1
|
Zhang H, Qiu H, Liu Z, Yu S, Chen C, Zeng Y, Li Y. Endometrial preparation protocols did not impact pregnancy outcomes of patients with cured chronic endometritis. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 48:103753. [PMID: 38520803 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Do endometrial preparation protocols have an effect on pregnancy outcomes in patients with cured chronic endometritis? DESIGN A retrospective study was conducted on 3721 infertile patients from December 2018 to August 2020. Endometrial tissues obtained during the proliferative phase were immunostained for CD138. The presence of CD138-positive cells within the stromal cells indicated chronic endometritis. All patients diagnosed with chronic endometritis received oral antibiotics. Patients underwent endometrial preparation and frozen embryo transfer once chronic endometritis was cured. This study compared various endometrial preparation protocols to assess their effects on pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, it aimed to investigate differences in pregnancy outcomes between patients without chronic endometritis and patients with cured chronic endometritis while following the same endometrial preparation protocol. RESULTS Almost no differences in pregnancy outcomes were observed between natural cycle, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist-HRT (GnRH agonist-HRT) protocols in patients without chronic endometritis and patients with cured chronic endometritis. The only notable difference was that, among women without chronic endometritis, the early miscarriage rate was higher for the GnRH agonist-HRT protocol (25.8%) compared with the natural cycle (17.4%) and HRT (17.7%) protocols (P = 0.025). However, this difference was not significant after adjusting for confounders (adjusted OR 1.383, 95% CI 0.931-2.055). The live birth rate, clinical pregnancy rate, early miscarriage rate, ectopic pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy rate did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between patients without chronic endometritis and patients with cured chronic endometritis who underwent natural cycle, HRT and GnRH agonist-HRT protocols. CONCLUSION Endometrial preparation protocols had no impact on pregnancy outcomes in patients with cured chronic endometritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuye Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ozgur K, Tore H, Berkkanoglu M, Bulut H, Donmez L, Coetzee K. Comparable ongoing pregnancy and pregnancy loss rates in natural cycle and artificial cycle frozen embryo transfers with intensive method-specific luteal phase support; a retrospective cohort study. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2024; 53:102797. [PMID: 38735575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2024.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The absence of corpus lutea in artificial cycle (AC) frozen embryo transfers (FET) may increase the chances of pregnancy loss. In this retrospective cohort study, the efficacy of AC endometrial preparation was compared natural cycle (NC) endometrial preparation in terms of ongoing pregnancy. METHODS One thousand six hundred and eighteen consecutive vitrified-warmed blastocyst FET performed between December 2021 and November 2022 were included, with 1023 compared after exclusions according to the endometrial preparation method; 293 NC-FET, 143 modified NC-FET, 204 unprogrammed AC-FET, and 383 oral contraceptive pill (OCP) programmed AC-FET. Intensive method-specific luteal phase support (LPS) was administered in NC- (human chorionic gonadotropin and micronized vaginal progesterone), mNC- (micronized vaginal progesterone), and in AC-FET (micronized vaginal progesterone, intramuscular progesterone, and oral dydrogesterone). RESULTS Clinician choice of endometrial preparation method resulted in the NC- or AC-FET groups having distinct differences, with female age, antral follicle count and body mass index as well as the percentage of DOR or PCOS diagnosed patients significantly different. The unadjusted ongoing pregnancy and total pregnancy loss rates for NC-, mNC-, AC-, and ocp-AC-FET were 61.8 %, 55.2 %, 57.4 %, and 58.5 %, and 19.2 %, 24.0 %, 23.5 % and 23.8 %, respectively. In multivariate logistic regressions to predict the dependent outcomes of ongoing pregnancy and total pregnancy loss, none of the FET methods were selected as independent predictors. CONCLUSION Patients undergoing NC- and AC-FET with method-specific progesterone LPS had comparable ongoing pregnancy rates as well as total pregnancy loss rates, with NC-FET ranked first in the regression analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hande Tore
- Antalya IVF Centre, Antalya, 07080, Turkey
| | - Murat Berkkanoglu
- Antalya IVF Centre, Antalya, 07080, Turkey; Istanbul Atlas University, School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Istanbul 34408, Turkiye
| | - Hasan Bulut
- Antalya IVF Centre, Antalya, 07080, Turkey; Antalya Bilim University, School of Medicine, Department of Health Science, Antalya 07190, Turkiye
| | - Levent Donmez
- Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Antalya, 07058, Turkiye
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
He S, Bao H, Lai S, Li J, Dai H, Wang X, Lv N. Clinical outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in natural cycles with luteinized unruptured follicles. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 296:366-370. [PMID: 38552505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of luteinized unruptured follicles (LUF) on frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles performed in natural cycles (FET-NC). METHODS Retrospective cohort study, held in a university hospital with 3415 cycles for frozen-thawed embryo transfer, performed between June 2019 and September 2022. Using propensity score matching, 242 patients with a diagnosis of LUF (LUF group) were matched with 484 ovulated patients (ovulation group). Stratified by the type of embryo transferred, the LUF group included 168 blastocyst transfer patients (blastocyst group) and 74 cleavage-stage embryo transfer patients (cleavage-embryo group). The ovulation group included 324 patients with blastocyst transfer (blastocyst group) and 160 patients with transferred cleavage-stage embryos. Clinical pregnancy rate was retrospectively analyzed between the LUF and ovulation groups, as well as between each subgroup. RESULTS After using propensity score matching, the general characteristics of the LUF and ovulation groups were similar. The implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in the LUF group were not significantly different from those in the ovulation group (44.98 % vs. 45.29 %, p = 0.93; 53.72 % vs. 52.48 %, p = 0.75). The implantation and pregnancy rates of transferred cleavage-stage embryos in the LUF group were also not significantly different from those in the ovulation group (32.39 % vs. 36.40 %, p = 0.42; 47.30 % vs. 47.50 %, p = 0.98). The implantation and pregnancy rates of transferred blastocysts in the LUF group were also not significantly different from those in the ovulation group (53.11 % vs. 52.03 %, p = 0.82; 56.55 % vs. 54.94 %, p = 0.73). There was also no significant difference in the miscarriage rate between the groups. CONCLUSION In the natural cycle, LUF does not affect the clinical pregnancy outcomes of FET. If adequate luteal support is given, the clinical pregnancy outcomes were similar between the LUF group and ovulation group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunzhi He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China
