented with the mosaic 45,X/46,XY karyotype. From these, 4 TS cases were investigated further. Karyotyping revealed that 1 patient carried a small supernumerary marker chromosome, whereas cytogenetic and molecular analyses showed that 3 patients carried 2 copies of the SRY gene. Further analysis by SRY sequencing revealed no mutations within the gene. The analyzed patients were found to be phenotypically either females or males, depending on the predominance of the cell line carrying the Y chromosome. This study demonstrates the importance of detailed cytogenetic analysis (such as FISH) in TS patients, and it also emphasizes the need for molecular analysis (such as PCR and sequencing) when fragments of the Y chromosome are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Daggag
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics (NCDEG), University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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49
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Stochholm K, Juul S, Gravholt CH. Poor socio-economic status in 47,XXX – An unexpected effect of an extra X chromosome. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Bunyan DJ, Baker KR, Harvey JF, Thomas NS. Diagnostic screening identifies a wide range of mutations involving the SHOX gene, including a common 47.5 kb deletion 160 kb downstream with a variable phenotypic effect. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1329-38. [PMID: 23636926 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) results from heterozygous mutations of the SHOX gene, with homozygosity or compound heterozygosity resulting in the more severe form, Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD). These mutations typically take the form of whole or partial gene deletions, point mutations within the coding sequence, or large (>100 kb) 3' deletions of downstream regulatory elements. We have analyzed the coding sequence of the SHOX gene and its downstream regulatory regions in a cohort of 377 individuals referred with symptoms of LWD, LMD or short stature. A causative mutation was identified in 68% of the probands with LWD or LMD (91/134). In addition, a 47.5 kb deletion was found 160 kb downstream of the SHOX gene in 17 of the 377 patients (12% of the LWD referrals, 4.5% of all referrals). In 14 of these 17 patients, this was the only potentially causative abnormality detected (13 had symptoms consistent with LWD and one had short stature only), but the other three 47.5 kb deletions were found in patients with an additional causative SHOX mutation (with symptoms of LWD rather than LMD). Parental samples were available on 14/17 of these families, and analysis of these showed a more variable phenotype ranging from apparently unaffected to LWD. Breakpoint sequence analysis has shown that the 47.5 kb deletion is identical in all 17 patients, most likely due to an ancient founder mutation rather than recurrence. This deletion was not seen in 471 normal controls (P<0.0001), providing further evidence for a phenotypic effect, albeit one with variable penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bunyan
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP2 8BJ, UK.
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