1
|
Wu X, Li X, Wang L, Bi X, Zhong W, Yue J, Chin YE. Lysine Deacetylation Is a Key Function of the Lysyl Oxidase Family of Proteins in Cancer. Cancer Res 2024; 84:652-658. [PMID: 38194336 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins carry a copper-dependent monoamine oxidase domain exclusively within the C-terminal region, which catalyzes ε-amine oxidation of lysine residues of various proteins. However, recent studies have demonstrated that in LOX-like (LOXL) 2-4 the C-terminal canonical catalytic domain and N-terminal scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) repeats domain exhibit lysine deacetylation and deacetylimination catalytic activities. Moreover, the N-terminal SRCR repeats domain is more catalytically active than the C-terminal oxidase domain. Thus, LOX is the third family of lysine deacetylases in addition to histone deacetylase and sirtuin families. In this review, we discuss how the LOX family targets different cellular proteins for deacetylation and deacetylimination to control the development and metastasis of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Li
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Luwei Wang
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xianxia Bi
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Weihong Zhong
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jicheng Yue
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Peninsular Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cano A, Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Portillo F. LOXL2 in Cancer: A Two-Decade Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14405. [PMID: 37762708 PMCID: PMC10532419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises five lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent copper amine oxidases in humans. In 2003, LOXL2 was first identified as a promoter of tumour progression and, over the course of two decades, numerous studies have firmly established its involvement in multiple cancers. Extensive research with large cohorts of human tumour samples has demonstrated that dysregulated LOXL2 expression is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients. Moreover, investigations have revealed the association of LOXL2 with various targets affecting diverse aspects of tumour progression. Additionally, the discovery of a complex network of signalling factors acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels has provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in tumours. Furthermore, the development of genetically modified mouse models with silenced or overexpressed LOXL2 has enabled in-depth exploration of its in vivo role in various cancer models. Given the significant role of LOXL2 in numerous cancers, extensive efforts are underway to identify specific inhibitors that could potentially improve patient prognosis. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of two decades of research on the role of LOXL2 in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Eraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Mazón
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Poe A, Martinez Yus M, Wang H, Santhanam L. Lysyl oxidase like-2 in fibrosis and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C694-C707. [PMID: 37458436 PMCID: PMC10635644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00176.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is an important and essential reparative response to injury that, if left uncontrolled, results in the excessive synthesis, deposition, remodeling, and stiffening of the extracellular matrix, which is deleterious to organ function. Thus, the sustained activation of enzymes that catalyze matrix remodeling and cross linking is a fundamental step in the pathology of fibrotic diseases. Recent studies have implicated the amine oxidase lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) in this process and established significantly elevated expression of LOXL2 as a key component of profibrotic conditions in several organ systems. Understanding the relationship between LOXL2 and fibrosis as well as the mechanisms behind these relationships can offer significant insights for developing novel therapies. Here, we summarize the key findings that demonstrate the link between LOXL2 and fibrosis and inflammation, examine current therapeutics targeting LOXL2 for the treatment of fibrosis, and discuss future directions for experiments and biomedical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Poe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Marta Martinez Yus
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma HY, Li Q, Wong WR, N'Diaye EN, Caplazi P, Bender H, Huang Z, Arlantico A, Jeet S, Wong A, Emson C, Brightbill H, Tam L, Newman R, Roose-Girma M, Sandoval W, Ding N. LOXL4, but not LOXL2, is the critical determinant of pathological collagen cross-linking and fibrosis in the lung. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0133. [PMID: 37235663 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrotic disease characterized by excessive deposition of (myo)fibroblast produced collagen fibrils in alveolar areas of the lung. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) have been proposed to be the central enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of collagen fibers. Here, we report that, while its expression is increased in fibrotic lungs, genetic ablation of LOXL2 only leads to a modest reduction of pathological collagen cross-linking but not fibrosis in the lung. On the other hand, loss of another LOX family member, LOXL4, markedly disrupts pathological collagen cross-linking and fibrosis in the lung. Furthermore, knockout of both Loxl2 and Loxl4 does not offer any additive antifibrotic effects when compared to Loxl4 deletion only, as LOXL4 deficiency decreases the expression of other LOX family members including Loxl2. On the basis of these results, we propose that LOXL4 is the main LOX activity underlying pathological collagen cross-linking and lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qingling Li
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weng Ruh Wong
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elsa-Noah N'Diaye
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Bender
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Arlantico
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Surinder Jeet
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire Emson
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hans Brightbill
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Newman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Listyarini K, Sumantri C, Rahayu S, Islam MA, Akter SH, Uddin MJ, Gunawan A. Hepatic Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes, Polymorphisms, and Molecules Related to Lamb Tenderness. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040674. [PMID: 36830461 PMCID: PMC9951696 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenderness is a key meat quality trait that determines the public acceptance of lamb consumption, so genetic improvement toward lamb with higher tenderness is pivotal for a sustainable sheep industry. However, unravelling the genomics controlling the tenderness is the first step. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the transcriptome signatures and polymorphisms related to divergent lamb tenderness using RNA deep sequencing. Since the molecules and enzymes that control muscle growth and tenderness are metabolized and synthesized in the liver, hepatic tissues of ten sheep with divergent phenotypes: five high- and five low-lamb tenderness samples were applied for deep sequencing. Sequence analysis identified the number of reads ranged from 21.37 to 25.37 million bases with a mean value of 22.90 million bases. In total, 328 genes are detected as differentially expressed (DEGs) including 110 and 218 genes that were up- and down-regulated, respectively. Pathway analysis showed steroid hormone biosynthesis as the dominant pathway behind the lamb tenderness. Gene expression analysis identified the top high (such as TP53INP1, CYP2E1, HSD17B13, ADH1C, and LPIN1) and low (such as ANGPTL2, IGFBP7, FABP5, OLFML3, and THOC5) expressed candidate genes. Polymorphism and association analysis revealed that mutation in OLFML3, ANGPTL2, and THOC5 genes could be potential candidate markers for tenderness in sheep. The genes and pathways identified in this study cause variation in tenderness, thus could be potential genetic markers to improve meat quality in sheep. However, further validation is needed to confirm the effect of these markers in different sheep populations so that these could be used in a selection program for lamb with high tenderness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasita Listyarini
- Graduate School of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Cece Sumantri
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Sri Rahayu
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Md. Aminul Islam
- Immunogenomics and Alternative Medicine (IAM) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Hasina Akter
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Jasim Uddin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.J.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Asep Gunawan
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (M.J.U.); (A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarohi V, Chakraborty S, Basak T. Exploring the cardiac ECM during fibrosis: A new era with next-gen proteomics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1030226. [PMID: 36483540 PMCID: PMC9722982 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in maintaining elasticity in cardiac tissues. Elasticity is required in the heart for properly pumping blood to the whole body. Dysregulated ECM remodeling causes fibrosis in the cardiac tissues. Cardiac fibrosis leads to stiffness in the heart tissues, resulting in heart failure. During cardiac fibrosis, ECM proteins get excessively deposited in the cardiac tissues. In the ECM, cardiac fibroblast proliferates into myofibroblast upon various kinds of stimulations. Fibroblast activation (myofibroblast) contributes majorly toward cardiac fibrosis. Other than cardiac fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, epithelial/endothelial cells, and immune system cells can also contribute to cardiac fibrosis. Alteration in the expression of the ECM core and ECM-modifier proteins causes different types of cardiac fibrosis. These different components of ECM culminated into different pathways inducing transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblast into myofibroblast. In this review, we summarize the role of different ECM components during cardiac fibrosis progression leading to heart failure. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of applying mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to understand the key changes occurring in the ECM during fibrotic progression. Next-gen proteomics studies will broaden the potential to identify key targets to combat cardiac fibrosis in order to achieve precise medicine-development in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sarohi
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanchari Chakraborty
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Trayambak Basak
