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Queisner M, Eisenträger K. Surgical planning in virtual reality: a systematic review. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2024; 11:062603. [PMID: 38680654 PMCID: PMC11043584 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.11.6.062603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Virtual reality (VR) technology has emerged as a promising tool for physicians, offering the ability to assess anatomical data in 3D with visuospatial interaction qualities. The last decade has witnessed a remarkable increase in the number of studies focusing on the application of VR to assess patient-specific image data. This systematic review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the latest research on VR in the field of surgical planning. Approach A comprehensive literature search was conducted based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses covering the period from April 1, 2021 to May 10, 2023. It includes research articles reporting on preoperative surgical planning using patient-specific medical images in virtual reality using head-mounted displays. The review summarizes the current state of research in this field, identifying key findings, technologies, study designs, methods, and potential directions for future research. Results The selected studies show a positive impact on surgical decision-making and anatomy understanding compared to other visualization modalities. A substantial number of studies are reporting anecdotal evidence and case-specific outcomes. Notably, surgical planning using VR led to more frequent changes in surgical plans compared to planning with other visualization methods when surgeons reassessed their initial plans. VR demonstrated benefits in reducing planning time and improving spatial localization of pathologies. Conclusions Results show that the application of VR for surgical planning is still in an experimental stage but is gradually advancing toward clinical use. The diverse study designs, methodologies, and varying reporting hinder a comprehensive analysis. Some findings lack statistical evidence and rely on subjective assumptions. To strengthen evaluation, future research should focus on refining study designs, improving technical reporting, defining visual and technical proficiency requirements, and enhancing VR software usability and design. Addressing these areas could pave the way for an effective implementation of VR in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Queisner
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Cluster of Excellence Matters of Activity, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Eisenträger
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Cho JS, Jotwani R, Chan S, Thaker DM, On JD, Yong RJ, Hao D. Extended reality navigation for pain procedures: a narrative review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024:rapm-2024-105352. [PMID: 38754990 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2024-105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended reality (XR) technology, encompassing virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality, has been widely studied for procedural navigation in surgical specialties. Similar to how ultrasound transformed regional anesthesia, XR has the potential to reshape how anesthesiologists and pain physicians perform procedures to relieve pain. OBJECTIVE This narrative review examines the clinical benefits of XR for navigation in various pain procedures. It defines key terms and concepts related to XR technology and explores characteristics of procedures that are most amenable to XR-based navigation. Finally, it suggests best practices for developing XR navigation systems and discusses the role of emerging technology in the future of XR in regional anesthesia and pain medicine. EVIDENCE REVIEW A search was performed across PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for primary literature investigating the clinical benefits of XR navigation for pain procedures. FINDINGS Thirteen studies using XR for procedural navigation are included. The evidence includes randomized controlled trials, retrospective studies, and case series. CONCLUSIONS Early randomized controlled trials show potential for XR to improve procedural efficiency, but more comprehensive research is needed to determine if there are significant clinical benefits. Case reports demonstrate XR's utility in generating patient-specific navigation plans when difficult anatomy is encountered. Procedures that facilitate the generation and registration of XR images are most conducive to XR navigation, whereas those that rely on frequent re-imaging will continue to depend on traditional modes of navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sungjai Cho
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rohan Jotwani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Devaunsh Manish Thaker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care & Pain Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jungmin Daniel On
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - R Jason Yong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Hao
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Nanchahal S, Arjomandi Rad A, Naruka V, Chacko J, Liu G, Afoke J, Miller G, Malawana J, Punjabi P. Mitral valve surgery assisted by virtual and augmented reality: Cardiac surgery at the front of innovation. Perfusion 2024; 39:244-255. [PMID: 36314484 DOI: 10.1177/02676591221137480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the variety in mitral valve (MV) pathology and associated surgical techniques, extended reality (XR) holds great potential to assist MV surgeons. This review aims to systematically evaluate the currently available evidence investigating the use of XR and associated technologies in MV surgery. METHODS A systematic database search was conducted of original articles and case reports that explored the use of XR and MV surgery in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane database and Google Scholar, from inception to February 2022. RESULTS Our search yielded 171 articles, of which 15 studies were included in this review, featuring 328 patients. Two main areas of application were identified: (i) pre-operative planning and (ii) predicting post-operative outcomes. The articles reporting outcomes relating to pre-operative planning were further categorised as exploring themes relevant to (i) mitral annular assessment; (ii) training; (iii) evaluation of surgical technique; (iv) surgical approach or plan and (v) selecting ring size or type. Preoperatively, XR has been shown to evaluate mitral annular pathology more accurately than echocardiography, informing the surgeon about the optimal surgical technique, approach and plan for a particular patient's MV pathology. Furthermore, XR could simulate and aid ring size/type selection for MV annuloplasty, creating a personalized surgical plan. Additionally, XR could estimate the postoperative MV biomechanical and physiological characteristics, predicting and pre-empting post-operative complications. CONCLUSION XR demonstrated promising applications for assisting MV surgery, enhancing outcomes and patient-centred care, nevertheless, there remain the need for randomized studies to ascertain its feasibility, safety, and validity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Nanchahal
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arian Arjomandi Rad
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vinci Naruka
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jacob Chacko
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Guiqing Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Afoke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - George Miller