| | - Hongchu Bao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China
| | - Shoucui Lai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Electrocardiogram Room,The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China
| | - Huangguan Dai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China
| | - Xingrong Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China
| | - Na Lv
- Laboratory Department, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hesters L, Sermondade N, Lambert C, Pouly JL, Pereira B, Lucas C, Levy R, Brugnon F. Is large for gestational age in singletons born after frozen embryo transfer associated with freezing technique or endometrial preparation protocol? A longitudinal national French study. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:724-732. [PMID: 38384249 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is large for gestational age (LGA) observed in babies born after frozen embryo transfer (FET) associated with either the freezing technique or the endometrial preparation protocol? SUMMARY ANSWER Artificial cycles are associated with a higher risk of LGA, with no difference in rate between the two freezing techniques (vitrification versus slow freezing) or embryo stage (cleaved embryo versus blastocyst). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Several studies have compared neonatal outcomes after fresh embryo transfer (ET) and FET and shown that FET is associated with improved neonatal outcomes, including reduced risks of preterm birth, low birthweight, and small for gestational age (SGA), when compared with fresh ET. However, these studies also revealed an increased risk of LGA after FET. The underlying pathophysiology of this increased risk remains unclear; parental infertility, laboratory procedures (including embryo culture conditions and freezing-thawing processes), and endometrial preparation treatments might be involved. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A multicentre epidemiological data study was performed through a retrospective analysis of the standardized individual clinical records of the French national register of IVF from 2014 to 2018, including single deliveries resulting from fresh ET or FET that were prospectively collected in fertility centres. Complementary data were collected from the participating fertility centres and included the vitrification media and devices, and the endometrial preparation protocols. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Data were collected from 35 French ART centres, leading to the inclusion of a total of 72 789 fresh ET, 10 602 slow-freezing FET, and 39 062 vitrification FET. Main clinical outcomes were presented according to origin of the transferred embryos (fresh, slow frozen, or vitrified embryos) and endometrial preparations for FET (ovulatory or artificial cycles), comparing five different groups (fresh, slow freezing-ovulatory cycle, slow freezing-artificial cycle, vitrification-ovulatory cycle, and vitrification-artificial cycle). Foetal growth disorders were defined in live-born singletons according to gestational age and sex-specific weight percentile distribution: SGA and LGA if <10th and ≥90th percentiles, respectively. Analyses were performed using linear mixed models with the ART centres as random effect. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Transfers led to, respectively, 19 006, 1798, and 9195 deliveries corresponding to delivery rates per transfer of 26.1%, 17.0%, and 23.5% after fresh ET, slow-freezing FET, and vitrification FET, respectively. FET cycles were performed in either ovulatory cycles (n = 21 704) or artificial cycles (n = 34 237), leading to 5910 and 10 322 pregnancies, respectively, and corresponding to pregnancy rates per transfer of 31.6% and 33.3%. A significantly higher rate of spontaneous miscarriage was observed in artificial cycles when compared with ovulatory cycles (33.3% versus 21.4%, P < 0.001, in slow freezing groups and 31.6% versus 21.8%, P < 0.001 in vitrification groups). Consequently, a lower delivery rate per transfer was observed in artificial cycles compared with ovulatory cycles both in slow freezing and vitrification groups (15.5% versus 18.9%, P < 0.001 and 22.8% versus 24.9%, P < 0.001, respectively). Among a total of 26 585 live-born singletons, 16 413 babies were born from fresh ET, 1644 from slow-freezing FET, and 8528 from vitrification FET. Birthweight was significantly higher in the FET groups than in the fresh ET group, with no difference between the two freezing techniques. Likewise, LGA rates were higher and SGA rates were lower in the FET groups compared with the fresh ET group whatever the method used for embryo freezing. In a multivariable analysis, the risk of LGA following FET was significantly increased in artificial compared with ovulatory cycles. In contrast, the risk of LGA was not associated with either the freezing procedure (vitrification versus slow freezing) or the embryo stage (cleaved embryo versus blastocyst) at freezing. Regarding the vitrification method, the risk of LGA was not associated with either the vitrification medium used or the embryo stage. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION No data were available on maternal context, such as parity, BMI, infertility cause, or maternal comorbidities, in the French national database. In particular, we cannot exclude that the increased risk of LGA observed following FET with artificial cycles may, at least partially, be associated with a confounding effect of some maternal factors. No information about embryo culture and incubation conditions was available. Most of the vitrification techniques were performed using the same device and with two main vitrification media, limiting the validity of a comparison of risk for LGA according to the device or vitrification media used. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results seem reassuring, since no potential foetal growth disorders following embryo vitrification in comparison with slow freezing were observed. Even if other factors are involved, the endometrial preparation treatment seems to have the greatest impact on LGA risk following FET. FET during ovulatory cycles could minimize the risk for foetal growth disorders. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work has received funding from the French Biomedicine Agency (Grant number: 19AMP002). None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Hesters
- Department of Reproductive Biology CECOS, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clamart, France
| | - Nathalie Sermondade
- Department of Reproductive Biology CECOS, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pouly
- Department of Reproductive Biology CECOS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécily Lucas
- Department of Reproductive Biology CECOS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rachel Levy
- Department of Reproductive Biology CECOS, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Brugnon