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)- Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lysyl Oxidase Family Proteins: Prospective Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012270. [PMID: 36293126 PMCID: PMC9602794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, consisting of LOX and LOX-like proteins 1–4 (LOXL1–4), is responsible for the covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin, thus maintaining the stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and functioning in maintaining connective tissue function, embryonic development, and wound healing. Recent studies have found the aberrant expression or activity of the LOX family occurs in various types of cancer. It has been proved that the LOX family mainly performs tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling function and is extensively involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, immunomodulation, proliferation, apoptosis, etc. With relevant translational research in progress, the LOX family is expected to be an effective target for tumor therapy. Here, we review the research progress of the LOX family in tumor progression and therapy to provide novel insights for future exploration of relevant tumor mechanism and new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alam SS, Kumar S, Beauchamp MC, Bareke E, Boucher A, Nzirorera N, Dong Y, Padilla R, Zhang SJ, Majewski J, Jerome-Majewska LA. Snrpb is required in murine neural crest cells for proper splicing and craniofacial morphogenesis. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275486. [PMID: 35593225 PMCID: PMC9235875 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in SNRPB, an essential core component of the five small ribonucleoprotein particles of the spliceosome, are responsible for cerebrocostomandibular syndrome (CCMS). We show that Snrpb heterozygous mouse embryos arrest shortly after implantation. Additionally, heterozygous deletion of Snrpb in the developing brain and neural crest cells models craniofacial malformations found in CCMS, and results in death shortly after birth. RNAseq analysis of mutant heads prior to morphological defects revealed increased exon skipping and intron retention in association with increased 5′ splice site strength. We found increased exon skipping in negative regulators of the P53 pathway, along with increased levels of nuclear P53 and P53 target genes. However, removing Trp53 in Snrpb heterozygous mutant neural crest cells did not completely rescue craniofacial development. We also found a small but significant increase in exon skipping of several transcripts required for head and midface development, including Smad2 and Rere. Furthermore, mutant embryos exhibited ectopic or missing expression of Fgf8 and Shh, which are required to coordinate face and brain development. Thus, we propose that mis-splicing of transcripts that regulate P53 activity and craniofacial-specific genes contributes to craniofacial malformations. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We report the first mouse model for cerebrocostomandibular syndrome, showing that mis-splicing of transcripts that regulate P53 activity and craniofacial-specific genes contributes to craniofacial malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Shameen Alam
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Shruti Kumar
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Beauchamp
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Eric Bareke
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Alexia Boucher
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Nadine Nzirorera
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Yanchen Dong
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Reinnier Padilla
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Si Jing Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Loydie A Jerome-Majewska
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Loxl2 and Loxl3 Paralogues Play Redundant Roles during Mouse Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105730. [PMID: 35628534 PMCID: PMC9144032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) and 3 (LOXL3) are members of the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes involved in the maturation of the extracellular matrix. Both enzymes share a highly conserved catalytic domain, but it is unclear whether they perform redundant functions in vivo. In this study, we show that mice lacking Loxl3 exhibit perinatal lethality and abnormal skeletal development. Additionally, analysis of the genotype of embryos carrying double knockout of Loxl2 and Loxl3 genes suggests that both enzymes have overlapping functions during mouse development. Furthermore, we also show that ubiquitous expression of Loxl2 suppresses the lethality associated with Loxl3 knockout mice.
Collapse
|
11
|
Loxl3 Promotes Melanoma Progression and Dissemination Influencing Cell Plasticity and Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051200. [PMID: 35267510 PMCID: PMC8909883 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer due to its aggressive clinical behavior and therapeutic resistance. A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma progression is urgently needed to improve the survival of melanoma patients. Phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells has emerged as a key process in melanomagenesis and therapy resistance. This phenotypic plasticity is sustained by an epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT)-like program that favors multiple intermediate states and allows adaptation to changing microenvironments along melanoma progression. Given the essential role of lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3) in human melanoma cell survival and its contribution to EMT, we generated mice with conditional melanocyte-specific targeting of Loxl3, concomitant to Braf activation and Pten deletion. Our results supported a key role of Loxl3 for melanoma progression, metastatic dissemination, and genomic stability, and supported its contribution to melanoma phenotypic plasticity by modulating the expression of several EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs). Abstract Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor causing most skin cancer-related deaths. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms responsible for melanoma progression and therapeutic evasion is still an unmet need for melanoma patients. Progression of skin melanoma and its dissemination to local or distant organs relies on phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells, orchestrated by EMT-TFs and microphthalmia-associated TF (MITF). Recently, melanoma phenotypic switching has been proposed to uphold context-dependent intermediate cell states benefitting malignancy. LOXL3 (lysyl oxidase-like 3) promotes EMT and has a key role in human melanoma cell survival and maintenance of genomic integrity. To further understand the role of Loxl3 in melanoma, we generated a conditional Loxl3-knockout (KO) melanoma mouse model in the context of BrafV600E-activating mutation and Pten loss. Melanocyte-Loxl3 deletion increased melanoma latency, decreased tumor growth, and reduced lymph node metastatic dissemination. Complementary in vitro and in vivo studies in mouse melanoma cells confirmed Loxl3’s contribution to melanoma progression and metastasis, in part by modulating phenotypic switching through Snail1 and Prrx1 EMT-TFs. Importantly, a novel LOXL3-SNAIL1-PRRX1 axis was identified in human melanoma, plausibly relevant to melanoma cellular plasticity. These data reinforced the value of LOXL3 as a therapeutic target in melanoma.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic amalgamation of structural and signaling molecules whose quantitative and qualitative modifications drive the distinct programmed morphologic changes required for tissues to mature into their functional forms. The craniofacial complex houses a diverse array of tissues, including sensory organs, glands, and components of the musculoskeletal, neural, and vascular systems, alongside several other highly specialized tissues to form the most complex part of the vertebrate body. Through cell-ECM interactions, the ECM coordinates the cell movements, shape changes, differentiation, gene expression changes, and other behaviors that sculpt developing organs. In this review, we focus on several common key roles of the ECM to shape developing craniofacial organs and tissues. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the ability of the ECM to biochemically and biomechanically orchestrate major events of craniofacial development, and we discuss how dysregulated ECM dynamics contributes to disease and disorders. As we expand our understanding of organ-specific matrix functionality and composition, we will improve our ability to rationally modify matrices to promote regeneration and/or prevent degenerative outcomes in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Cruz Walma
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rodriguez-Pascual F, Rosell-Garcia T. The challenge of determining lysyl oxidase activity: Old methods and novel approaches. Anal Biochem 2021; 639:114508. [PMID: 34871563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen and elastin in the initiation step of the formation of covalent cross-linkages, an essential process for extracellular matrix (ECM) maturation. Elevated LOX expression levels leading to increased LOX activity is associated with diverse pathologies including fibrosis, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Different protocols have been so far established to detect and quantify LOX activity from tissue samples and cultured cells, all of them showing advantages and drawbacks. This review article presents a critical overview of the main features of currently available methods as well as introduces some recent technologies called to revolutionize our approach to LOX catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodriguez-Pascual
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tamara Rosell-Garcia
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Laurentino TDS, Soares RDS, Lerario AM, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM. LOXL3 Silencing Affected Cell Adhesion and Invasion in U87MG Glioma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158072. [PMID: 34360836 PMCID: PMC8347215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3), belonging to the lysyl oxidase family, is responsible for the crosslinking in collagen or elastin. The cellular localization of LOXL3 is in the extracellular space by reason of its canonical function. In tumors, the presence of LOXL3 has been associated with genomic stability, cell proliferation, and metastasis. In silico analysis has shown that glioblastoma was among tumors with the highest LOXL3 expression levels. LOXL3 silencing of U87MG cells by siRNA led to the spreading of the tumor cell surface, and the transcriptome analysis of these cells revealed an upregulation of genes coding for extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and cytoskeleton components, convergent to an increase in cell adhesion and a decrease in cell invasion observed in functional assays. Significant correlations of LOXL3 expression with genes coding for tubulins were observed in the mesenchymal subtype in the TCGA RNA-seq dataset of glioblastoma (GBM). Conversely, genes involved in endocytosis and lysosome formation, along with MAPK-binding proteins related to focal adhesion turnover, were downregulated, which may corroborate the observed decrease in cell viability and increase in the rate of cell death. Invasiveness is a major determinant of the recurrence and poor outcome of GBM patients, and downregulation of LOXL3 may contribute to halting the tumor cell invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita de S. Laurentino
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIM 15), Neurology Department, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; (R.d.S.S.); (S.K.N.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.d.S.L.); (S.M.O.-S.); Tel.: +55-11-3061-8310 (T.d.S.L. & S.M.O.-S.)
| | - Roseli da S. Soares
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIM 15), Neurology Department, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; (R.d.S.S.); (S.K.N.M.)
