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Marla S, Mortlock S, Heinosalo T, Poutanen M, Montgomery GW, McKinnon BD. Gene expression profiles separate endometriosis lesion subtypes and indicate a sensitivity of endometrioma to estrogen suppressive treatments through elevated ESR2 expression. BMC Med 2023; 21:460. [PMID: 37996888 PMCID: PMC10666321 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common, gynaecological disease characterised by the presence of endometrial-like cells growing outside the uterus. Lesions appear at multiple locations, present with variation in appearance, size and depth of invasion. Despite hormones being the recommended first-line treatment, their efficacy, success and side effects vary widely amongst study populations. Current, hormonal medication for endometriosis is designed to suppress systemic oestrogen. Whether these hormones can influence the lesions themselves is not yet clear. Evidence of hormone receptor expression in endometriotic lesions and their ability to respond is conflicting. A variation in their expression, activation of transcriptional co-regulators and the potential to respond may contribute to their variation in patient outcomes. Identifying patients who would benefit from hormonal treatments remain an important goal in endometriosis research. METHODS Using gene expression data from endometriosis lesions including endometrioma (OMA, n = 28), superficial peritoneal lesions (SUP, n = 72) and deeply infiltrating lesions (DIE, n = 78), we performed principal component analysis, differential gene expression and gene correlation analyses to assess the impact of menstrual stage, lesion subtype and hormonal treatment on the gene expression. RESULTS The gene expression profiles did not vary based on menstrual stage, but could distinguish lesion subtypes with OMA significantly differentiating from both SUP and DIE. Additionally, the effect of oestrogen suppression medication altered the gene expression profile in OMA, while such effect was not observed in SUP or DIE. Analysis of the target receptors for hormonal medication indicated ESR2 was differentially expressed in OMA and that genes that correlated with ESR2 varied significantly between medicated and non-medicated OMA samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate of the different lesion types OMA present with strongest response to hormonal treatment directly through ESR2. The data suggests that there may be the potential to target treatment options to individual patients based on pre-surgical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Marla
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Carmody Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Sally Mortlock
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Carmody Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Taija Heinosalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modelling, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Carmody Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Brett David McKinnon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Carmody Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia.
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Kabil SL, Rashed HE, Mohamed NM, Elwany NE. Parthenolide repressed endometriosis induced surgically in rats: Role of PTEN/PI3Kinase/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling in inhibition of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2023; 331:122037. [PMID: 37633416 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway is a triggering factor for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) which plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone extract that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticancer properties. Hence, we investigated the effect of parthenolide against EMT in the endometrial tissue implants and immortalized epithelial endometriotic cell lines 12Z. MAIN METHODS Twenty- four female Rats with surgically induced endometriosis were treated with parthenolide (2, 4 mg/kg), for 4 weeks. Endometriotic cell line 12Z was used to identify the effect of parthenolide on the wound healing, cellular migration and invasion properties of endometriotic cells. KEY FINDINGS Parthenolide decreased the endometriotic implant tissue expression of total PI3K, PI3K-p85, p-AKT, p/total AKT, p-GSK-3β, P/total GSK-3β, and nβ-catenin, as well as increased E-cadherin and decreased vimentin mRNA expression. Parthenolide upregulated PTEN immunoreactivity as well as the endometriotic tissue caspase-3, caspase-9, BAX levels while reducing Bcl2 level. Additionally, parthenolide decreased endometriotic tissue implants surface area and histopathological score of the epithelial growth. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings showed that parthenolide in a dose dependent manner inhibited PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/nβ-catenin cascade via enhancement of PTEN with subsequent inhibition of EMT evidenced by elevation of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin and reduction of mesenchymal marker, vimentin, of the endometriotic implants in addition to reversal of invasion and migration properties of epithelial endometriotic cell lines. These findings provide a valuable therapeutic approach for treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad L Kabil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Hayam E Rashed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | | | - Nisreen E Elwany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
