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Antunes Junior N, Galuppo AG, Soares JB, Glina S. Restructuring healthcare services, routines and procedures on reproductive medicine based on respect for differences. JBRA Assist Reprod 2024; 28:96-102. [PMID: 38224575 PMCID: PMC10936915 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20230061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the term homosexuality was removed from the International Classification of Diseases and trans identities from mental disorders, these classifications promote the pathologizing of homosexuality. The direct consequence is discrimination, which adds to the difficulty in carrying out accurate information related to the LGBT population and makes it very difficult to organize public policies suited to their needs. An important issue is related to the limited access of that population to assisted reproduction techniques, when compared to traditional families. The desire for same sex couples and transgender persons to have biological children is reportedly the same as for cisgender persons, but parenthood can be a much greater endeavor both medically and psychologically for them. The right to health includes freedom to control one's health and body, including sexual and reproductive issues. Despite these difficulties, we are living in a period of great social progress that increases access to assisted reproduction among novel patient populations. With legalization of gay marriage, individuals and couples who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender, may seek to begin or expand their families with assisted reproduction technologies. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assist in the restructuring of healthcare services, routines and procedures, mainly related to reproductive medicine, in order to promote changes in values based on respect for differences. In conclusion, the healthcare personnel of fertility centers should undergo specific training and preparations to meet the specific demands of the LGBT patient population and to overcome communication barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Antunes Junior
- Clinica Pluris, Director - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- ALFA Project, Director - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jonathas Borges Soares
- Clinica Pluris, Director - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- ALFA Project, Director - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sidney Glina
- Clinica Pluris, Director - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Clinica Pluris, Researcher - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Discipline of Urology at Centro Universitário - FMABC -
Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Rausch MA, Wikoff HD. Protective Relational Factors of Lesbian Couples Navigating the Fertility Process. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2023; 70:1725-1742. [PMID: 35179456 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2042660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Little research about lesbian couples' experiences with fertility treatment exists in the counseling literature. While there is an increase in lesbian couples exploring fertility options to expand their families, it is important to understand their experiences during this stressful process. This research seeks to understand these experiences using Moustakas' Imaginative Variation method with seven lesbian couples. Results include feelings of isolation, psychological and physical stress. Despite myriad difficulties associated with assisted reproductive technology, participants' experiences show the presence of strong relationship factors, divided into three categories: connectedness, mutuality, and resilience. The use of Relational Cultural Theory may be helpful to lesbian couples looking to expand their families through reproductive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Rausch
- Department of Advanced Studies and Innovation, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Haley D Wikoff
- Department of Counselor Education and College Student Personnel, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois, USA
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3
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Le K, Trivedi A, Needleman A, Hunter K, Gaughan J, Gutmann J, Fischer R. The availability and type of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer content on sperm, oocyte, and embryo provider websites. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023:10.1007/s10815-023-02867-z. [PMID: 37410222 PMCID: PMC10371958 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and quantify the character and amount of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ +) content on sperm, oocyte, and embryo provider websites in the USA. METHODS Websites with LGBTQ + information were categorized into "minimal," "moderate," and "significant" content. The presence and type (category) of LGBTQ + content were assessed in its relationship to geographic regions, in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles/year, and website types. Interobserver reliability was assessed for the categorization system created. RESULTS Out of 373 unique websites, 191 (51.2%) had LGBTQ + content of any kind. Regarding the amount of content, websites were categorized as "none" (48.8%), "minimal" (8.0%), "moderate" (28.4%), and "significant" (14.8%). "Private fertility clinic" websites were more likely to have LGBTQ + content and a significantly increased amount of content compared to other website types ("academic hospital" and "sole sperm, oocyte, and embryo provider" websites) (p < 0.0001). Fertility clinics with more IVF cycles/year were more likely to have increased amount of LGBTQ + content compared to those with fewer IVF cycles/year (OR = 4.280; 95% CI, 1.952-9.388). Northeast, West, South, and Midwest regions showed no statistically significant difference in presence and type of content (p = 0.06 and p = 0.13, respectively). CONCLUSION Approximately half of websites had LGBTQ + content. Private fertility clinics and fertility clinics with increased IVF cycles/year show a positive relationship to the presence and type of LGBTQ + content, while LGBTQ + website content was similar across four geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Le
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cooper University Healthcare, Camden, NJ, USA.