| | - Antonio M. Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Suely K. N. Marie
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIM 15), Neurology Department, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; (R.d.S.S.); (S.K.N.M.)
| | - Sueli M. Oba-Shinjo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory (LIM 15), Neurology Department, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; (R.d.S.S.); (S.K.N.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.d.S.L.); (S.M.O.-S.); Tel.: +55-11-3061-8310 (T.d.S.L. & S.M.O.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anabolic Implants Varying in Hormone Type and Concentration Influence Performance, Feeding Behavior, Carcass Characteristics, Plasma Trace Mineral Concentrations, and Liver Trace Mineral Concentrations of Angus Sired Steers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071964. [PMID: 34209116 PMCID: PMC8300420 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Though anabolic implants are commonly utilized in U.S. cattle production, comparisons between hormone type and content of different implants and the effects on growth and trace mineral stores is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of anabolic implants varying in hormone type and concentration on growth, carcass characteristics, and trace mineral concentrations in Angus steers. Cattle administered an estradiol only implant did not experience differences in growth compared to non-implanted controls. However, cattle implanted with a trenbolone acetate only implant or a combined (estradiol and trenbolone acetate) implant experienced improvements in growth and changes in plasma and liver trace mineral concentrations. Greatest differences in growth and trace mineral concentrations were observed in steers administered the combination implant compared to non-implanted controls. These data suggest hormone type and concentration influence implant-induced growth and changes in plasma and liver trace mineral concentrations. Abstract Fifty Angus-sired steers were utilized to evaluate the effects of anabolic implants varying in hormone type and concentration on performance, carcass traits, and plasma and liver trace mineral concentrations over 129 d. Steers were stratified by weight into one of four (n = 12 or 13/treatment) implant treatments: (1) estradiol (E2; 25.7 mg E2; Compudose, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA), (2) trenbolone acetate (TBA; 200 mg TBA; Finaplix-H, Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA), (3) combination implant (ETBA; 120 mg TBA + 24 mg E2; Revalor-S, Merck Animal Health), or (4) no implant (CON). Steers were randomly assigned to pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks and fed a corn and barley-based finishing ration. Overall average daily gain and body weight were greater for ETBA and TBA than CON (p ≤ 0.04), but not E2 (p ≥ 0.12). Feed efficiency and hot carcass weight were only greater than CON for ETBA (p ≤ 0.03). Plasma and d 2 liver Zn concentrations were lesser for ETBA than CON (p ≤ 0.01) and d 10 liver Mn was lesser (p = 0.0003) for TBA than CON. These data indicate that implants containing TBA influence growth and trace mineral parameters, though more work investigating this relationship is necessary.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Z, Bai X, Wan P, Mo F, Chen G, Zhang J, Gao J. Targeted Deletion of Loxl3 by Col2a1-Cre Leads to Progressive Hearing Loss. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683495. [PMID: 34150778 PMCID: PMC8212933 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens are major constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that play an essential role in the structure of the inner ear and provide elasticity and rigidity when the signals of sound are received and transformed into electrical signals. LOXL3 is a member of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family that are copper-dependent amine oxidases, generating covalent cross-links to stabilize polymeric elastin and collagen fibers in the ECM. Biallelic missense variant of LOXL3 was found in Stickler syndrome with mild conductive hearing loss. However, available information regarding the specific roles of LOXL3 in auditory function is limited. In this study, we showed that the Col2a1-Cre-mediated ablation of Loxl3 in the inner ear can cause progressive hearing loss, degeneration of hair cells and secondary degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons. The abnormal distribution of type II collagen in the spiral ligament and increased inflammatory responses were also found in Col2a1–Loxl3–/– mice. Amino oxidase activity exerts an effect on collagen; thus, Loxl3 deficiency was expected to result in the instability of collagen in the spiral ligament and the basilar membrane, which may interfere with the mechanical properties of the organ of Corti and induce the inflammatory responses that are responsible for the hearing loss. Overall, our findings suggest that Loxl3 may play an essential role in maintaining hearing function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinfeng Bai
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peifeng Wan
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Mo
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ge Chen
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Luo C, Hu C, Li B, Liu J, Hu L, Dong R, Liao X, Zhou J, Xu L, Liu S, Li Y, Yuan D, Jiang W, Yan J. Polymorphisms in Lysyl Oxidase Family Genes Are Associated With Intracranial Aneurysm Susceptibility in a Chinese Population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:642698. [PMID: 34393991 PMCID: PMC8355735 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.642698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Intracranial aneurysms (IA) comprise a multifactorial disease with unclear physiological mechanisms. The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family genes (LOX, LOX-like 1-4) plays important roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) reconstruction and has been investigated in terms of susceptibility to IA in a few populations. We aimed to determine whether polymorphisms in LOX family genes are associated with susceptibility to IA in a Chinese population. METHODS This case-control study included 384 patients with IA and 384 healthy individuals without IA (controls). We genotyped 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of LOX family genes using the Sequenom MassARRAY® platform. These SNPs were adjusted for known risk factors and then, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were evaluated using binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The result showed that LOX rs10519694 was associated with the risk of IA in recessive (OR, 3.88; 95% CI, 1.12-13.47) and additive (OR, 1.56; 95%CI, 1.05-2.34) models. Stratified analyses illustrated that LOX rs10519694 was associated with the risk of single IA in the recessive (OR, 3.95; 95%CI, 1.04-15.11) and additive (OR, 1.64; 95%CI, 1.04-2.56) models. The LOXL2 rs1010156 polymorphism was associated with multiple IA in the dominant model (OR, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.02-3.62). No associations were observed between SNPs of LOXL1, LOXL3, and LOXL4 and risk of IA. CONCLUSION LOX and LOXL2 polymorphisms were associated with risk of single IA and multiple IA in a Chinese population, suggesting potential roles of these genes in IA. The effects of these genes on IA require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chongyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, Hunan People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Bingyang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Information Statistics, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Changsha Eight Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Scientific Research, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jilin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weixi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxia Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Junxia Yan,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Noda K, Kitagawa K, Miki T, Horiguchi M, Akama TO, Taniguchi T, Taniguchi H, Takahashi K, Ogra Y, Mecham RP, Terajima M, Yamauchi M, Nakamura T. A matricellular protein fibulin-4 is essential for the activation of lysyl oxidase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabc1404. [PMID: 33239290 PMCID: PMC7688322 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fibulin-4 is a matricellular protein required for extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. Mice deficient in fibulin-4 (Fbln4-/- ) have disrupted collagen and elastin fibers and die shortly after birth from aortic and diaphragmatic rupture. The function of fibulin-4 in ECM assembly, however, remains elusive. Here, we show that fibulin-4 is required for the activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the covalent cross-linking of elastin and collagen. LOX produced by Fbln4-/- cells had lower activity than LOX produced by wild-type cells due to the absence of lysine tyrosyl quinone (LTQ), a unique cofactor required for LOX activity. Our studies showed that fibulin-4 is required for copper ion transfer from the copper transporter ATP7A to LOX in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), which is a necessary step for LTQ formation. These results uncover a pivotal role for fibulin-4 in the activation of LOX and, hence, in ECM assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Noda
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takao Miki
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masahito Horiguchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Society Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan
| | - Tomoya O Akama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Division of Disease Proteomics, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Taniguchi
- Division of Disease Proteomics, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Masahiko Terajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang N, Cao DF, Yin XX, Zhou HH, Mao XY. Lysyl oxidases: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110791. [PMID: 33152948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of extracellular proteins has attracted huge attention in treating human diseases. The lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are a family of secreted copper-dependent enzymes which initiate the covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin fibers in the extracellular microenvironment, thereby facilitating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and ECM homeostasis. Apart from ECM-dependent roles, LOXs are also involved in other biological processes such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and transcriptional regulation, especially following hypoxic stress. Dysregulation of LOXs is found to underlie the onset and progression of multiple pathologies, such as carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis, fibrotic diseases, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we make a comprehensive summarization of clinical and experimental evidences that support roles of for LOXs in disease pathology and points out LOXs as promising therapeutic targets for improving prognosis. Additionally, we also propose that LOXs reshape cell-ECM interaction or cell-cell interaction due to ECM-dependent and ECM-independent roles for LOXs. Therapeutic intervention of LOXs may have advantages in the maintenance of communication between ECM and cell or intercellular signaling, finally recovering organ function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Dan-Feng Cao
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Xi-Xi Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heusinkveld HJ, Schoonen WG, Hodemaekers HM, Nugraha A, Sirks JJ, Veenma V, Sujan C, Pennings JL, Wackers PF, Palazzolo L, Eberini I, Rorije E, van der Ven LT. Distinguishing mode of action of compounds inducing craniofacial malformations in zebrafish embryos to support dose-response modeling in combined exposures. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:114-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
22
|