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Hashemi SF, Khorramdelazad H. The cryptic role of CXCL17/CXCR8 axis in the pathogenesis of cancers: a review of the latest evidence. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:409-422. [PMID: 36352331 PMCID: PMC10409701 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are immune system mediators that mediate various activities and play a role in the pathogenesis of several cancers. Among these chemokines, C-X-C motif chemokine 17 (CXCL-17) is a relatively novel molecule produced along the airway epithelium in physiological and pathological conditions, and evidence shows that it plays a homeostatic role in most cases. CXCL17 has a protective role in some cancers and a pathological role in others, such as liver and lung cancer. This chemokine, along with its possible receptor termed G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) or CXCR8, are involved in recruiting myeloid cells, regulating angiogenesis, defending against pathogenic microorganisms, and numerous other mechanisms. Considering the few studies that have been performed on the dual role of CXCL17 in human malignancies, this review has investigated the possible pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles of this chemokine, as well as future treatment options in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Yang M, Li L, Huang X, Xing H, Hong L, Jiang C. The DNA demethylation-regulated SFRP2 dictates the progression of endometriosis via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:12. [PMID: 36991319 PMCID: PMC10053136 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-023-00470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Endometriosis cause decreases in life quality and pelvic pain in reproductive-age women. Methylation abnormalities played a functional role in the progression of endometriosis, this study aimed to explore the mechanisms mediated by abnormal methylation in the development of EMS.
Materials and methods
Next-generation sequencing dataset and methylation profiling dataset were used to screen out the key gene SFRP2. Western bolt, Real-time PCR, Aza-2?deoxycytidine treatment, luciferase reporter assay, Methylation-specific PCR , Bisulfite sequencing PCR and lentivirus infection were carried out to detect the methylation status and signaling pathway with the primary epithelial cells. Transwell assay and wound scratch assay were implemented to observe the differences of migration ability with the intervening with the expression of SFRP2.
Results
To define the role of the DNA methylation-regulated genes in the pathogenesis of EMS, we performed both DNA methylomic and expression analyses of ectopic endometrium and ectopic endometrium epithelial cells(EEECs) and found that SFRP2 is demethylated/upregulated in ectopic endometrium and EEECs. The expression of lentivirus carrying SFRP2 cDNA up-regulates the activity of Wnt signaling and the protein expression of ?-catenin in EEECs. SFRP2 impact on the invasion and migration of ectopic endometrium by modulating the activities of the Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway. The invasion and migration ability of EEECs were significantly strengthened after demethylation treatment including 5-Aza and the knockdown of DNMT1.
Conclusion
In summary, the increased SFRP2 expression-induced Wnt/?-catenin signaling due to the demethylation of the SFRP2 promoter plays an important role in the pathogenesis of EMS, suggesting that SFRP2 might be a therapeutic target for EMS treatment.
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Zeng W, Zhong Y, Xie D, Zhu W, Chen F, Du J, Zhang T. Establishment of DNA Methylation Profile Associated with TCM Syndrome in Endometriosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022; 2022:4866360. [PMID: 35449808 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4866360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To screen the potential epigenetic biomarkers associated with endometriosis (EMS) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome EMS types. Methods A cohort of 99 participants comprising 42 EMS patients with cold coagulation blood stasis (CCBS) syndrome, 35 EMS patients with Qi stagnation blood stasis (QSBS) syndrome, and 22 women of childbearing age without EMS were recruited. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) was used to establish the differential DNA methylation profiles in human peripheral blood samples obtained from four non-EMS and four EMS patients with CCBS or QSBS syndrome, respectively. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were verified in 18 non-EMS, 38 CCBS-EMS, and 31 QSBS-EMS using pyrosequencing. Results Methylation sites of 123942, 127229, and 115961 were found in peripheral blood DNA of non-EMS, CCBS-EMS, and QSBS-EMS patients, respectively. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the pathological process of EMS may be closely related to the nervous system development, cell junctions, GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity, nicotine addiction, Hippo signaling pathway, mRNA surveillance pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway. The methylation level at CpG site within HDAC6 gene in QSBS-EMS patients was significantly different from that in control women. Conclusions The changes in DNA methylation in peripheral blood samples may be associated with EMS and TCM syndrome EMS types. The methylation level of HDAC6 gene may be used to distinguish QSBS-EMS patients from women without EMS.