- Department of Reproductive Biology CECOS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Clermont Auvergne, IMoST, INSERM 1240, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng T, Fan J, Yuan F, Xie H, Zhang C, He Q. Association with pre-pregnancy BMI on early pregnancy loss in infertility patients in first HRT-FET cycles: A retrospective cohort study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2024; 18:141-146. [PMID: 38453594 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the early pregnancy loss rate in patients in first hormone replacement therapy-frozen-thawed embryo transfer (HRT-FET) cycles and find the threshold. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a total of 14030 HRT-FET cycles at the Reproductive Center from January 2017 to December 2021. The association of pre-pregnancy BMI on early pregnancy loss rate in patients in HRT-FET cycles was assessed by performing univariate analysis, multivariable logistic regression, curve fitting and threshold effect analysis. RESULTS There were 2076 cycles of early pregnancy loss, and the pregnancy loss rate was 14.80%. After adjusting for confounding factors, the early pregnancy loss rate of the obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal weight group (P < 0.05). The threshold effect analysis showed that as the pre-pregnancy BMI ranged from 21.2 to 25.8 kg/m2, the early pregnancy loss rate came to the plateau phase at the low level. In addition, when the BMI was ≥ 25.8 kg/m2, the early pregnancy loss rate increased by 3% (aOR = 1.03, P = 0.01) with each 1 kg/m2 increment of BMI. CONCLUSION The early pregnancy loss rate might achieve a low level when the pre-pregnancy BMI was within the range of 21.2- 25.8 kg/m2. The early pregnancy loss rate would increase when pre-pregnancy BMI is more than 25.8 kg/m2. For patients in HRT-FET cycles, adjusting their pre-pregnancy BMI to the optimal level by following a healthy diet and daily exercise may help to reduce the early pregnancy loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Cheng
- People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Huanhuan Xie
- People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Cuilian Zhang
- People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Qiaohua He
- People's Hospital of Henan University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, Zeng Y, He J, Luo B, Lu X, Zhu L, Yang Z, Cai F, Chen SA, Luo Y. The optimal frozen embryo transfer strategy for the recurrent implantation failure patient without blastocyst freezing: thawing day 3 embryos and culturing to day 5 blastocysts. ZYGOTE 2023; 31:596-604. [PMID: 37969109 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199423000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the optimal frozen embryo transfer (FET) strategy for recurrent implantation failure (RIF) patients with three consecutive failed cleaved embryo implantations and no blastocyst preservation. This retrospective analysis was divided into three groups based on the FET strategy: thawed day 3 embryo transfer (D3 FET group); and extended culture of frozen-thawed day 3 embryos to day 5 blastocysts transfer (D3-D5 FET group); thawed blastocyst transfer (D5 FET group). Transplant cycle data were compared between the three groups. In total, 43.8% of vitrified-thawed cleavage embryos developed into blastocysts. Analysis of the three transplantation strategies showed that, compared with the D3 FET group, D3-D5 had a significantly better hCG-positivity rate and live-birth rate (P < 0.05). Pregnancy outcomes in the D3-D5 FET group and D5 FET group were similar regarding hCG-positivity rate, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and live-birth rate. Our findings propose two potentially valuable transfer strategies for patients experiencing repeated implantation failures. The D3-D5 FET approach presents a greater potential for selecting promising embryos in cases without blastocyst preservation; however, this strategy does entail the risk of cycle cancellation. Conversely, in instances where blastocyst preservation is an option, prioritizing consideration of the D5 FET strategy is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| | - Youman Zeng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| | - Juan He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| | - Bowen Luo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| | - Xiongcai Lu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| | - Zengyu Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| | - Fuman Cai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| | - Sheng-Ao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 843300, China
| | - Yudi Luo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yulin Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yulin Guangxi537000, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feferkorn I, Santos-Ribeiro S, Ubaldi FM, Velasco JG, Ata B, Blockeel C, Conforti A, Esteves SC, Fatemi HM, Gianaroli L, Grynberg M, Humaidan P, Lainas GT, La Marca A, LaTasha C, Lathi R, Norman RJ, Orvieto R, Paulson R, Pellicer A, Polyzos NP, Roque M, Sunkara SK, Tan SL, Urman B, Venetis C, Weissman A, Yarali H, Dahan MH. The HERA (Hyper-response Risk Assessment) Delphi consensus for the management of hyper-responders in in vitro fertilization. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2681-2695. [PMID: 37713144 PMCID: PMC10643792 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide agreed-upon guidelines on the management of a hyper-responsive patient undergoing ovarian stimulation (OS) METHODS: A literature search was performed regarding the management of hyper-response to OS for assisted reproductive technology. A scientific committee consisting of 4 experts discussed, amended, and selected the final statements. A priori, it was decided that consensus would be reached when ≥66% of the participants agreed, and ≤3 rounds would be used to obtain this consensus. A total of 28/31 experts responded (selected for global coverage), anonymous to each other. RESULTS A total of 26/28 statements reached consensus. The most relevant are summarized here. The target number of oocytes to be collected in a stimulation cycle for IVF in an anticipated hyper-responder is 15-19 (89.3% consensus). For a potential hyper-responder, it is preferable to achieve a hyper-response and freeze all than aim for a fresh transfer (71.4% consensus). GnRH agonists should be avoided for pituitary suppression in anticipated hyper-responders performing IVF (96.4% consensus). The preferred starting dose in the first IVF stimulation cycle of an anticipated hyper-responder of average weight is 150 IU/day (82.1% consensus). ICoasting in order to decrease the risk of OHSS should not be used (89.7% consensus). Metformin should be added before/during ovarian stimulation to anticipated hyper-responders only if the patient has PCOS and is insulin resistant (82.1% consensus). In the case of a hyper-response, a dopaminergic agent should be used only if hCG will be used as a trigger (including dual/double trigger) with or without a fresh transfer (67.9% consensus). After using a GnRH agonist trigger due to a perceived risk of OHSS, luteal phase rescue with hCG and an attempt of a fresh transfer is discouraged regardless of the number of oocytes collected (72.4% consensus). The choice of the FET protocol is not influenced by the fact that the patient is a hyper-responder (82.8% consensus). In the cases of freeze all due to OHSS risk, a FET cycle can be performed in the immediate first menstrual cycle (92.9% consensus). CONCLUSION These guidelines for the management of hyper-response can be useful for tailoring patient care and for harmonizing future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Feferkorn
- IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | | | - F M Ubaldi
- GeneraLife Centers for Reproductive Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | | | - B Ata