- Cooper University Healthcare, 1301 N Front St., Unit D, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Aditi Trivedi
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virtua Health, Vorhees Township, NJ, USA
| | | | - Krystal Hunter
- Research & Statistics, Cooper University Healthcare, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - John Gaughan
- Research & Statistics, Cooper University Healthcare, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Jacqueline Gutmann
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Reproductive Medical Associates, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Fischer
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cooper University Healthcare, Camden, NJ, USA
- Cooper University Healthcare, 1301 N Front St., Unit D, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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4
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Wright S. Biohacking Queer and Trans Fertility: Using Social Media to Form Communities of Knowledge. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2023; 44:187-205. [PMID: 36698040 DOI: 10.1007/s10912-022-09776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biohacking involves individuals determining, developing, and directing relevant activities to meet their personal biological goals. Biohacking fertility is a resilient method that trans and genderqueer people use to meet their reproductive and family-planning needs in the face of historic medical marginalization and oppression. In this study, nine participants were recruited from three different Facebook groups specific to queer and trans fertility, family planning, pregnancy, and parenting. Each participant's posts and comments to their respective Facebook group(s) were analyzed, followed by interviews with participants. A total of 1,155 Facebook posts were collected. Biohacking activity-understood as a web of activity including gathering information, applying knowledge to personal circumstances, and sharing personal experiences and knowledge-was found in each of the three groups. Participants identified these online groups as safer spaces to learn more about their own fertility and find community. Participants were active in these groups to biohack their fertility at home and to become empowered at the doctor's office or fertility clinic, ultimately achieving agency in their fertility and family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shain Wright
- Washington State University, Cultural Studies and Social Thought in Education, Pullman, WA, USA.
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5
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Mujumdar V, Shivashankar K, Madding R, Levy AT, Gordhandas S, Rosenblum NG, Richard S, Monseur B. An assessment of oncofertility content on reproductive endocrinology and infertility clinic websites. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:957-962. [PMID: 35217946 PMCID: PMC9050974 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess oncofertility content on fertility clinic websites as indicated by eight relevant keywords. Additionally, we sought to describe the relationship between oncofertility content and five predetermined clinic characteristics. METHODS We examined 381 fertility clinic websites that are members of the Society for Associated Reproductive Technology (SART). Extracted data included clinic location, practice type (private vs academic), size (cycles/year), type of NCI designated center (cancer center vs comprehensive cancer center), and distance from the nearest NCI center. Additionally, we documented whether the clinic was located in a state mandating reproductive and infertility services and/or included fertility preservation for "iatrogenic infertility" as reported by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Data were summarized using descriptive statistics and compared using chi-squared or t-test as appropriate. RESULTS Of the 381 fertility clinic websites analyzed, 322 (85%) contained at least one oncofertility-related keyword. Most frequently used terms included cancer (79%) and fertility preservation (78%), while less frequently used terms included suppression (9.4%) and shielding (5.0%). Practices that initiated ≥ 501 cycles per year were more likely to mention one of the oncofertility keywords (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.3). The associations of oncofertility website content with practice type, state-mandated fertility insurance coverage, and distance from an NCI-designated cancer center were not statistically significant. Large clinic size was the only predictive factor for inclusion of oncofertility website content. Further studies are required to evaluate whether inclusion of oncofertility content on clinic websites impacts the use of these services by patients with cancer. CONCLUSION This is the first study correlating availability of oncofertility content on SART fertility clinic websites with consideration of geographic proximity to NCI designated cancer centers. Large clinic size was the only predictive factor for inclusion of oncofertility website content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Mujumdar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 833 Chestnut Street, 1st Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NYC Health and Hospitals, 82-86 164 St, New York, NY, 11432, USA.