Erasmus M, Samodien E, Lecour S, Cour M, Lorenzo O, Dludla P, Pheiffer C, Johnson R. Linking LOXL2 to Cardiac Interstitial Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5913. [PMID: 32824630 PMCID: PMC7460598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. CVD pathophysiology is often characterized by increased stiffening of the heart muscle due to fibrosis, thus resulting in diminished cardiac function. Fibrosis can be caused by increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which is strongly linked to lifestyle and environmental factors such as diet, smoking, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. These factors can affect gene expression through epigenetic modifications. Lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) is responsible for collagen and elastin cross-linking in the heart, and its dysregulation has been pathologically associated with increased fibrosis. Additionally, studies have shown that, LOXL2 expression can be regulated by DNA methylation and histone modification. However, there is a paucity of data on LOXL2 regulation and its role in CVD. As such, this review aims to gain insight into the mechanisms by which LOXL2 is regulated in physiological conditions, as well as determine the downstream effectors responsible for CVD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melisse Erasmus
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Samodien
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
| | - Martin Cour
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 Lyon, France;
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Institute de Investigación Sanitaria-FJD, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Phiwayinkosi Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7501, South Africa; (M.E.); (E.S.); (P.D.); (C.P.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shpargel KB, Mangini CL, Xie G, Ge K, Magnuson T. The KMT2D Kabuki syndrome histone methylase controls neural crest cell differentiation and facial morphology. Development 2020; 147:dev.187997. [PMID: 32541010 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a congenital craniofacial disorder resulting from mutations in the KMT2D histone methylase (KS1) or the UTX histone demethylase (KS2). With small cohorts of KS2 patients, it is not clear whether differences exist in clinical manifestations relative to KS1. We mutated KMT2D in neural crest cells (NCCs) to study cellular and molecular functions in craniofacial development with respect to UTX. Similar to UTX, KMT2D NCC knockout mice demonstrate hypoplasia with reductions in frontonasal bone lengths. We have traced the onset of KMT2D and UTX mutant NCC frontal dysfunction to a stage of altered osteochondral progenitor differentiation. KMT2D NCC loss-of-function does exhibit unique phenotypes distinct from UTX mutation, including fully penetrant cleft palate, mandible hypoplasia and deficits in cranial base ossification. KMT2D mutant NCCs lead to defective secondary palatal shelf elevation with reduced expression of extracellular matrix components. KMT2D mutant chondrocytes in the cranial base fail to properly differentiate, leading to defective endochondral ossification. We conclude that KMT2D is required for appropriate cranial NCC differentiation and KMT2D-specific phenotypes may underlie differences between Kabuki syndrome subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl B Shpargel
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Cassidy L Mangini
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Guojia Xie
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kai Ge
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Goodwin AF, Chen CP, Vo NT, Bush JO, Klein OD. YAP/TAZ Regulate Elevation and Bone Formation of the Mouse Secondary Palate. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1387-1396. [PMID: 32623954 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520935372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clefting of the secondary palate is one of the most common congenital anomalies, and the multiple corrective surgeries that individuals with isolated cleft palate undergo are associated with major costs and morbidities. Secondary palate development is a complex, multistep process that includes the elevation of the palatal shelves from a vertical to horizontal position, a process that is not well understood. The Hippo signaling cascade is a mechanosensory pathway that regulates morphogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration by controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, primarily via negative regulation of the downstream effectors, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). We deleted Yap/Taz throughout the palatal shelf mesenchyme as well as specifically in the posterior palatal shelf mesenchyme, using the Osr2Cre and Col2Cre drivers, respectively, which resulted in palatal shelf elevation delay and clefting of the secondary palate. In addition, the deletion resulted in undersized bones of the secondary palate. We next determined downstream targets of YAP/TAZ in the posterior palatal shelves, which included Ibsp and Phex, genes involved in mineralization, and Loxl4, which encodes a lysyl oxidase that catalyzes collagen crosslinking. Ibsp, Phex, and Loxl4 were expressed at decreased levels in the ossification region in the posterior palatal shelf mesenchyme upon deletion of Yap/Taz. Furthermore, collagen levels were decreased specifically in the same region prior to elevation. Thus, our data suggest that YAP/TAZ may regulate collagen crosslinking in the palatal shelf mesenchyme, thus controlling palatal shelf elevation, as well as mineralization of the bones of the secondary palate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Goodwin
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C P Chen
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N T Vo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J O Bush
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - O D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Smithen D, Leung LMH, Challinor M, Lawrence R, Tang H, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Pearce SP, Mcleary R, Lopes F, Aljarah M, Brown M, Johnson L, Thomson G, Marais R, Springer C. 2-Aminomethylene-5-sulfonylthiazole Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) and LOXL2 Show Significant Efficacy in Delaying Tumor Growth. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2308-2324. [PMID: 31430136 PMCID: PMC7073924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of extracellular proteins plays a vital role in catalyzing the formation of cross-links in fibrillar elastin and collagens leading to extracellular matrix (ECM) stabilization. These enzymes have also been implicated in tumor progression and metastatic disease and have thus become an attractive therapeutic target for many types of invasive cancers. Following our recently published work on the discovery of aminomethylenethiophenes (AMTs) as potent, orally bioavailable LOX/LOXL2 inhibitors, we report herein the discovery of a series of dual LOX/LOXL2 inhibitors, as well as a subseries of LOXL2-selective inhibitors, bearing an aminomethylenethiazole (AMTz) scaffold. Incorporation of a thiazole core leads to improved potency toward LOXL2 inhibition via an irreversible binding mode of inhibition. SAR studies have enabled the discovery of a predictive 3DQSAR model. Lead AMTz inhibitors exhibit improved pharmacokinetic properties and excellent antitumor efficacy, with significantly reduced tumor growth in a spontaneous breast cancer genetically engineered mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah
A. Smithen
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Leo M. H. Leung
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Challinor
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Rae Lawrence
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - HaoRan Tang
- Molecular
Oncology Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Niculescu-Duvaz
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Pearce
- Clinical
and Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Mcleary
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Lopes
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Aljarah
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Brown
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Johnson
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Thomson
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular
Oncology Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Springer
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Paiva KBS, Maas CS, dos Santos PM, Granjeiro JM, Letra A. Extracellular Matrix Composition and Remodeling: Current Perspectives on Secondary Palate Formation, Cleft Lip/Palate, and Palatal Reconstruction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31921852 PMCID: PMC6923686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development comprises a complex process in humans in which failures or disturbances frequently lead to congenital anomalies. Cleft lip with/without palate (CL/P) is a common congenital anomaly that occurs due to variations in craniofacial development genes, and may occur as part of a syndrome, or more commonly in isolated forms (non-syndromic). The etiology of CL/P is multifactorial with genes, environmental factors, and their potential interactions contributing to the condition. Rehabilitation of CL/P patients requires a multidisciplinary team to perform the multiple surgical, dental, and psychological interventions required throughout the patient's life. Despite progress, lip/palatal reconstruction is still a major treatment challenge. Genetic mutations and polymorphisms in several genes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, soluble factors, and enzymes responsible for ECM remodeling (e.g., metalloproteinases), have been suggested to play a role in the etiology of CL/P; hence, these may be considered likely targets for the development of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this context, investigations are being conducted on new therapeutic approaches based on tissue bioengineering, associating stem cells with biomaterials, signaling molecules, and innovative technologies. In this review, we discuss the role of genes involved in ECM composition and remodeling during secondary palate formation and pathogenesis and genetic etiology of CL/P. We also discuss potential therapeutic approaches using bioactive molecules and principles of tissue bioengineering for state-of-the-art CL/P repair and palatal reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katiúcia Batista Silva Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara Soeiro Maas
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Monique dos Santos
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Six2 regulates Pax9 expression, palatogenesis and craniofacial bone formation. Dev Biol 2019; 458:246-256. [PMID: 31765609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of the transcription factor Six2 in palate development. Six2 was selected using the SysFACE tool to predict genes from the 2p21 locus, a region associated with clefting in humans by GWAS, that are likely to be involved in palatogenesis. We functionally validated the predicted role of Six2 in palatogenesis by showing that 22% of Six2 null embryos develop cleft palate. Six2 contributes to palatogenesis by promoting mesenchymal cell proliferation and regulating bone formation. The clefting phenotype in Six2-/- embryos is similar to Pax9 null embryos, so we examined the functional relationship of these two genes. Mechanistically, SIX2 binds to a PAX9 5' upstream regulatory element and activates PAX9 expression. In addition, we identified a human SIX2 coding variant (p.Gly264Glu) in a proband with cleft palate. We show this missense mutation affects the stability of the SIX2 protein and leads to decreased PAX9 expression. The low penetrance of clefting in the Six2 null mouse combined with the mutation in one patient with cleft palate underscores the potential combinatorial interactions of other genes in clefting. Our study demonstrates that Six2 interacts with the developmental gene regulatory network in the developing palate.