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- ART Fertility Clinics, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - C Blockeel
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Jette, Belgium
| | - A Conforti
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S C Esteves
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Av. Dr. Heitor Penteado 1464, Campinas, SP, 13075-460, Brazil
- Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, C, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H M Fatemi
- ART Fertility Clinics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - L Gianaroli
- Società Italiana Studi di Medicina della Riproduzione, S.I.S.Me.R. Reproductive Medicine Institute, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - M Grynberg
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, University Paris-Sud (Paris XI), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Clamart, France
| | - P Humaidan
- The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Resenvej 25, 7800, Skive, Denmark
| | | | - A La Marca
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - C LaTasha
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - R Lathi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R J Norman
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- FertilitySA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation MCHRI, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Women's Health in Reproductive Life (CRE-WHiRL), Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Orvieto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tarnesby-Tarnowski Chair for Family Planning and Fertility Regulation, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Paulson
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - A Pellicer
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- IVI Roma Parioli, IVI-RMA Global, Rome, Italy
| | - N P Polyzos
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Dexeus Mujer, Hospital Universitario Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Roque
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, ORIGEN-Center for Reproductive Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - S K Sunkara
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S L Tan
- OriginElle Fertility Clinic 2110 Boul. Decarie, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B Urman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Assisted Reproduction, American Hospital, Istanbul, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Venetis
- Unit for Human Reproduction, 1st Dept of OB/Gyn, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Virtus Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Weissman
- In Vitro Fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Yarali
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University, School of Medicine, Anatolia IVF and Women's Health Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M H Dahan
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, McGill University Health Care Center, 888 Boul. de Maisonneuve E #200, Montreal, QC, H2L 4S8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang J, Wen Y, Li D, Hou X, Peng B, Wang Z. Retrospective analysis of the endometrial preparation protocols for frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles in women with endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:83. [PMID: 37670354 PMCID: PMC10478394 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There was inconsistency in optimal endometrial preparation protocol for frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) in patients with endometriosis. We conducted this study to investigate the effect of different endometrial preparation protocols on the pregnancy outcomes in patients with endometriosis undergoing FET cycles, and determine the optimal number of GnRHa injections in GnRHa-HRT protocols. METHOD(S) This was a retrospective cohort analysis of women with endometriosis who underwent FET cycles at a single university-based center. This study retrospectively analyzed 2048 FET cycles in our center from 2011 to 2020. According to the endometrial preparation protocols, patients were divided into 4 groups: gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist-hormone replacement therapy(GnRHa-HRT), hormone replacement therapy(HRT), ovulation induction(OI), and natural cycle(NC). In the GnRHa-HRT group, patients were further divided into 3 groups: one injection of GnRHa, two injections of GnRHa, and three or more injections of GnRHa. The primary outcome was the clinical pregnancy rate. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for potential non-similarities among the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to figure out the risk factors for pregnancy outcomes. RESULT(S) There were no statistical differences in pregnancy outcomes among the four endometrial preparation protocols in FET cycles with endometriosis patients, the results retained after propensity score matching(PSM). And in endometriosis patients complicated with adenomyosis, the results remained similar. In patients with GnRHa-HRT protocol, there were no differences in clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate with different numbers of GnRHa injections, the early miscarriage rate were 18% in the two injections of GnRHa group and 6.5% in the one injection of GnRHa group(P = 0.017). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that two injections of GnRHa before FET was associated with increased early miscarriage rate compared with one injection of GnRHa[adjusted OR (95% CI): 3.116(1.079-8.998),p = 0.036]. CONCLUSION(S) The four kinds of endometrial preparation protocols for FET, GnRHa-HRT, HRT, OI and NC had similar pregnancy outcomes in patients with endometriosis. In endometriosis patients complicated with adenomyosis, the results remained similar. In patients with endometriosis undergoing GnRHa-HRT protocol for FET, more injections of GnRHa had no more advantages in pregnancy outcomes, on the contrary, it might increase the early miscarriage rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingdi Yang
- Reproductive Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxing Wen
- Reproductive Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danping Li
- Reproductive Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuerong Hou
- Reproductive Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengyan Wang