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Rytkönen KT, Faux T, Mahmoudian M, Heinosalo T, Nnamani MC, Perheentupa A, Poutanen M, Elo LL, Wagner GP. Histone H3K4me3 breadth in hypoxia reveals endometrial core functions and stress adaptation linked to endometriosis. iScience 2022; 25:104235. [PMID: 35494227 PMCID: PMC9051620 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is a marker of active promoters. Broad H3K4me3 promoter domains have been associated with cell type identity, but H3K4me3 dynamics upon cellular stress have not been well characterized. We assessed this by exposing endometrial stromal cells to hypoxia, which is a major cellular stress condition. We observed that hypoxia modifies the existing H3K4me3 marks and that promoter H3K4me3 breadth rather than height correlates with transcription. Broad H3K4me3 domains mark genes for endometrial core functions and are maintained or selectively extended upon hypoxia. Hypoxic extension of H3K4me3 breadth associates with stress adaptation genes relevant for the survival of endometrial cells including transcription factor KLF4, for which we found increased protein expression in the stroma of endometriosis lesions. These results substantiate the view on broad H3K4me3 as a marker of cell identity genes and reveal participation of H3K4me3 extension in cellular stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle T. Rytkönen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Thomas Faux
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mehrad Mahmoudian
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Taija Heinosalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mauris C. Nnamani
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Antti Perheentupa
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Günter P. Wagner
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Corresponding author
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Wang X, Wu P, Zeng C, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Lu Y, Xue Q. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 02381 Promotes the Proliferation and Invasion of Ovarian Endometrial Stromal Cells through the miR-27b-3p/CTNNB1 Axis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:433. [PMID: 35327987 PMCID: PMC8955621 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and invasion in endometriosis; however, its upstream factor is not clear. Long noncoding RNAs may participate in endometriosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of interaction between LINC02381 and CTNNB1 in endometriosis. Method: Screening and validation of RNAs were completed by whole transcriptional sequencing and qRT-PCR. The subcellular localization of LINC02381 was determined by RNA in situ hybridization and nucleo-cytoplasmic separation. Plasmids were transfected for functional experiments. Luciferase assay was used to verify the binding relationship. Results: The expression of LINC02381 and CTNNB1 was significantly increased in ovarian ectopic endometrial tissues (OSAs) and ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). When LINC02381 was downregulated in ESCs, the expression of CTNNB1, metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and cyclinD1, as well as ESCs invasion and proliferation, decreased. LINC02381 was mainly present in the cytoplasm of ESCs, indicating that it may act as a competitive endogenous RNA. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that microRNA-27b-3p (miR-27b-3p) is a downstream target of LINC02381. miR-27b-3p decreased in OSAs and ESCs. Moreover, when miR-27b-3p was upregulated in ESCs, the expression of CTNNB1, MMP9 and cyclinD1, as well as the invasion and proliferation ability of ESCs, were reduced. Additionally, rescue experiments demonstrated that the expression of CTNNB1, MMP9 and cyclinD1, as well as the invasion and proliferation ability, were significantly increased in the group transfected with both sh-LINC02381 and a miR-27b-3p inhibitor. Conclusion: LINC02381 upregulated CTNNB1 by adsorbing miR-27b-3p, causing increased proliferation and invasion of ESCs.