Collapse
|
29
|
Targeting the lysyl oxidases in tumour desmoplasia. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1661-1678. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20190098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of tissue microenvironments and its dysregulation has been implicated in a number of diseases, in particular cancer. Tumour desmoplasia (fibrosis) accompanies the progression of many solid cancers, and is also often induced as a result of many frontline chemotherapies. This has recently led to an increased interest in targeting the underlying processes. The major structural components of the ECM contributing to desmoplasia are the fibrillar collagens, whose key assembly mechanism is the enzymatic stabilisation of procollagen monomers by the lysyl oxidases. The lysyl oxidase family of copper-dependent amine oxidase enzymes are required for covalent cross-linking of collagen (as well as elastin) molecules into the mature ECM. This key step in the assembly of collagens is of particular interest in the cancer field since it is essential to the tumour desmoplastic response. LOX family members are dysregulated in many cancers and consequently the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting their enzymatic activity has been initiated by many groups. Development of specific small molecule inhibitors however has been hindered by the lack of crystal structures of the active sites, and therefore alternate indirect approaches to target LOX have also been explored. In this review, we introduce the importance of, and assembly steps of the ECM in the tumour desmoplastic response focussing on the role of the lysyl oxidases. We also discuss recent progress in targeting this family of enzymes as a potential therapeutic approach.
Collapse
|
30
|
Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J. The Role of Lysyl Oxidase Enzymes in Cardiac Function and Remodeling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121483. [PMID: 31766500 PMCID: PMC6953057 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) proteins comprise a family of five copper-dependent enzymes (LOX and four LOX-like isoenzymes (LOXL1-4)) critical for extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and remodeling. The primary role of LOX enzymes is to oxidize lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues from collagen and elastin chains into highly reactive aldehydes, which spontaneously react with surrounding amino groups and other aldehydes to form inter- and intra-catenary covalent cross-linkages. Therefore, they are essential for the synthesis of a mature ECM and assure matrix integrity. ECM modulates cellular phenotype and function, and strikingly influences the mechanical properties of tissues. This explains the critical role of these enzymes in tissue homeostasis, and in tissue repair and remodeling. Cardiac ECM is mainly composed of fibrillar collagens which form a complex network that provides structural and biochemical support to cardiac cells and regulates cell signaling pathways. It is now becoming apparent that cardiac performance is affected by the structure and composition of the ECM and that any disturbance of the ECM contributes to cardiac disease progression. This review article compiles the major findings on the contribution of the LOX family to the development and progression of myocardial disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-93-556-5897 (C.R.); +34-93-556-5896 (J.M.-G.)
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-93-556-5897 (C.R.); +34-93-556-5896 (J.M.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Logan SM, Ruest LB, Benson MD, Svoboda KKH. Extracellular Matrix in Secondary Palate Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1543-1556. [PMID: 31513730 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The secondary palate arises from outgrowths of epithelia-covered embryonic mesenchyme that grow from the maxillary prominence, remodel to meet over the tongue, and fuse at the midline. These events require the coordination of cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression, all of which take place in the context of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Palatal cells generate their ECM, and then stiffen, degrade, or otherwise modify its properties to achieve the required cell movement and organization during palatogenesis. The ECM, in turn, acts on the cells through their matrix receptors to change their gene expression and thus their phenotype. The number of ECM-related gene mutations that cause cleft palate in mice and humans is a testament to the crucial role the matrix plays in palate development and a reminder that understanding that role is vital to our progress in treating palate deformities. This article will review the known ECM constituents at each stage of palatogenesis, the mechanisms of tissue reorganization and cell migration through the palatal ECM, the reciprocal relationship between the ECM and gene expression, and human syndromes with cleft palate that arise from mutations of ECM proteins and their regulators. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Logan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - L Bruno Ruest
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - M Douglas Benson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathy K H Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOX) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidize lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues in collagen and elastin, as a first step in the stabilization of these extracellular matrix proteins through the formation of covalent cross-linkages, an essential process for connective tissue maturation. Five different LOX enzymes have been identified in mammals, LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) 1 to 4, being genetically different protein products with a high degree of homology in the catalytic carboxy terminal end and a more variable amino terminal proregion. Intensive investigation in the last years has delineated the main biological functions of these enzymes and their involvement in several pathologies including fibrosis, cancer, and ocular disorders. This review article summarizes the major findings on the role of LOX isoforms, with particular focus on their contribution to the development and progression of human disorders.
Collapse
|
33
|
Martínez-González J, Varona S, Cañes L, Galán M, Briones AM, Cachofeiro V, Rodríguez C. Emerging Roles of Lysyl Oxidases in the Cardiovascular System: New Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100610. [PMID: 31615160 PMCID: PMC6843517 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOX and LOX-likes (LOXLs) isoenzymes) belong to a family of copper-dependent enzymes classically involved in the covalent cross-linking of collagen and elastin, a pivotal process that ensures extracellular matrix (ECM) stability and provides the tensile and elastic characteristics of connective tissues. Besides this structural role, in the last years, novel biological properties have been attributed to these enzymes, which can critically influence cardiovascular function. LOX and LOXLs control cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, oxidative stress, and transcriptional regulation and, thereby, their dysregulation has been linked to a myriad of cardiovascular pathologies. Lysyl oxidase could modulate virtually all stages of the atherosclerotic process, from endothelial dysfunction and plaque progression to calcification and rupture of advanced and complicated plaques, and contributes to vascular stiffness in hypertension. The alteration of LOX/LOXLs expression underlies the development of other vascular pathologies characterized by a destructive remodeling of the ECM, such as aneurysm and artery dissections, and contributes to the adverse myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in hypertension, myocardial infarction, and obesity. This review examines the most recent advances in the study of LOX and LOXLs biology and their pathophysiological role in cardiovascular diseases with special emphasis on their potential as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Saray Varona
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Cañes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Galán
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana M Briones
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Laurentino TDS, Soares RDS, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM. LOXL3 Function Beyond Amino Oxidase and Role in Pathologies, Including Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143587. [PMID: 31340433 PMCID: PMC6678131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase like 3 (LOXL3) is a copper-dependent amine oxidase responsible for the crosslinking of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. LOXL3 belongs to a family including other members: LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, and LOXL4. Autosomal recessive mutations are rare and described in patients with Stickler syndrome, early-onset myopia and non-syndromic cleft palate. Along with an essential function in embryonic development, multiple biological functions have been attributed to LOXL3 in various pathologies related to amino oxidase activity. Additionally, various novel roles have been described for LOXL3, such as the oxidation of fibronectin in myotendinous junction formation, and of deacetylation and deacetylimination activities of STAT3 to control of inflammatory response. In tumors, three distinct roles were described: (1) LOXL3 interacts with SNAIL and contributes to proliferation and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells; (2) LOXL3 is localized predominantly in the nucleus associated with invasion and poor gastric cancer prognosis; (3) LOXL3 interacts with proteins involved in DNA stability and mitosis completion, contributing to melanoma progression and sustained proliferation. Here we review the structure, function and activity of LOXL3 in normal and pathological conditions and discuss the potential of LOXL3 as a therapeutic target in various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita de S Laurentino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Roseli da S Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology (LIM 15), Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Amendola PG, Reuten R, Erler JT. Interplay Between LOX Enzymes and Integrins in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050729. [PMID: 31130685 PMCID: PMC6562985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family are secreted copper-dependent amine oxidases that catalyze the covalent crosslinking of collagens and elastin in the extracellular matrix (ECM), an essential process for the structural integrity of all tissues. LOX enzymes can also remodel the tumor microenvironment and have been implicated in all stages of tumor initiation and progression of many cancer types. Changes in the ECM can influence several cancer cell phenotypes. Integrin adhesion complexes (IACs) physically connect cells with their microenvironment. This review article summarizes the main findings on the role of LOX proteins in modulating the tumor microenvironment, with a particular focus on how ECM changes are integrated by IACs to modulate cells behavior. Finally, we discuss how the development of selective LOX inhibitors may lead to novel and effective therapies in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Amendola
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Raphael Reuten
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Janine Terra Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lysyl oxidase enzymes mediate TGF-β1-induced fibrotic phenotypes in human skin-like tissues. J Transl Med 2019; 99:514-527. [PMID: 30568176 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous fibrosis is a common complication seen in mixed connective tissue diseases. It often occurs as a result of TGF-β-induced deposition of excessive amounts of collagen in the skin. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), a family of extracellular matrix (ECM)-modifying enzymes responsible for collagen cross-linking, are known to be increased in dermal fibroblasts from patients with fibrotic diseases, denoting a possible role of LOXs in fibrosis. To directly study this, we have developed two bioengineered, in vitro skin-like models: human skin equivalents (hSEs), and self-assembled stromal tissues (SASs) that contain either normal or systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) patient-derived fibroblasts. These tissues provide an organ-level structure that could be combined with non-invasive, label-free, multiphoton microscopy (SHG/TPEF) to reveal alterations in the organization and cross-linking levels of collagen fibers during the development of cutaneous fibrosis, which demonstrated increased stromal rigidity and activation of dermal fibroblasts in response to TGF-β1. Specifically, inhibition of specific LOXs isoforms, LOX and LOXL4, in foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) resulted in antagonistic effects on TGF-β1-induced fibrogenic hallmarks in both hSEs and SASs. In addition, a translational relevance of these models was seen as similar antifibrogenic phenotypes were achieved upon knocking down LOXL4 in tissues containing SSc patient-derived-dermal fibroblasts (SScDFs). These findings point to a pivotal role of LOXs in TGF-β1-induced cutaneous fibrosis through impaired ECM homeostasis in skin-like tissues, and show the value of these tissue platforms in accelerating the discovery of antifibrosis therapeutics.
