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Yan Z, Yao Y, Li L, Cai L, Zhang H, Zhang S, Xiao Q, Wang X, Zuo E, Xu C, Wu J, Yang H. Treatment of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa caused by RHO-P23H mutation with high-fidelity Cas13X in mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:750-761. [PMID: 37621413 PMCID: PMC10445100 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in Rhodopsin (RHO) gene commonly cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) without effective therapeutic treatment so far. Compared with genomic DNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas9 system, Cas13 edits RNA for therapeutic applications, avoiding the risk of causing permanent changes in the genome. In particular, a compact and high-fidelity Cas13X (hfCas13X) recently has been developed to degrade targeted RNA with minimal collateral effects and could also be packaged in a single adeno-associated virus for efficient in vivo delivery. In this study, we engineered single-guide RNA for hfCas13X to specifically knock down human mutant Rhodopsin transcripts RHO-P23H with minimal effect on wild-type transcripts. Moreover, treatment with hfCas13X alleviated the adRP progression in both RHO-P23H overexpression-induced and humanized hRHOP23H/WT mouse models. Our study indicates the potential of hfCas13X in treating adRP caused by RHO mutations and other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Yan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Luyao Li
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Lingqiong Cai
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingquan Xiao
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xing Wang
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Erwei Zuo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Chunlong Xu
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai 201210, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yang
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai 201210, China
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Sydney-Smith JD, Koltchev AM, Moon LDF, Warren PM. Delayed viral vector mediated delivery of neurotrophin-3 improves skilled hindlimb function and stability after thoracic contusion. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114278. [PMID: 36455639 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular injection of an Adeno-associated viral vector serotype 1 (AAV1) encoding Neurotrophin-3 (NT3) into hindlimb muscles 24 h after a severe T9 spinal level contusion in rats has been shown to induce lumbar spinal neuroplasticity, partially restore locomotive function and reduce spasms during swimming. Here we investigate whether a targeted delivery of NT3 to lumbar and thoracic motor neurons 48 h following a severe contusive injury aids locomotive recovery in rats. AAV1-NT3 was injected bilaterally into the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and rectus abdominus muscles 48-h following trauma, persistently elevating serum levels of the neurotrophin. NT3 modestly improved trunk stability, accuracy of stepping during skilled locomotion, and alternation of the hindlimbs during swimming, but it had no effect on gross locomotor function in the open field. The number of vGlut1+ boutons, likely arising from proprioceptive afferents, on gastrocnemius α-motor neurons was increased after injury but normalised following NT3 treatment, suggestive of a mechanism in which functional benefits may be mediated through proprioceptive feedback. Ex vivo MRI revealed substantial loss of grey and white matter at the lesion epicentre but no effect of delayed NT3 treatment to induce neuroprotection. Lower body spasms and hyperreflexia of an intrinsic paw muscle were not reliably induced in this severe injury model suggesting a more complex anatomical or physiological cause to their induction. We have shown that delayed intramuscular AAV-NT3 treatment can promote recovery in skilled stepping and coordinated swimming, supporting a role for NT3 as a therapeutic strategy for spinal injuries potentially through modulation of somatosensory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Sydney-Smith
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alice M Koltchev
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Philippa M Warren
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Barwick SR, Smith SB. Comparison of Mouse Models of Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa Due to the P23H Mutation of Rhodopsin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:341-345. [PMID: 37440054 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The need for robust and reliable animal models is a crucial step in studying any disease. This certainly applies to inherited retinal degenerative diseases, in which mutations of retinal specific genes result in photoreceptor cell death and subsequent visual loss. Animal models of retinal gene mutations have proven valuable to our understanding of disease mechanisms and as tools to evaluate therapeutic intervention strategies. Notable among these models are mice with a mutation of the rhodopsin gene at amino acid 23 in which proline is substituted for histidine (Rho-P23H). The RHO-P23H mutation is the most common cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we provide a brief review of the Rho-P23H mouse models currently available