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Mittermeier L, Virshup DM. An itch for things remote: The journey of Wnts. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bai Z, Wu Q, Zhang C, Chen J, Cao L. Effects of YAP1 and SFRP2 overexpression on the biological behavior of colorectal cancer cells and their molecular mechanisms. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1601-1612. [PMID: 34532114 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and has a high mortality rate. With the development of tumor molecular biology, more and more attention is being paid to the mechanisms of cell pathways in colorectal carcinogenesis, such as the Hippo/Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. The abnormal expression of YAP1 and β-catenin have been reported in CRC, and can lead to excessive cell proliferation, and eventually, tumor formation. Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2) levels have been found to be decreased in a variety of cancers, and SFRP2 is an antagonist that binds directly to Wnt signal. At present, the molecular basis of colorectal tumors is still not fully understood. In the present study, we sought to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying YAP1 and SFRP2 in the development of CRC. Methods We constructed CRC cell lines that stably overexpressed YAP1 and SFRP2 using lentivirus packaging and cell infection. The levels of expression of the proteins were evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Protein complex immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was used to detect the interaction between YAP1, SFRP2, and β-catenin. The functional roles of YAP1 and SFRP2 in CRC was determined by a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) proliferation assay and flow cytometric apoptosis assay. Results The data of the present study showed that the overexpression of SFRP2 promoted the expression of YAP1 and β-catenin protein, and the overexpression of YAP1 promoted the expression of β-catenin protein. YAP1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, while SFRP2 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. Conclusions Our findings showed that the expression of YAP1, SFRP2, and β-catenin is correlated in CRC cells. The Hippo pathway and Wnt pathway interact with each other in the pathogenesis of CRC, and YAP1 and SFRP2 are involved in the formation and development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Bai
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pathology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
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Giacomini E, Minetto S, Li Piani L, Pagliardini L, Somigliana E, Viganò P. Genetics and Inflammation in Endometriosis: Improving Knowledge for Development of New Pharmacological Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169033. [PMID: 34445738 PMCID: PMC8396487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to a rich body of literature, immune cell dysfunctions, both locally and systemically, and an inflammatory environment characterize all forms of endometriosis. Alterations in transcripts and proteins involved in the recruitment of immune cells, in the interaction between cytokines and their receptors, cellular adhesion and apoptosis have been demonstrated in endometriotic lesions. The objective of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the components and mechanisms at the intersection between inflammation and genetics that may constitute vanguard therapeutic approaches in endometriosis. The GWAS technology and pathway-based analysis highlighted the role of the MAPK and the WNT/β-catenin cascades in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. These signaling pathways have been suggested to interfere with the disease establishment via several mechanisms, including apoptosis, migration and angiogenesis. Extracellular vesicle-associated molecules may be not only interesting to explain some aspects of endometriosis progression, but they may also serve as therapeutic regimens per se. Immune/inflammatory dysfunctions have always represented attractive therapeutic targets in endometriosis. These would be even more interesting if genetic evidence supported the involvement of functional pathways at the basis of these alterations. Targeting these dysfunctions through next-generation inhibitors can constitute a therapeutic alternative for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giacomini
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Sabrina Minetto
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Letizia Li Piani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.L.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Luca Pagliardini
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Edgardo Somigliana
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (L.L.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Paola Viganò
- Infertility Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5503-4302