Collapse
|
37
|
Grigelioniene G, Suzuki HI, Taylan F, Mirzamohammadi F, Borochowitz ZU, Ayturk UM, Tzur S, Horemuzova E, Lindstrand A, Weis MA, Grigelionis G, Hammarsjö A, Marsk E, Nordgren A, Nordenskjöld M, Eyre DR, Warman ML, Nishimura G, Sharp PA, Kobayashi T. Gain-of-function mutation of microRNA-140 in human skeletal dysplasia. Nat Med 2019; 25:583-590. [PMID: 30804514 PMCID: PMC6622181 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Heterozygous loss-of-function point mutations of miRNA genes are associated with several human congenital disorders1-5, but neomorphic (gain-of-new-function) mutations in miRNAs due to nucleotide substitutions have not been reported. Here we describe a neomorphic seed region mutation in the chondrocyte-specific, super-enhancer-associated MIR140 gene encoding microRNA-140 (miR-140) in a novel autosomal dominant human skeletal dysplasia. Mice with the corresponding single nucleotide substitution show skeletal abnormalities similar to those of the patients but distinct from those of miR-140-null mice6. This mutant miRNA gene yields abundant mutant miR-140-5p expression without miRNA-processing defects. In chondrocytes, the mutation causes widespread derepression of wild-type miR-140-5p targets and repression of mutant miR-140-5p targets, indicating that the mutation produces both loss-of-function and gain-of-function effects. Furthermore, the mutant miR-140-5p seed competes with the conserved RNA-binding protein Ybx1 for overlapping binding sites. This finding may explain the potent target repression and robust in vivo effect by this mutant miRNA even in the absence of evolutionary selection of miRNA-target RNA interactions, which contributes to the strong regulatory effects of conserved miRNAs7,8. Our study presents the first case of a pathogenic gain-of-function miRNA mutation and provides molecular insight into neomorphic actions of emerging and/or mutant miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Grigelioniene
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiroshi I Suzuki
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Mirzamohammadi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zvi U Borochowitz
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Medical Genetics Clinics, Assuta Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ugur M Ayturk
- Orthopaedic Research Labs, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shay Tzur
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Genomic Research Department, Emedgene Technologies, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eva Horemuzova
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary Ann Weis
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gintautas Grigelionis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hammarsjö
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Marsk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Orthopaedic Research Labs, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gen Nishimura
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Phillip A Sharp
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chan TK, Alkaabi MK, ElBarky AM, El-Hattab AW. LOXL3 novel mutation causing a rare form of autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome. Clin Genet 2018; 95:325-328. [PMID: 30362103 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stickler syndrome is a collagenopathy that is typically inherited as autosomal dominant disease caused by monoallelic mutations in COL2A1, COL11A2, and COL11A1. Rarely, biallelic mutations in COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3 cause an autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome. One previous report described two siblings with Stickler syndrome and a homozygous mutation in LOXL3, suggesting that biallelic mutations in LOXL3 can also cause autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome. LOXL3 is a member of the lysyl oxidase family of genes which encode enzymes oxidizing the side chain of peptidyl lysine permitting the covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin chains. Therefore, LOXL3 deficiency is expected to result in collagen defect. Furthermore, Loxl3 deficient mouse model demonstrated features overlapping with Stickler syndrome. In this report, we describe a child and his father who had clinical features consistent with Stickler syndrome and found to have a homozygous novel mutation c.1036C>T (p.Arg346Trp) in LOXL3. This report not only supports that biallelic LOXL3 mutations cause autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome, but also further delineates the phenotype associated with LOXL3 mutations. In addition, the family described here shows an interesting example for pseudodominance, which can be observed in recessive diseases when one parent is affected and the other is heterozygous carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tin K Chan
- Ophthalmology Department, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Ophthalmology, Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Mohammed K Alkaabi
- Ophthalmology Department, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed M ElBarky
- Ophthalmology Department, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Disorders, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Khan MFJ, Little J, Nag TC, Mossey PA, Autelitano L, Meazzini MC, Merajuddin A, Singh A, Rubini M. Ultrastructural analysis of collagen fibril diameter distribution in cleft lip. Oral Dis 2018; 25:206-214. [PMID: 30144227 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A preliminary study to determine collagen fibril diameter (CF-ED) distribution on medial and lateral sides of cleft lip (CL). MATERIAL AND METHODS Tissue samples from medial and lateral sides of CL were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Araldite CY212 resin for transmission electron microscopy. The analysis of CF-ED was performed using the ImageJ program. To characterize the packaging of collagen fibrils (CFs) in the two tissues, we estimated the collagen number density (CF-ND) and fibril-area-fraction (FAF). Differences in measurements across the two sides were calculated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS The CF-ED was statistically significantly (p < 0.001) smaller on the medial side (45.69 ± 7.89 nm) than on the lateral side (54.18 ± 7.62 nm). The medial side had a higher CF-ND and a higher percentage of FAF than the lateral side. CONCLUSION Our finding of a smaller CF-ED and higher CF-ND and FAF for the medial side suggests possible differences in size and distribution of CFs between medial and lateral sides of CL. This finding provides knowledge toward underlying tissue biomechanics that may help reconstruction of perioral tissue scaffolds, ultimately resulting in better treatment of patients with oral clefts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faisal J Khan
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Peter Anthony Mossey
- Craniofacial Development at the World Health Organization-Collaborating Centre for Oral and Craniofacial Research, Dental Hospital and School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Luca Autelitano
- Smile House, Regional Centre for Orofacial Clefts and Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Costanza Meazzini
- Smile House, Regional Centre for Orofacial Clefts and Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmed Merajuddin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anuraag Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Michele Rubini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhou L, Xiao X, Li S, Jia X, Wang P, Sun W, Zhang F, Li J, Li T, Zhang Q. Phenotypic characterization of patients with early-onset high myopia due to mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1: Why not Stickler syndrome? Mol Vis 2018; 24:560-573. [PMID: 30181686 PMCID: PMC6089037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous study reported that 5.5% of probands with early-onset high myopia (eoHM) had mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1. Why were the probands initially considered to have eoHM but not Stickler syndrome (STL)? METHODS Probands and family members with eoHM and mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1 were followed up and reexamined based on the criteria for STL. Further comprehensive examinations were conducted for patients with eoHM and mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1 and controls with eoHM without mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1. We performed comparisons between probands, affected family members with mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1, and controls with eoHM without mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1. RESULTS Twelve probands (8.91±4.03 years) and 14 affected family members (37.00±11.18 years) with eoHM and mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1, as well as 30 controls with eoHM but without mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1, were recruited. Among them, 25.0% of probands and 50.0% of affected family members met the diagnostic criteria for STL after reexamination. Posterior vitreous detachment/foveal hypoplasia (PVD/FH), hypermobility of the elbow joint (HJ), and vitreous opacity were more frequent in patients with eoHM with mutations in COL2A1 or COL11A1 than in the controls (p = 1.40 × 10-5, 3.72 × 10-4, 2.30× 10-3, respectively). HJ was more common in the probands than in the affected family members (11/12 versus 3/14; p = 3.42 × 10-4), suggesting age-dependent manifestation. EoHM presented in all the probands and in 11/14 affected family members, suggesting that it is a more common indicator of STL than the previously described vitreoretinal abnormalities, especially in children. The rate of STL diagnosis could increase from 25.0% to 66.7% for probands and from 50.0% to 92.9% for affected family members if eoHM, PVD/FH, and HJ are added to the diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS In summary, it is not easy to differentiate STL from eoHM with routine ocular examination in outpatient clinics. Awareness of atypical phenotypes and newly recognized signs may be of help in identifying atypical STL, especially in children at eye clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jiazhang Li
- Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Central College of Wuhan University, Enshi, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi Central College of Wuhan University, Enshi, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Khan MFJ, Little J, Mossey PA, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Bonsi M, Bassi Andreasi R, Rubini M. Association between a common missense variant in LOXL3 gene and the risk of non-syndromic cleft palate. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2018; 58:136-140. [PMID: 29802726 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To investigate possible association between functional common variants in the lysyl oxidase like 3 gene and non-syndromic cleft palate we selected a common missense variant p.Ile615Phe (rs17010021), which was predicted to have a probably damaging effect on the lysyl oxidase like 3 enzyme. We genotyped 258 non-syndromic cleft palate case-parent triads of European origin and tested genetic association using the transmission disequilibrium test and log-linear regression analyses of genotypic relative risks and of parent-of-origin effects. The observed genotype frequency in parents was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Compared with wild-type Ile/Ile homozygotes, the relative risks for Phe/Phe homozygote infants was 6.87 (P value 3.0 × 10-3 ), while that for Ile/Phe heterozygotes was not significant. Assuming an autosomal recessive model, the relative risks for Phe/Phe genotype resulted 10.54 (P value 2.9 × 10-5 ), with a 3.6% population attributable risk. No parent-of-origin effect was observed. The identification in lysyl oxidase like 3 of a missense variant which under a recessive model associates with 10-fold increased risk of non-syndromic cleft palate supports the hypothesis that the genetic etiology of this congenital anomaly includes relatively uncommon recessive variants with moderate penetrance and located in genes which are also involved in syndromes that include cleft palate as part of the phenotype. Our findings require functional validation and replication in a larger independent genetic association study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faisal J Khan
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A Mossey
- Craniofacial Development at the World Health Organization-collaborating Centre for Oral and Craniofacial Research, Dental Hospital and School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Régine P M Steegers-Theunissen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Pediatrics, Division Neonatology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Bonsi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rita Bassi Andreasi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Rubini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kober KI, Cano A, Géraud C, Sipilä K, Mobasseri SA, Philippeos C, Pisco AO, Stannard A, Martin A, Salvador F, Santos V, Boutros M, Rognoni E, Watt FM. Loxl2 is dispensable for dermal development, homeostasis and tumour stroma formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199679. [PMID: 29953488 PMCID: PMC6023175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a copper-dependent monoamine oxidase that contributes to the remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cross linkage of collagen and elastin fibres and has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in cancer and fibrosis. In the skin, LOXL2 is essential for epidermal cell polarity and differentiation. However, its role in the dermis has not been evaluated. We found that Loxl2 is dispensable for mouse dermal development, maturation and homeostasis, yet affects dermal stiffness. Neither loss of Loxl2 nor increased Loxl2 expression affected dermal architecture following treatment with the phorbol ester TPA. Furthermore, Loxl2 expression did not alter the stroma of DMBA-TPA-induced tumours. We conclude that, although Loxl2 is expressed in both dermis and epidermis, its function appears largely confined to the epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Isabelle Kober
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cyrill Géraud
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology and European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kalle Sipilä
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seyedeh Atefeh Mobasseri
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Philippeos
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Oliveira Pisco
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Stannard
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Rognoni
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ER); (FMW)
| | - Fiona M. Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ER); (FMW)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cai L, Zhang D, Liu W, Cui Y, Jing J, Xie J, Zhou X. Effects of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on the regulation of the lysyl oxidase family in ovariectomized mice. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30629-30641. [PMID: 35546858 PMCID: PMC9087977 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a highly prevalent chronic disease. The anabolic agent parathyroid hormone (PTH) is often prescribed for the treatment of OP to strengthen bone quality and decrease the risk of fracture, although the specific mechanisms are still unclear. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) can stabilize the organic matrix through catalyzing the cross-linking of collagen and elastin. In this study, we established osteoporotic models via ovariectomizing C57BL/6J mice and treating them with PTH. We further aimed to determine the expression changes of the LOX family, impacted by PTH, in ovariectomized mice. We observed that bone mass was reduced and bone microstructure was deteriorative in ovariectomized mice. And PTH attenuated the microstructural damage and accelerated bone remodeling, as confirmed via μCT and HE staining. Serum levels of copper and zinc indirectly proved the results. The expression levels of five members of the LOX family all declined in ovariectomized mice compared to in sham-operated control mice (p < 0.05), and the daily injection of PTH successfully reversed the low expression of LOXs in OP. The current study examined expression changes of LOXs in osteoporotic mice and PTH-treated osteoporotic mice for the first time, and provided an important piece of evidence that the aberrant expression of LOXs had intimate associations with the occurrence and development of OP. And LOXs may act as the downstream effectors of PTH, contributing to unbalanced bone metabolism and damaged bone microstructure. Consequently, LOXs may act as promising therapeutic targets for OP. LOX family is a potential target in ovariectomized osteoporosis (OP).![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Santamaría PG, Floristán A, Fontanals-Cirera B, Vázquez-Naharro A, Santos V, Morales S, Yuste L, Peinado H, García-Gómez A, Portillo F, Hernando E, Cano A. Lysyl oxidase-like 3 is required for melanoma cell survival by maintaining genomic stability. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:935-950. [PMID: 29229995 PMCID: PMC5907912 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3) is a member of the lysyl oxidase family comprising multifunctional enzymes with depicted roles in extracellular matrix maturation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. In silico expression analyses followed by experimental validation in a comprehensive cohort of human cell lines revealed a significant upregulation of LOXL3 in human melanoma. We show that LOXL3 silencing impairs cell proliferation and triggers apoptosis in various melanoma cell lines. Further supporting a pro-oncogenic role in melanoma, LOXL3 favors tumor growth in vivo and cooperates with oncogenic BRAF in melanocyte transformation. Upon LOXL3 depletion, melanoma cells display a faulty DNA damage response (DDR), characterized by ATM checkpoint activation and inefficient ATR activation leading to the accumulation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and aberrant mitosis. Consistent with these findings, LOXL3 binds to proteins involved in the maintenance of genome integrity, in particular BRCA2 and MSH2, whose levels dramatically decrease upon LOXL3 depletion. Moreover, LOXL3 is required for efficient DSB repair in melanoma cells. Our results reveal an unexpected role for LOXL3 in the control of genome stability and melanoma progression, exposing its potential as a novel therapeutic target in malignant melanoma, a very aggressive condition yet in need for more effective treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Santamaría
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Floristán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Fontanals-Cirera
- Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Vázquez-Naharro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saleta Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Yuste
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Gómez
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Hernando
- Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen J, Ren J, Loo WTY, Hao L, Wang M. Lysyl oxidases expression and histopathological changes of the diabetic rat nephron. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2431-2441. [PMID: 29207131 PMCID: PMC5783488 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes, the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) is considered an indication of nephropathological changes. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are also associated with ECM. However, the majority of studies on LOXs have focused on their potential role in renal fibrogenesis and there has no examination of LOXs expression or the correlation with histopathological changes of DN, including glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening and glomerulosclerosis. In this study, the association between histological changes and LOXs was explored using a type 2 diabetes model of male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. The expression of LOX and lysyl oxidase-like 1 to 3 (LOXL1 to 3) levels were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The expression levels of LOX and LOXL2 in the kidney tissue in the diabetic group were significantly higher compared with those of the control group, but LOXL1 and LOXL3 expression levels were not significantly different between the two groups. These results indicated that LOXL2 and LOX may be critical factors involved in the progression of DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wings T Y Loo