- Reproductive Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zaat TR, Kostova EB, Korsen P, Showell MG, Mol F, van Wely M. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes after natural versus artificial cycle frozen embryo transfer and the role of luteal phase support: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2023; 29:634-654. [PMID: 37172270 PMCID: PMC10477943 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of frozen embryo transfers (FET) has increased dramatically over the past decade. Based on current evidence, there is no difference in pregnancy rates when natural cycle FET (NC-FET) is compared to artificial cycle FET (AC-FET) in subfertile women. However, NC-FET seems to be associated with lower risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes compared with AC-FET cycles. Currently, there is no consensus about whether NC-FET needs to be combined with luteal phase support (LPS) or not. The question of how to prepare the endometrium for FET has now gained even more importance and taken the dimension of safety into account as it should not simply be reduced to the basic question of effectiveness. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective of this project was to determine whether NC-FET, with or without LPS, decreases the risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes compared with AC-FET. SEARCH METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out. A literature search was performed using the following databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE from inception to 10 October 2022. Observational studies, including cohort studies, and registries comparing obstetric and neonatal outcomes between singleton pregnancies after NC-FET and those after AC-FET were sought. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs), pooled risk differences (RDs), pooled adjusted ORs, and prevalence estimates with 95% CI using a random effect model, while heterogeneity was assessed by the I2. OUTCOMES The conducted search identified 2436 studies, 890 duplicates were removed and 1546 studies were screened. Thirty studies (NC-FET n = 56 445; AC-FET n = 57 231) were included, 19 of which used LPS in NC-FET. Birthweight was lower following NC-FET versus AC-FET (mean difference 26.35 g; 95% CI 11.61-41.08, I2 = 63%). Furthermore NC-FET compared to AC-FET resulted in a lower risk of large for gestational age (OR 0.88, 95% 0.83-0.94, I2 = 54%), macrosomia (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.71-0.93, I2 = 68%), low birthweight (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.77-0.85, I2 = 41%), early pregnancy loss (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.61-0.86, I2 = 70%), preterm birth (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.75-0.85, I2 = 20%), very preterm birth (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.53-0.84, I2 = 0%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.50-0.65, I2 = 61%), pre-eclampsia (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.42-0.60, I2 = 44%), placenta previa (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.97, I2 = 0%), and postpartum hemorrhage (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.38-0.48, I2 = 53%). Stratified analyses on LPS use in NC-FET suggested that, compared to AC-FET, NC-FET with LPS decreased preterm birth risk, while NC-FET without LPS did not (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.70-0.81). LPS use did not modify the other outcomes. Heterogeneity varied from low to high, while quality of the evidence was very low to moderate. WIDER IMPLICATIONS This study confirms that NC-FET decreases the risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes compared with AC-FET. We estimate that for each adverse outcome, use of NC-FET may prevent 4 to 22 cases per 1000 women. Consequently, NC-FET should be the preferred treatment in women with ovulatory cycles undergoing FET. Based on very low quality of evidence, the risk of preterm birth be decreased when LPS is used in NC-FET compared to AC-FET. However, because of many uncertainties-the major being the debate about efficacy of the use of LPS-future research is needed on efficacy and safety of LPS and no recommendation can be made about the use of LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Zaat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E B Kostova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Korsen
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M G Showell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Mol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M van Wely
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Holschbach V, Kordes H, Dietrich JE, Bruckner T, Strowitzki T, Germeyer A. Patient- and cycle-specific factors affecting the outcome of frozen-thawed embryo transfers. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 307:2001-2010. [PMID: 37061986 PMCID: PMC10147814 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study attempted at identifying the main parameters influencing the outcome of frozen embryo transfers. METHODS This is a single-center retrospective cohort study of 830 frozen-embryo-transfer cycles performed at a German university hospital from January 2012 to December 2016. Main outcome parameters were the clinical pregnancy and live birth rate. Twelve patient- and cycle-dependent factors were analyzed in terms of their influence on the outcome of frozen embryo transfers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used for the modelling of the dependency of the different parameters on outcomes. RESULTS The clinical pregnancy rate in our study was 25.5%, the live birth rate was 16.1% with an average maternal age of 34.2 years at the time of the oocyte retrieval. In the univariate analysis age, number of transferred embryos, blastocyst versus cleavage stage transfer, embryo quality and mode of endometrial preparation affected the birth rate significantly. The birth rate after artificial endometrial preparation was significantly lower than the birth rate after transfers in modified natural cycles (12.8 versus 20.6% with p = 0.031). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant independent influence of age, number of transferred embryos, culture duration and mode of endometrial preparation on the frozen embryo transfer success rates. Body mass index, nicotine abuse, a history of PCO syndrome or endometriosis and the co-transfer of a second poor-quality embryo to a good-quality embryo appeared to be irrelevant for the outcome in our collective. CONCLUSION Age, number of transferred embryos, embryo culture duration and the mode of endometrial preparation are independent predictive factors of frozen embryo transfer outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Holschbach
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF440, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hannah Kordes
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF440, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Erik Dietrich
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF440, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bruckner
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, INF 130, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF440, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ariane Germeyer
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF440, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone agonist (GnRH-a) Pretreatment before Hormone Replacement Therapy Does Not Improve Reproductive Outcomes of Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer Cycle in Older Patients with Intrauterine Fibroid: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041401. [PMID: 36835936 PMCID: PMC9959616 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery in elder patients with intermural fibroids delays pregnancy, and GnRH-a can shrink uterine fibroids to a certain extent; therefore, for geriatric patients with fibroids, determining whether GnRH-a pretreatment before frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) can improve its success rate remains to be studied. We conducted this study to research whether GnRH-a pretreatment before hormone replacement treatment (HRT) could optimize the reproductive outcomes compared with others preparations in geriatric patients with intramural fibroids. METHODS According to the endometrial preparation, patients were divided into a GnRH-a-HRT group, a HRT group and a natural cycle (NC) group. The live birth rate (LBR) was the first outcome, and the clinical pregnancy outcome (CPR), the miscarriage rate, the first trimester abortion rate and the ectopic pregnancy rate were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS A total of 769 patients (aged 35 years or older) were included in this study. No significant difference was observed in the live birth rate (25.3% vs. 17.4% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.200) and the clinical pregnancy rate (46.3% vs. 46.1% vs. 55.4%, p = 0.052) among the three endometrial preparation regimens. CONCLUSION In this study, for the geriatric patient with the intramural myoma, the pretreatment with GnRH-a did not show any advantage over the NC and HRT preparation groups before the FET, and the LBR was not significantly increased.