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van Loon K, Huijbers EJM, Griffioen AW. Secreted frizzled-related protein 2: a key player in noncanonical Wnt signaling and tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 40:191-203. [PMID: 33140138 PMCID: PMC7897195 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRP) are glycoproteins containing a so-called frizzled-like cysteine-rich domain. This domain enables them to bind to Wnt ligands or frizzled (FzD) receptors, making potent regulators of Wnt signaling. As Wnt signaling is often altered in cancer, it is not surprising that Wnt regulators such as SFRP proteins are often differentially expressed in the tumor microenvironment, both in a metastatic and non-metastatic setting. Indeed, SFRP2 is shown to be specifically upregulated in the tumor vasculature of several types of cancer. Several studies investigated the functional role of SFRP2 in the tumor vasculature, showing that SFRP2 binds to FzD receptors on the surface of tumor endothelial cells. This activates downstream Wnt signaling and which is, thereby, stimulating angiogenesis. Interestingly, not the well-known canonical Wnt signaling pathway, but the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway seems to be a key player in this event. In tumor models, the pro-angiogenic effect of SFRP2 could be counteracted by antibodies targeting SFRP2, without the occurrence of toxicity. Since tumor angiogenesis is an important process in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation, specific tumor endothelial markers such as SFRP2 show great promise as targets for anti-cancer therapies. This review discusses the role of SFRP2 in noncanonical Wnt signaling and tumor angiogenesis, and highlights its potential as anti-angiogenic therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn van Loon
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wallace J, Narasipura SD, Sha BE, French AL, Al-Harthi L. Canonical Wnts Mediate CD8 + T Cell Noncytolytic Anti-HIV-1 Activity and Correlate with HIV-1 Clinical Status. J Immunol 2020; 205:2046-2055. [PMID: 32887752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells do not rely solely on cytotoxic functions for significant HIV control. Moreover, the noncytotoxic CD8+ T cell antiviral response is a primary mediator of natural HIV control such as that seen in HIV elite controllers and long-term nonprogressors that does not require combined antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we investigated the biological factors contributing to the noncytotoxic control of HIV replication mediated by primary human CD8+ T cells. We report that canonical Wnt signaling inhibits HIV transcription in an MHC-independent, noncytotoxic manner and that mediators of this pathway correlate with HIV controller clinical status. We show that CD8+ T cells express all 19 Wnts and CD8+ T cell-conditioned medium (CM) induced canonical Wnt signaling in infected recipient cells while simultaneously inhibiting HIV transcription. Antagonizing canonical Wnt activity in CD8+ T cell CM resulted in increased HIV transcription in infected cells. Further, Wnt2b expression was upregulated in HIV controllers versus viremic patients, and in vitro depletion of Wnt2b and/or Wnt9b from CD8+ CM reversed HIV inhibitory activity. Finally, plasma concentration of Dkk-1, an antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling, was higher in viremic patients with lower CD4 counts. This study demonstrates that canonical Wnt signaling inhibits HIV and significantly correlates with HIV controller status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Srinivas D Narasipura
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Beverly E Sha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Audrey L French
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.,Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612; and.,Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612;
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Gabriel M, Fey V, Heinosalo T, Adhikari P, Rytkönen K, Komulainen T, Huhtinen K, Laajala TD, Siitari H, Virkki A, Suvitie P, Kujari H, Aittokallio T, Perheentupa A, Poutanen M. A relational database to identify differentially expressed genes in the endometrium and endometriosis lesions. Sci Data 2020; 7:284. [PMID: 32859947 PMCID: PMC7455745 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common inflammatory estrogen-dependent gynecological disorder, associated with pelvic pain and reduced fertility in women. Several aspects of this disorder and its cellular and molecular etiology remain unresolved. We have analyzed the global gene expression patterns in the endometrium, peritoneum and in endometriosis lesions of endometriosis patients and in the endometrium and peritoneum of healthy women. In this report, we present the EndometDB, an interactive web-based user interface for browsing the gene expression database of collected samples without the need for computational skills. The EndometDB incorporates the expression data from 115 patients and 53 controls, with over 24000 genes and clinical features, such as their age, disease stages, hormonal medication, menstrual cycle phase, and the different endometriosis lesion types. Using the web-tool, the end-user can easily generate various plot outputs and projections, including boxplots, and heatmaps and the generated outputs can be downloaded in pdf-format. Availability and implementationThe web-based user interface is implemented using HTML5, JavaScript, CSS, Plotly and R. It is freely available from https://endometdb.utu.fi/. Measurement(s) | RNA • differential expression analysis data • endometriosis | Technology Type(s) | Microarray Analysis • digital curation | Factor Type(s) | age • disease stage • menstrual cycle phase • hormonal medication • endometriosis lesion type • endometrium | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Homo sapiens |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12800642