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
| | - Liang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Surate Solaligue DE, Rodríguez-Castillo JA, Ahlbrecht K, Morty RE. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of late lung development and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L1101-L1153. [PMID: 28971976 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of lung development is to generate an organ of gas exchange that provides both a thin gas diffusion barrier and a large gas diffusion surface area, which concomitantly generates a steep gas diffusion concentration gradient. As such, the lung is perfectly structured to undertake the function of gas exchange: a large number of small alveoli provide extensive surface area within the limited volume of the lung, and a delicate alveolo-capillary barrier brings circulating blood into close proximity to the inspired air. Efficient movement of inspired air and circulating blood through the conducting airways and conducting vessels, respectively, generates steep oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients across the alveolo-capillary barrier, providing ideal conditions for effective diffusion of both gases during breathing. The development of the gas exchange apparatus of the lung occurs during the second phase of lung development-namely, late lung development-which includes the canalicular, saccular, and alveolar stages of lung development. It is during these stages of lung development that preterm-born infants are delivered, when the lung is not yet competent for effective gas exchange. These infants may develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a syndrome complicated by disturbances to the development of the alveoli and the pulmonary vasculature. It is the objective of this review to update the reader about recent developments that further our understanding of the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and vascularization and the pathogenesis of BPD and other neonatal lung diseases that feature lung hypoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Surate Solaligue
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - José Alberto Rodríguez-Castillo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and .,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mižíková I, Palumbo F, Tábi T, Herold S, Vadász I, Mayer K, Seeger W, Morty RE. Perturbations to lysyl oxidase expression broadly influence the transcriptome of lung fibroblasts. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:416-429. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00026.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases are credited with pathogenic roles in lung diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Lysyl oxidases facilitate the covalent intra- and intermolecular cross-linking of collagen and elastin fibers, thereby imparting tensile strength to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Alternative ECM-independent roles have recently been proposed for lysyl oxidases, including regulation of growth factor signaling, chromatin remodeling, and transcriptional regulation, all of which impact cell phenotype. We demonstrate here that three of the five lysyl oxidase family members, Lox, Loxl1, and Loxl2, are highly expressed in primary mouse lung fibroblasts compared with other constituent cell types of the lung. Microarray analyses revealed that small interfering RNA knockdown of Lox, Loxl1, and Loxl2 was associated with apparent changes in the expression of 134, 3,761, and 3,554 genes, respectively, in primary mouse lung fibroblasts. The impact of lysyl oxidase expression on steady-state Mmp3, Mmp9, Eln, Rarres1, Gdf10, Ifnb1, Csf2, and Cxcl9 mRNA levels was validated, which is interesting, since the corresponding gene products are relevant to lung development and BPD, where lysyl oxidases play a functional role. In vivo, the expression of these genes broadly correlated with Lox, Loxl1, and Loxl2 expression in a mouse model of BPD. Furthermore, β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a selective lysyl oxidase inhibitor, did not affect the steady-state mRNA levels of lysyl oxidase target genes, in vitro in lung fibroblasts or in vivo in BAPN-treated mice. This study is the first to report that lysyl oxidases broadly influence the cell transcriptome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Francesco Palumbo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Tamás Tábi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Inhibition of Lysyl Oxidases Impairs Migration and Angiogenic Properties of Tumor-Associated Pericytes. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4972078. [PMID: 28553358 PMCID: PMC5434472 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4972078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are important cellular components of the tumor microenviroment with established roles in angiogenesis and metastasis. These two cancer hallmarks are modulated by enzymes of the LOX family, but thus far, information about LOX relevance in tumor-associated pericytes is lacking. Here, we performed a comparative characterization of normal and tumoral pericytes and report for the first time the modulatory effects of LOX enzymes on activated pericyte properties. Tumoral pericytes isolated from childhood ependymoma and neuroblastoma specimens displayed angiogenic properties in vitro and expressed typical markers, including CD146, NG2, and PDGFRβ. Expression of all LOX family members could be detected in both normal and tumor-associated pericytes. In most pericyte samples, LOXL3 was the family member displaying the highest transcript levels. Inhibition of LOX/LOXL activity with the inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile (βAPN) significantly reduced migration of pericytes, while proliferation rates were kept unaltered. Formation of tube-like structures in vitro by pericytes was also significantly impaired upon inhibition of LOX/LOXL activity with βAPN, which induced more prominent effects in tumor-associated pericytes. These findings reveal a novel involvement of the LOX family of enzymes in migration and angiogenic properties of pericytes, with implications in tumor development and in therapeutic targeting tumor microenvironment constituents.
Collapse
|
49
|
Aumiller V, Strobel B, Romeike M, Schuler M, Stierstorfer BE, Kreuz S. Comparative analysis of lysyl oxidase (like) family members in pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:149. [PMID: 28273952 PMCID: PMC5428068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and stiffness are major driving forces for the development and persistence of fibrotic diseases. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like (LOXL) proteins play crucial roles in ECM remodeling due to their collagen crosslinking and intracellular functions. Here, we systematically investigated LOX/L expression in primary fibroblasts and epithelial cells under fibrotic conditions, Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung fibrosis and in human IPF tissue. Basal expression of all LOX/L family members was detected in epithelial cells and at higher levels in fibroblasts. Various pro-fibrotic stimuli broadly induced LOX/L expression in fibroblasts, whereas specific induction of LOXL2 and partially LOX was observed in epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissue from 14 IPF patients and healthy donors revealed strong induction of LOX and LOXL2 in bronchial and alveolar epithelium as well as fibroblastic foci. Using siRNA experiments we observed that LOXL2 and LOXL3 were crucial for fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT). As FMT could only be reconstituted with an enzymatically active LOXL2 variant, we conclude that LOXL2 enzymatic function is crucial for fibroblast transdifferentiation. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the LOX/L family in fibrotic lung disease and indicates prominent roles for LOXL2/3 in fibroblast activation and LOX/LOXL2 in IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Aumiller
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Benjamin Strobel
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Merrit Romeike
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michael Schuler
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Birgit E Stierstorfer
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jeong C, Kim Y. LOXL3-sv2, a novel variant of human lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3), functions as an amine oxidase. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:719-724. [PMID: 28112368 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3) functions as a copper-dependent amine oxidase toward collagen and elastin. The LOXL3 protein contains four scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains in the N-terminus in addition to the C-terminal characteristic domains of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, such as a copper-binding domain, a cytokine receptor‑like domain and residues for the lysyl-tyrosyl quinone cofactor. Using BLASTN searches, we identified a novel variant of LOXL3 (termed LOXL3-sv2), which lacked the sequences corresponding to exons 4 and 5 of LOXL3. The LOXL3-sv2 mRNA is at least 2,398 bp in length, encoding a 608 amino acid-long polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 67.4 kDa. The deletion of exons 4 and 5 do not change the open-reading frame of LOXL3 but results in deletion of the SRCR domain 2. The recombinant LOXL3-sv2 protein showed a β-aminopropionitrile-inhibitable amine oxidase activity toward collagen type I. In RT-PCR analysis, LOXL3-sv2 was detected in all human tissues tested, along with LOXL3 and LOXL3-sv1, a previously identified variant of LOXL3. These findings indicate that the human LOXL3 gene encodes at least three variants, LOXL3, LOXL3-sv1 and LOXL3-sv2, all of which function as amine oxidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chankyu Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|