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mackens S, Pais F, Drakopoulos P, Amghizar S, Roelens C, Van Landuyt L, Tournaye H, De Vos M, Blockeel C. Individualized luteal phase support using additional oral dydrogesterone in artificially prepared frozen embryo transfer cycles: is it beneficial? Reprod Biomed Online 2023:S1472-6483(23)00116-5. [PMID: 37012101 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does additional supplementation with oral dydrogesterone improve reproductive outcomes in patients with low serum progesterone concentrations on the day of frozen embryo transfer (FET) after artificial (HRT) endometrial preparation? DESIGN Retrospective, single-centre cohort study including 694 unique patients performing single blastocyst transfer in an HRT cycle. For luteal phase support, intravaginal micronized vaginal progesterone (MVP, 400 mg twice daily) was administered. Serum progesterone concentrations were assessed prior to FET and outco-mes were compared among patients with normal serum progesterone (≥8.8 ng/ml) continuing the routine protocol and patients with low serum progesterone (<8.8 ng/ml) who received additional oral dydrogesterone supplementation (10 mg three times daily) from the day after FET onwards. Primary outcome was live birth rate (LBR), with a multivariate regression model correcting for relevant confounders. RESULTS Normal serum progesterone concentrations were observed in 547/694 (78.8%) of patients who continued only MVP as planned, whereas low (<8.8 ng/ml) serum progesterone concentrations were detected in 147/694 (21.2%) patients who received additional oral dydrogesterone supplementation on top of MVP from the day after FET onwards. LBR was comparable between both groups: 37.8% for MVP-only versus 38.8% for MVP+OD (P = 0.84). The multivariate logistic regression model indicated that LBR was not significantly associated with the investigated approaches (adjusted odds ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.69-1.47, P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that additional oral dydrogesterone supplementation in patients with low serum progesterone concentrations at the moment of transfer could have the potential to rescue reproductive outcomes in HRT-FET cycles. This field of research, however, remains hampered by the absence of randomized controlled trials.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang WJ, Sun ZG, Song JY. Premature timing of progesterone luteal phase support initiation did not negatively impact live birth rates in modified natural frozen thawed embryo transfer cycles. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13218. [PMID: 36793963 PMCID: PMC9922970 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Study question In a modified natural cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer (mNC-FET), does the premature timing of progesterone luteal phase support (LPS) initiation 24 h following human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trigger impact live birth? Summary answer Premature LPS initiation did not negatively affect the live birth rate (LBR) in mNC-FET cycles compared with conventional LPS initiation 48 h after hCG triggering. What is known already During natural cycle FET, human chorionic gonadotropin is routinely used to mimic endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) surge to induce ovulation, which allows more flexibility in embryo transfer scheduling, thus relieving the burden of multiple visits by patients and laboratory workloads, which is also known as mNC-FET. Moreover, recent data demonstrates that ovulatory women undergoing natural cycle FETs have a lower risk of maternal and fetal complications due to the essential role of the corpus luteum in implantation, placentation and pregnancy maintenance. While several studies have confirmed the positive effects of LPS in mNC-FETs, the timing of progesterone LPS initiation is still unclear, as compared with fresh cycles where robust research has been conducted. To the best of our knowledge, no clinical studies comparing different beginning days in mNC-FET cycles have been published. Study design size duration This retrospective cohort study involved 756 mNC-FET cycles performed at a university-affiliated reproductive center between January 2019 and August 2021. The primary outcome measured was the LBR. Participants/materials setting methods Ovulatory women ≤42 years of age who were referred for their autologous mNC-FET cycles were included in the study. According to the timing of progesterone LPS initiation following the hCG trigger, patients were assigned into two categories: premature LPS group (progesterone initiation 24 h after hCG trigger, n = 182) versus conventional LPS group (progesterone initiation 48 h after hCG trigger, n = 574). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to control for confounding variables. Main results and the role of chance There were no differences in background characteristics between the two study groups, except for the proportion of assisted hatching (53.8% in premature LPS group versus 42.3% in conventional LPS group, p = 0.007). In the premature LPS group, 56 of 182 patients (30.8%) had a live birth, compared to 179 of 574 patients (31.2%) in the conventional LPS group, with no significant difference observed between groups (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-1.43, p = 0.913). In addition, there was no significant difference between the two groups in other secondary outcomes. A sensitivity analysis for LBR according to the serum LH and progesterone levels on hCG trigger day also confirmed the aforementioned findings. Limitations reasons for caution In this study, retrospective analysis was conducted in a single center and was therefore prone to bias. Additionally, we did not anticipate monitoring the patient's follicle rupture and ovulation after hCG triggering. Future prospective clinical trials remain necessary to confirm our results. Wider implications of the findings While exogenous progesterone LPS was added 24 h after hCG triggering, embryo-endometrium synchrony would not be adversely affected so long as sufficient time was allowed for endometrial exposure to exogenous progesterone. Our data support promising clinical outcomes following this event. As a result of our findings, clinicians and patients will be able to make better informed decisions. Study funding/competing interests No specific funding was available for this study. The authors have no personal conflicting interests to declare. Trial registration number N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Jiang
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen-Gao Sun
- Reproductive Center of Integrated Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jing-Yan Song