for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Barwick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Network biology analysis of P23H rhodopsin interactome identifies protein and mRNA quality control mechanisms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17405. [PMID: 36258031 PMCID: PMC9579138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin is essential for phototransduction, and many rhodopsin mutations cause heritable retinal degenerations. The P23H rhodopsin variant generates a misfolded rhodopsin protein that photoreceptors quickly target for degradation by mechanisms that are incompletely understood. To gain insight into how P23H rhodopsin is removed from rods, we used mass spectrometry to identify protein interaction partners of P23H rhodopsin immunopurified from RhoP23H/P23H mice and compared them with protein interaction partners of wild-type rhodopsin from Rho+/+ mice. We identified 286 proteins associated with P23H rhodopsin and 276 proteins associated with wild-type rhodopsin. 113 proteins were shared between wild-type and mutant rhodopsin protein interactomes. In the P23H rhodopsin protein interactome, we saw loss of phototransduction, retinal cycle, and rhodopsin protein trafficking proteins but gain of ubiquitin-related proteins when compared with the wild-type rhodopsin protein interactome. In the P23H rhodopsin protein interactome, we saw enrichment of gene ontology terms related to ER-associated protein degradation, ER stress, and translation. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that translational and ribosomal quality control proteins were significant regulators in the P23H rhodopsin protein interactome. The protein partners identified in our study may provide new insights into how photoreceptors recognize and clear mutant rhodopsin, offering possible novel targets involved in retinal degeneration pathogenesis.
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Robichaux MA, Nguyen V, Chan F, Kailasam L, He F, Wilson JH, Wensel TG. Subcellular localization of mutant P23H rhodopsin in an RFP fusion knock-in mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274688. [PMID: 35275162 PMCID: PMC9092655 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The P23H mutation in rhodopsin (Rho), the rod visual pigment, is the most common allele associated with autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). The fate of misfolded mutant Rho in rod photoreceptors has yet to be elucidated. We generated a new mouse model, in which the P23H-Rho mutant allele is fused to the fluorescent protein Tag-RFP-T (P23HhRhoRFP). In heterozygotes, outer segments formed, and wild-type (WT) rhodopsin was properly localized, but mutant P23H-Rho protein was mislocalized in the inner segments. Heterozygotes exhibited slowly progressing retinal degeneration. Mislocalized P23HhRhoRFP was contained in greatly expanded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. Quantification of mRNA for markers of ER stress and the unfolded protein response revealed little or no increases. mRNA levels for both the mutant human rhodopsin allele and the WT mouse rhodopsin were reduced, but protein levels revealed selective degradation of the mutant protein. These results suggest that the mutant rods undergo an adaptative process that prolongs survival despite unfolded protein accumulation in the ER. The P23H-Rho-RFP mouse may represent a useful tool for the future study of the pathology and treatment of P23H-Rho and adRP. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A mouse line with a knock-in of the human rhodopsin gene altered to contain the P23H mutation and a red fluorescent protein fusion provides a new model for autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robichaux
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Road, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fung Chan
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lavanya Kailasam
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Feng He
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John H Wilson
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Theodore G Wensel
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Shahin S, Xu H, Lu B, Mercado A, Jones MK, Bakondi B, Wang S. AAV-CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Preserves Long-Term Vision in the P23H Rat Model of Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040824. [PMID: 35456659 PMCID: PMC9026811 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) consists of a group of inherited, retinal degenerative disorders and is characterized by progressive loss of rod photoreceptors and eventual degeneration of cones in advanced stages, resulting in vision loss or blindness. Gene therapy has been effective in treating autosomal recessive RP (arRP). However, limited options are available for patients with autosomal dominant RP (adRP). In vivo gene editing may be a therapeutic option to treat adRP. We previously rescued vision in neonatal adRP rats by the selective ablation of the Rhodopsin S334ter transgene following electroporation of a CRISPR/Cas9 vector. However, the translational feasibility and long-term safety and efficacy of ablation therapy is unclear. To this end, we show that AAV delivery of a CRISPR/Cas9 construct disrupted the Rhodopsin P23H transgene in postnatal rats, which rescued long-term vision and retinal morphology.