| | - Kavya Shivashankar
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut St #100, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rachel Madding
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut St #100, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Ariel T Levy
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Ave, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sushmita Gordhandas
- Gynecology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Norman G Rosenblum
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 925 Chestnut Street, Suite 320A, Philadelphia, PA, 19017, USA
| | - Scott Richard
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 925 Chestnut Street, Suite 320A, Philadelphia, PA, 19017, USA
| | - Brent Monseur
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, 1195 W. Fremont Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA, 94087, USA
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6
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Verma K, Sagun BK, Rasouli MA, Duke CM. Social media engagement with transgender fertility content. F S Rep 2021; 3:100-105. [PMID: 35937448 PMCID: PMC9349237 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Design Setting Patient(s) Intervention(s) Main Outcome Measure(s) Result(s) Conclusion(s)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Verma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Correspondence: Kajal Verma, M.D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, 1701 W Charleston Blvd., Ste. 29, Las Vegas, Nevada 89102.
| | | | - Melody A. Rasouli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Cindy M. Duke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, Nevada
- Nevada Fertility Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Mackenzie SC, Wickins-Drazilova D, Wickins J. The ethics of fertility treatment for same-sex male couples: Considerations for a modern fertility clinic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 244:71-75. [PMID: 31760265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Social and legal equality for same-sex male couples continues to grow in many countries. Consequently, increasing numbers of same-sex male couples are seeking assisted reproductive technology to achieve parenthood. Fertility treatment for same-sex male couples is an undoubtedly complex issue and raises a variety of ethical concerns. Relevant considerations include ethical issues relating to the surrogate and a possible egg donor, the commissioning same-sex couple, the welfare of the child and the fertility clinic itself. This work analyses these arguments in the context of modern fertility services, providing reflection on the evidence present and what it means for clinicians today. Herein, we argue that fertility treatment for same-sex male couples via surrogacy agreements are acceptable, subject to considerations of each individual case, as in all assisted reproductive treatment. It is in the interest of open and equal access to health services that barriers to assisted reproductive technology for same-sex male couples should be minimised where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Mackenzie
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Dita Wickins-Drazilova
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeremy Wickins
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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8
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Bowling J, Dodge B, Bartelt E, Simmons M, Fortenberry JD. Paths to Parenthood Among Self-Identified Bisexual Individuals in the United States. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:277-289. [PMID: 29313191 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisexual parents have been notably absent from prior research on parenting, despite comprising the largest proportion of parents among "lesbian, gay, and bisexual" (LGB) individuals. Indeed, recent national probability data indicate that young bisexual women are more likely than their heterosexual counterparts to report having at least one child. Intentions to have children, patterns of family planning and contraception use, and related issues have important implications for health and healthcare-related decisions and priorities among bisexual parents. We conducted in-depth interviews with a sample of 33 bisexual parents from across the U.S. who reported having at least one child (genetic, adopted, step or foster child, guardian, and/or warden of the state). In cases of intentional pregnancies, participants considered relationship and financial stability, job security and their ideal family size. Unintentional pregnancies, as well as pregnancy terminations, were often reframed as positive experiences. After deciding not to have more children, participants reported using contraceptive methods, including sterilization or long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (e.g., intrauterine devices). Instances of deception, in which partners deceived participants with false beliefs regarding their contraceptive use, were recalled negatively for the relatively small number of participants who reported such experiences. Overall, our findings point to a diversity in the intentions and ways bisexual individuals become parents, similar to parents of other sexual identities. Acknowledgements of the diverse experiences and concerns faced by bisexual parents may be beneficial in improving efforts related to providing appropriate and relevant health- and healthcare-related services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamyn Bowling
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University Circle Dr., College of Health and Human Services, 428C, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - Brian Dodge
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bartelt
- Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Megan Simmons
- Center for Human Sexuality Studies, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA
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9
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Jacobson H. A limited market: the recruitment of gay men as surrogacy clients by the infertility industry in the USA. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2018; 7:14-23. [PMID: 30555951 PMCID: PMC6280596 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gestational surrogacy via egg donation is an expensive - and sometimes ambivalently undertaken - but increasingly popular route to planned fatherhood for some gay men. The surrogacy market in the USA plays an important role for gay men with the financial resources to access these services, as it is currently the only stable, commercial market in which there are legal protections for openly gay men. While a small, ethnographic and qualitative literature on the experiences of gay fathers via surrogacy exists, less is known about the state of the surrogacy industry towards gay men as clients. Here I investigate the surrogacy industry in the USA to ask how welcome gay men are in this market. I do so via a content analysis of patient/client recruitment on infertility clinic and surrogacy agency websites. Content analysis of 547 websites indicates that the majority of infertility clinics (62%) and 42% of surrogacy agencies do not directly advertise or appear to be welcoming to gay men. A minority of gay-friendly clinics and agencies, which cluster geographically, actively recruit gay men, creating a limited but niche market. The unequal recruitment of gay men as infertility clients reflects how normative ideas about gender, sexuality and social class are reproduced in the infertility industry. This, in turn, may impact gay men's procreative consciousness and decision-making about parenting, and exacerbate inequalities around their access to intentional genetic parenthood.