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Reproductive Center of Integrated Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,Corresponding author. The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roelens C, Blockeel C. Impact of different endometrial preparation protocols before frozen embryo transfer on pregnancy outcomes: a review. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:820-827. [PMID: 36273850 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of frozen embryo transfer cycles has exponentially increased in the last few years. Optimization of endometrial preparation protocols before frozen embryo transfer is mandatory to further improve pregnancy outcomes. This review will focus on the existing literature with regard to the different available endometrial preparation protocols and their impact on pregnancy outcomes. More specifically, we will focus on programmed, natural, and stimulated frozen embryo transfer cycles. The studies performed on this topic are generally of low quality, and only a few well-performed randomized controlled trials have been published. To date, no strong evidence is available to support the use of 1 preparation method over another in terms of pregnancy outcomes. However, robust data have shown a clearly protective effect of natural frozen embryo transfer cycles against long-term obstetric complications, mainly hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and large for gestational age infants. The introduction of individualized luteal phase support in different endometrial preparation protocols is actually gaining a lot of attention and requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Roelens
- Brussels IVF, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Blockeel
- Brussels IVF, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takeshima K, Ezoe K, Onogi S, Kawasaki N, Hayashi H, Kuroda T, Kato K. Endometrial preparation and maternal and obstetrical outcomes after frozen blastocyst transfer. AJOG GLOBAL REPORTS 2022; 2:100081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xagr.2022.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
|
16
|
von Versen-Höynck F, Griesinger G. Should any use of artificial cycle regimen for frozen-thawed embryo transfer in women capable of ovulation be abandoned: yes, but what's next for FET cycle practice and research? Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1697-1703. [PMID: 35640158 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) treatment cycles has increased substantially. The artificial ('programmed') cycle regimen, which suppresses ovulation, is widely used for that purpose, also in ovulatory women or women capable of ovulation, under the assumption of equivalent efficacy in terms of pregnancy achievement as compared to a natural cycle or modified natural cycle. The advantage of the artificial cycle is the easy alignment of the time point of thawing and transferring embryos with organizational necessities of the IVF laboratory, the treating doctors and the patient. However, recent data indicate that pregnancy establishment under absence of a corpus luteum as a consequence of anovulation may cause relevant maternal and fetal risks. Herein, we argue that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not needed to aid in the clinical decision for or against routine artificial cycle regimen use in ovulatory women. We also argue that RCTs are unlikely to answer the most burning questions of interest in that context, mostly because of lack of power and precision in detecting rare but decisive adverse outcomes (e.g. pre-eclampsia risk or long-term neonatal health outcomes). We pinpoint that, instead, large-scale observational data are better suited for that purpose. Eventually, we propose that the existing understanding and evidence is sufficient already to discourage the use of artificial cycle regimens for FET in ovulatory women or women capable of ovulation, as these may cause a strong deviation from physiology, thereby putting patient and fetus at avoidable health risk, without any apparent health benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Griesinger
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Comparison of two endometrial preparation methods for frozen-thawed embryo transfer in anovulatory PCOS patients: impact on miscarriage rate. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2022; 51:102399. [PMID: 35489711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2022.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE - Some studies have suggested that patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at high risk of miscarriage. However, this still remains controversial. Several potential factors might explain this association: obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Artificial and stimulated cycles appear to be comparable for endometrial preparation in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) in PCOS patients. Only a few studies have assessed miscarriage rates specifically in PCOS. We have evaluated the impact of endometrial preparation on FET outcomes in anovulatory PCOS patients. METHODS - A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Lille University Hospital, including 255 FET cycles in 134 PCOS patients between January 2011 and December 2017. PCOS was defined by the presence of at least two of the three Rotterdam's criteria. Patients were under 35 years old. Two endometrial preparation protocol were studied: stimulated cycle (gonadotropins on the second day of the cycle and luteal phase support including natural progesterone 600 mg/day) and artificial cycle (6 mg oral estradiol valerate and 800 mg micronized vaginal progesterone daily). RESULTS - 137 FET were performed under stimulated cycle and 118 FET under artificial cycle. Early pregnancy rates (30% versus 37.3%, p = NS), miscarriage rates (22% versus 25%, p = NS) and live birth rates (23.4% versus 26.3%, p = NS) were similar. CONCLUSIONS - In anovulatory PCOS women, the type of endometrial preparation does not influence FET outcomes, specifically regarding the miscarriage rate.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gan RX, Li Y, Song J, Wen Q, Lu GX, Lin G, Gong F. Pregnancy Outcomes of Different Endometrial Preparation in Patients With a History of Cesarean Section. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:813791. [PMID: 35846338 PMCID: PMC9280671 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.813791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacies of three cycle regimens in women receiving frozen embryo transfer with a history of cesarean section: natural cycle treatment, hormone replacement therapy and treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS patients (N = 6,159) with a history of caesarean section who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study from January 2014 to December 2019 at the CITIC-Xiangya Hospital of Reproduction and Genetics. Reproductive outcomes of patients in the natural cycle (n = 4,306) versus hormone replacement therapy (n = 1,007) versus gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist + hormone replacement therapy groups (n = 846) were compared. Continuous data were analyzed using Student's t-test, and categorical variables were analyzed using the χ2 test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the possible relationships between the types of endometrial preparation and pregnancy outcomes after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS The unadjusted odds of the miscarriage rate of singleton pregnancies were significantly higher in the hormone replacement therapy compared with the natural cycle (25.5% versus 20.4%, respectively). After adjusting for possible confounding factors, the early miscarriage rate and the miscarriage rate of singleton pregnancies remained significantly higher in the hormone replacement therapy than the natural cycle. The clinical pregnancy rates in the natural cycle, hormone replacement therapy and gonadotropin- releasing hormone agonist + hormone replacement therapy of women with a history of cesarean section was 48.8%, 48% and 47.1%, respectively, and the live birth rates were 37%, 34.1% and 35.