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gabriel
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Vidal Fey
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Taija Heinosalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Prem Adhikari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Kalle Rytkönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Komulainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Daniel Laajala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Siitari
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Arho Virkki
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Suvitie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Harry Kujari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland. .,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Perheentupa
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, 405 30 Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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14
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Vorstandlechner V, Laggner M, Kalinina P, Haslik W, Radtke C, Shaw L, Lichtenberger BM, Tschachler E, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. Deciphering the functional heterogeneity of skin fibroblasts using single-cell RNA sequencing. FASEB J 2020; 34:3677-3692. [PMID: 31930613 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902001rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Though skin fibroblasts (FB) are the main cell population within the dermis, the different skin FB subsets are not well characterized and the traditional classification into reticular and papillary FBs has little functional relevance. To fill the gap of knowledge on FB diversity in human skin, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing. Investigation of marker genes for the different skin cell subtypes revealed a heterogeneous picture of FBs. When mapping reticular and papillary FB markers, we could not detect cluster specificity, suggesting that these two populations show a higher transcriptional heterogeneity than expected. This finding was further confirmed by in situ hybridization, showing that DPP4 was expressed in both dermal layers. Our analysis identified six FB clusters with distinct transcriptional signatures. Importantly, we could demonstrate that in human skin DPP4+ FBs are the main producers of factors involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. In conclusion, we provide evidence that hitherto considered FB markers are not ideal to characterize skin FB subpopulations in single-cell sequencing analyses. The identification of DPP4+ FBs as the main ECM-producing cells in human skin will foster the development of anti-fibrotic treatments for the skin and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Laggner
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Polina Kalinina
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Haslik
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Radtke
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Maria Lichtenberger
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Mildner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Hirakawa T, Nasu K, Miyabe S, Kouji H, Katoh A, Uemura N, Narahara H. β-catenin signaling inhibitors ICG-001 and C-82 improve fibrosis in preclinical models of endometriosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20056. [PMID: 31882904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis exhibits unique characteristics, such as fibrosis, resistance to apoptosis, and promotion of cell proliferation; however, its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Recurrence rates after treatment are high, and the progression risk continues until menopause; hence, more effective therapy for endometriosis is needed. CREB-binding protein (CBP)/β-catenin signaling inhibitors have demonstrated antifibrogenetic effects in liver, lung, and skin diseases. The present study evaluated the effects of two CBP/β-catenin signaling inhibitors, ICG-001 and C-82, on the progression of endometriosis using endometriotic cyst stromal cells from the ovary and normal endometrial stromal cells from the uterus. ICG-001 was also evaluated in a mouse model. ICG-001 and C-82 inhibited cell proliferation, fibrogenesis, and cell migration, and promoted apoptosis in vitro. ICG-001 inhibited the growth of endometriotic lesions in the mouse model. CBP/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Inhibiting the CBP/β-catenin signal can be a therapeutic target for endometriosis.