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McLaughlin T, Medina A, Perkins J, Yera M, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. Cellular stress signaling and the unfolded protein response in retinal degeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:25. [PMID: 35346303 PMCID: PMC8962104 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retina, as part of the central nervous system (CNS) with limited capacity for self-reparation and regeneration in mammals, is under cumulative environmental stress due to high-energy demands and rapid protein turnover. These stressors disrupt the cellular protein and metabolic homeostasis, which, if not alleviated, can lead to dysfunction and cell death of retinal neurons. One primary cellular stress response is the highly conserved unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR acts through three main signaling pathways in an attempt to restore the protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by various means, including but not limited to, reducing protein translation, increasing protein-folding capacity, and promoting misfolded protein degradation. Moreover, recent work has identified a novel function of the UPR in regulation of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function, disturbance of which contributes to neuronal degeneration and dysfunction. The role of the UPR in retinal neurons during aging and under disease conditions in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been explored over the past two decades. Each of the disease conditions and their corresponding animal models provide distinct challenges and unique opportunities to gain a better understanding of the role of the UPR in the maintenance of retinal health and function. Method We performed an extensive literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar using the following keywords: unfolded protein response, metabolism, ER stress, retinal degeneration, aging, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy. Results and conclusion We summarize recent advances in understanding cellular stress response, in particular the UPR, in retinal diseases, highlighting the potential roles of UPR pathways in regulation of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function in retinal neurons. Further, we provide perspective on the promise and challenges for targeting the UPR pathways as a new therapeutic approach in age- and disease-related retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd McLaughlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Andy Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jacob Perkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Maria Yera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Properties and Therapeutic Implications of an Enigmatic D477G RPE65 Variant Associated with Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121420. [PMID: 33261050 PMCID: PMC7760593 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RPE65 isomerase, expressed in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), is an enzymatic component of the retinoid cycle, converting all-trans retinyl ester into 11-cis retinol, and it is essential for vision, because it replenishes the photon capturing 11-cis retinal. To date, almost 200 loss-of-function mutations have been identified within the RPE65 gene causing inherited retinal dystrophies, most notably Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP), which are both severe and early onset disease entities. We previously reported a mutation, D477G, co-segregating with the disease in a late-onset form of autosomal dominant RP (adRP) with choroidal involvement; uniquely, it is the only RPE65 variant to be described with a dominant component. Families or individuals with this variant have been encountered in five countries, and a number of subsequent studies have been reported in which the molecular biological and physiological properties of the variant have been studied in further detail, including observations of possible novel functions in addition to reduced RPE65 enzymatic activity. With regard to the latter, a human phase 1b proof-of-concept study has recently been reported in which aspects of remaining vision were improved for up to one year in four of five patients with advanced disease receiving a single one-week oral dose of 9-cis retinaldehyde, which is the first report showing efficacy and safety of an oral therapy for a dominant form of RP. Here, we review data accrued from published studies investigating molecular mechanisms of this unique variant and include hitherto unpublished material on the clinical spectrum of disease encountered in patients with the D477G variant, which, in many cases bears striking similarities to choroideremia.
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Newton F, Megaw R. Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Death in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101120. [PMID: 32987769 PMCID: PMC7598671 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of inherited blindness and is characterised by the progressive loss of retinal photoreceptors. However, RP is a highly heterogeneous disease and, while much progress has been made in developing gene replacement and gene editing treatments for RP, it is also necessary to develop treatments that are applicable to all causative mutations. Further understanding of the mechanisms leading to photoreceptor death is essential for the development of these treatments. Recent work has therefore focused on the role of apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death pathways in RP and the various mechanisms that trigger these pathways in degenerating photoreceptors. In particular, several recent studies have begun to elucidate the role of microglia and innate immune response in the progression of RP. Here, we discuss some of the recent progress in understanding mechanisms of rod and cone photoreceptor death in RP and summarise recent clinical trials targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Newton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Roly Megaw
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK
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