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In women undergoing frozen embryo transfer with a history of cesarean section, hormone replacement therapy for endometrial preparation was associated with a higher early miscarriage rate, albeit after statistical adjustment for confounding factors. However, the risk observed was little and did not influence the overall reproductive performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run Xin Gan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Song
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Wen
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Xiu Lu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Gong
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Gong,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
du Boulet B, Ranisavljevic N, Mollevi C, Bringer-Deutsch S, Brouillet S, Anahory T. Individualized luteal phase support based on serum progesterone levels in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles maximizes reproductive outcomes in a cohort undergoing preimplantation genetic testing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1051857. [PMID: 36531476 PMCID: PMC9755854 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1051857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low serum progesterone concentration on frozen embryo transfer (FET) day in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cycles results in lower reproductive outcomes. Recent studies showed the efficiency of a "rescue protocol'' to restore reproductive outcomes in these patients. Here, we compared reproductive outcomes in HRT FET cycles in women with low serum progesterone levels who received individualized luteal phase support (iLPS) and in women with adequate serum progesterone levels who underwent in vitro fertilization for pre-implantation genetic testing for structural rearrangements or monogenic disorders. DESIGN This retrospective cohort study included women (18-43 years of age) undergoing HRT FET cycles with pre-implantation genetic testing at Montpellier University Hospital between June 2020 and May 2022. A standard HRT was used: vaginal micronized estradiol (6mg/day) followed by vaginal micronized progesterone (VMP; 800 mg/day). Serum progesterone was measured after four doses of VMP: if <11ng/ml, 25mg/day subcutaneous progesterone or 30mg/day oral dydrogesterone was introduced. RESULTS 125 HRT FET cycles were performed in 111 patients. Oral/subcutaneous progesterone supplementation concerned 39 cycles (n=20 with subcutaneous progesterone and n=19 with oral dydrogesterone). Clinical and laboratory parameters of the cycles were comparable between groups. The ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) was 41.03% in the supplemented group and 18.60% in the non-supplemented group (p= 0.008). The biochemical pregnancy rate and miscarriages rate tended to be higher in the non-supplemented group versus the supplemented group: 13.95% versus 5.13% and 38.46% versus 15.79% (p=0.147 and 0.182 respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that progesterone supplementation was significantly associated with higher OPR (adjusted OR = 3.25, 95% CI [1.38 - 7.68], p=0.007). CONCLUSION In HRT FET cycles, progesterone supplementation in patients with serum progesterone concentration <11 ng/mL after four doses of VMP significantly increases the OPR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertille du Boulet
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Bertille du Boulet,
| | - Noemie Ranisavljevic
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Mollevi
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Bringer-Deutsch
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Embryo Development Fertility Environment, University of Montpellier, INSERM 1203, Montpellier, France
| | - Tal Anahory
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li X, Gao Y, Shi J, Shi W, Bai H. Natural cycle increases the live-birth rate compared with hormone replacement treatment for frozen-thawed single euploid blastocyst transfer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:969379. [PMID: 36387864 PMCID: PMC9650322 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.969379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have compared the clinical outcomes between the two endometrial preparation methods: natural cycles (NCs) and hormone replacement treatment (HRT) before frozen embryo transfer, but the results were conflicting. In order to mitigate the potential effect of embryos per se, several researchers have worked on this subject for euploid blastocyst transfer, but the results were still inconsistent. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes between HRT and NC for autologous single vitrified-warmed euploid blastocyst transfer based on our data. METHODS A total of 598 frozen-thawed single euploid blastocyst transfer cycles in the assisted reproductive center of Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital from January 2014 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Women were stratified into the NC (n = 125) or HRT (n = 473) group according to the patient's preference and the physician's guidance. Multivariate regression models and subgroup analysis were constructed to analyze the association between endometrial preparation and live birth. RESULTS Women in the NC group had a higher live birth rate (68.80% versus 58.35%, P = 0.034) and a lower risk of total pregnancy loss (8.51% versus 21.14%, P = 0.005) when compared with women in the HRT group. The biochemical pregnancy rate (75.20% versus 74.00%, P = 0.784) and clinical pregnancy rate (74.40% versus 69.98%, P = 0.334) were similar between the two groups (NC versus HRT). NC was associated with an increased odds of live birth compared with HRT by different multivariable analysis models (Model 1: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57, 0.36 - 0.90; Model 2: aOR, 95%CI: 0.57, 0.35 - 0.92). In addition, the increased chance of live birth in the NC group was found in all subgroups. No major obstetrical complications and two malformation livebirths were reported. CONCLUSIONS In women undergoing single euploid frozen blastocyst transfers, the NC group was associated with a lower pregnancy loss rate and an ultimately higher live birth rate than the HRT group. Although HRT is convenient for both clinicians and patients, the lower live birth rate should be taken into account and NC might be the first choice of endometrial preparation method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan’e Gao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juanzi Shi
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhao Shi
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhao Shi, ; Haiyan Bai,
| | - Haiyan Bai
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhao Shi, ; Haiyan Bai,
| |
Collapse
|