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16
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Hua R, Zhou L, Zhang H, Yang H, Peng W, Wu K. Studying the variations in differently expressed serum proteins of Hainan black goat during the breeding cycle using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:413-421. [PMID: 31308307 PMCID: PMC6815738 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hainan black goat is a high-quality local goat breed in Hainan Province of China. It is resistant to high temperatures, humidity, and disease. Although the meat of this breed is tender
and delicious, its reproductive performance and milk yield are low. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology was used to analyze the
differentially expressed proteins in the serum of female Hainan black goats during the reproductive cycle (empty pregnant, estrus, gestation, and lactation). The pathway enrichment analysis
results showed that most of the differentially expressed proteins between each period belonged to the complement and coagulation cascades. Analysis of the differential protein expression and
function revealed seven proteins that were directly associated with reproduction, namely pre-SAA21, ANTXR2, vWF, SFRP3, β4GalT1, pre-IGFBP2 and Ran. This study revealed the changing patterns
of differentially expressed proteins in the reproductive cycle of the Hainan black goat. pre-SAA21, ANTXR2, vWF, SFRP3, β4GalT1, pre-IGFBP2, and Ran were identified as candidate proteins for
mediating the physiological state of Hainan black goats and regulating their fertility. This study elucidated the changes in expression levels of differentially expressed proteins during the
reproductive cycle of Hainan black goats and also provides details about its breeding pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Kebang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
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17
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Shu C, Shu Y, Gao Y, Chi H, Han J. Inhibitory effect of AQP1 silencing on adhesion and angiogenesis in ectopic endometrial cells of mice with endometriosis through activating the Wnt signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2026-2039. [PMID: 31251110 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1637202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development mechanism of endometriosis remains unknown. Water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) enhances water flux across cell membranes, which is highly expressed and associated with cell migration, metastasis and angiogenesis in some human cancers. In this study, the role of the Wnt signaling pathway mediated by AQP1 in endometriosis was investigated, in a bid to provide new therapeutic targets for endometriosis. Microarray expression profiles were screened to acquired differentially expressed genes related to endometriosis. Mouse models with endometriosis were established and grouped. The level of endometriosis was evaluated by measurement of the volume of ectopic region. The expression of AQP1, pathway-related factors (Wnt1 and Wnt4), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1), invasive factors (MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), angiogenic factors (VEGF-A, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) and apoptotic factors (Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax and BcL-2) was measured by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, the role of AQP1 in adhesion, invasion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis of ectopic endometrial cells was determined by transfection of si-AQP1 plasmid. AQP1 was robustly expressed in endometriosis. AQP1 gene silencing alleviated the progression of endometriosis by activating the Wnt signaling pathway in mice with endometriosis. Specifically, silencing of AQP1 gene inhibited ectopic endometrial cell adhesion and invasion abilities, suppressed angiogenesis while promoted apoptosis. Collectively, the present study highlights the role of AQP1 in the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in endometriosis mouse models, suggesting that AQP1 could represent a new target aimed at improving the survival of patients with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Yang Shu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Gao
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Hui Chi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Jun Han
- b Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , P.R. China
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18
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Liu J, Wang Q, Zhang R, Zhang C, Lin J, Huang X. Identification of LINC01279 as a cell cycle‑associated long non‑coding RNA in endometriosis with GBA analysis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3850-3858. [PMID: 30106115 PMCID: PMC6131629 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis affects 6‑10% of women of reproductive age. Though a significant amount of research has explored the pathogenesis of endometriosis, little is clear. Elucidating the mechanisms is urgently required for improving the therapeutic efficiency of endometriosis treatment. Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently acquired extensive attention as regulatory components in a variety of biological processes and diseases. However, the functions of many lncRNAs in endometriosis are poorly understood. Therefore, the exploration of the dysregulated genes in endometriosis, particularly lncRNAs, is of importance. In the present study, datasets for endometriosis, including GSE7305, GSE7846, GSE29981 and E‑MTAB‑694, were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress. Then, the limma and Affy packages were used to analyze the CEL file. The RankProd method was used to conduct meta‑analysis. Long intergenic non‑protein coding RNA 1279 (LINC01279) was significantly upregulated in the three datasets, and was the most upregulated lncRNA as determined by the RankProd method. Gene set enrichment and Gene Ontology analyses were conducted, which revealed that LINC01279 is likely to function as a cell cycle mediator in endometriosis. Finally, it was identified that LINC01279 is strongly associated with certain previously identified key factors in the development of endometriosis, including cyclin‑dependent kinase 14 and C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 12. Thus, it was demonstrated that LINC01279 may be associated with the pathogenesis of endometriosis. This may potentially represent a target in the therapy of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Reproduction Center of Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Reproduction Center of Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Reproduction Center of Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Reproduction Center of Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Lin
- Reproduction Center of Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Reproduction Center of Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
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