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Kreines FM, Farr A, Chervenak FA, Grünebaum A. Quality of web-based family-building information for LGBTQ individuals. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2018; 23:18-23. [DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1432036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Farr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank A. Chervenak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amos Grünebaum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Jin H, Dasgupta S. Genetics in LGB Assisted Reproduction: Two Flipped Classroom, Progressive Disclosure Cases. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2017; 13:10607. [PMID: 30800809 PMCID: PMC6354801 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There have been several educational reforms calling for increasing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) education materials, application of basic sciences to clinical medicine, and active engagement of students. While the amount of educational materials for LGBT clinical cases is increasing, this session for preclinical medical students uniquely combines basic science population genetics, cisgender lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) cultural issues and reproductive endocrinology in a 1.5-hour flipped classroom session. METHODS Students were assigned a prediscussion video and reading. Facilitators attended a 1.5-hour training session prior to discussion. Each classroom of 30 students with small groups of six was led by a third- or fourth-year medical student facilitator who taught from a PowerPoint that included discussion questions. An audience response system was used to show aggregated, real-time anonymous responses to case questions, a pre- and postsurvey was used to analyze changes in student attitudes and knowledge of assisted reproduction services for same-sex couples, and course evaluations captured overarching student impressions. RESULTS All first-year students (N = 180) attended this mandatory session. Audience response questions showed a high level of knowledge of population genetics concepts. Voluntary surveys showed a higher number of assisted reproduction recommendations for LGB patients compared to heterosexual patients before discussion, with this difference disappearing after the discussion. This may indicate a shift in student attitudes and knowledge of LGB patient barriers and assisted reproduction. Course evaluations showed appreciation of LGB material integration within the course. DISCUSSION Educators will be able to successfully integrate the application of population genetics, assisted reproduction cases, and an examination of cultural barriers in health care for LGB patients with this session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Jin
- Fourth-year Medical Student, Boston University School of Medicine
- Business Student, Boston University Questrom Business School
| | - Shoumita Dasgupta
- Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Genetics Section and Department of Medical Sciences and Education, Boston University School of Medicine
- Assistant Dean of Admissions, Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine
- Director of Graduate Studies, Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine
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12
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender content on reproductive endocrinology and infertility clinic websites. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:183-191. [PMID: 28579417 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess geographical distribution and practice characteristics of fertility clinics inclusive of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) None. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Prevalence and geographical distribution of fertility clinic websites with LGBT-specific content, indicated by keywords and home page cues specific to the LGBT patient population. Assessment of relationship between LGBT-specific content and clinic characteristics, including U.S. region, clinic size, private versus academic setting, and state-mandated fertility insurance coverage. RESULT(S) Of 379 websites analyzed, 201 (53%) contained LGBT content. Clinics with the highest proportion of LGBT website content were in the Northeast (59/82, 72%) and West (63/96, 66%), while the lowest proportion was in the Midwest (29/74, 39%) and South (50/127, 39%). Most frequently used terms included lesbian (72%), LGBT/LGBTQ (69%), and gay (68%), while less used terms included trans/transgender (32%) and bisexual (15%). Larger clinic size was associated with LGBT-specific website content (odds ratio, 4.42; 95% confidence interval, 2.07-9.67). Practice type and state-mandated fertility insurance coverage were not associated with a clinic website having LGBT content. CONCLUSION(S) Over half of Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology member fertility clinics included LGBT content on their websites, yet those in the Midwest and South were significantly less likely to do so. Predictive factors for having LGBT website content included location in northeastern and western regions and increasing clinic size. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether inclusion of LGBT content on clinic websites impacts use of reproductive services by the LGBT patient population.
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