- Research Unit, The Healthcare Leadership Academy, London, UK
| | - Johann Malawana
- Research Unit, The Healthcare Leadership Academy, London, UK
| | - Prakash Punjabi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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4
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Beer L, Hochmair M, Heilmann M, Hoda MA. ESR Bridges: imaging and treatment of lung cancer-a multidisciplinary view. Eur Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00330-023-10523-4. [PMID: 38355985 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Beer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Machine Learning Driven Precision Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maximilian Hochmair
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Heilmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mir Ali Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sun Z, Silberstein J, Vaccarezza M. Cardiovascular Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease: Beyond Lumen Assessment. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:22. [PMID: 38248892 PMCID: PMC10816599 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular CT is being widely used in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease due to the rapid technological advancements in CT scanning techniques. These advancements include the development of multi-slice CT, from early generation to the latest models, which has the capability of acquiring images with high spatial and temporal resolution. The recent emergence of photon-counting CT has further enhanced CT performance in clinical applications, providing improved spatial and contrast resolution. CT-derived fractional flow reserve is superior to standard CT-based anatomical assessment for the detection of lesion-specific myocardial ischemia. CT-derived 3D-printed patient-specific models are also superior to standard CT, offering advantages in terms of educational value, surgical planning, and the simulation of cardiovascular disease treatment, as well as enhancing doctor-patient communication. Three-dimensional visualization tools including virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality are further advancing the clinical value of cardiovascular CT in cardiovascular disease. With the widespread use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in cardiovascular disease, the diagnostic performance of cardiovascular CT has significantly improved, with promising results being presented in terms of both disease diagnosis and prediction. This review article provides an overview of the applications of cardiovascular CT, covering its performance from the perspective of its diagnostic value based on traditional lumen assessment to the identification of vulnerable lesions for the prediction of disease outcomes with the use of these advanced technologies. The limitations and future prospects of these technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Sun
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (J.S.); (M.V.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jenna Silberstein
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (J.S.); (M.V.)
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (J.S.); (M.V.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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Onorati I, Radu DM, Martinod E. What's new in minimally invasive thoracic surgery? Clinical application of augmented reality and learning opportunities in surgical simulation. Front Surg 2023; 10:1254039. [PMID: 38026490 PMCID: PMC10651759 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1254039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents the most lethal cancer worldwide. Surgery is the treatment of choice for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, with an overall survival that can reach 90% at 5 years, but its detection is difficult to achieve due to the lack of symptoms. Screening programs are crucial to identify small cancer. Minimally invasive surgery has modified the therapeutical approach of these tumors, becoming the standard of care, with an important clinical yield in terms of reduction of postoperative pain and length of hospital stay. The aim of this mini-review is to explore and describe two important and innovative aspects in the context of "growing opportunities in minimally invasive thoracic surgery": the clinical application of augmented reality and its advantages for patient and surgeon, and the pedagogical issue through simulation-based training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Onorati
- Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Faculté de Médecine SMBH, Bobigny, France
- Inserm UMR1272, Hypoxie et Poumon, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Faculté de Médecine SMBH, Bobigny, France
| | - Dana Mihaela Radu
- Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Faculté de Médecine SMBH, Bobigny, France
- Inserm UMR1272, Hypoxie et Poumon, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Faculté de Médecine SMBH, Bobigny, France
| | - Emmanuel Martinod
- Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Hôpital Avicenne, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Faculté de Médecine SMBH, Bobigny, France
- Inserm UMR1272, Hypoxie et Poumon, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Faculté de Médecine SMBH, Bobigny, France
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Wang Q, Xie Z. ARIAS: An AR-based interactive advertising system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285838. [PMID: 37773972 PMCID: PMC10540975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present an interactive advertising system based on augmented reality(AR) called ARIAS, which is manipulated with gestures for displaying advertising videos. Two-dimensional markers are defined in the system. The system captures the frame data through the camera in real time, uses OpenCV library to identify the predefined markers, and calculates the pose of markers captured by the camera. With OpenGL library, a virtual cubic model is created at the position of the marker, and thus videos or images are displayed on the six faces of the cube. The virtual cube, together with the original frame data collected by the camera, is displayed in the interactive window to achieve the augmented reality effect. Customers are accessible to various advertising content by observing the marker from different positions. The system, meanwhile, supports gesture operation in order to make the customers pay attention to the content they are interested in with one hand. The MediaPipe Hand framework is used to extract the landmarks of hands, based on which, a series of gestures are designed for interactive operation. The efficiency and accuracy of the system are tested and analyzed with the result, indicating that the system has high reliability and good interactiveness. This system is open at https://github.com/wanzhuxie/ARIAS/tree/PLOS-ONE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujiao Wang
- Department of Foundation, Southwest Jiaotong University Hope College, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Xie
- Shanghai Jiangda Technology Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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8
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Galuret S, Vallée N, Tronchot A, Thomazeau H, Jannin P, Huaulmé A. Gaze behavior is related to objective technical skills assessment during virtual reality simulator-based surgical training: a proof of concept. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2023; 18:1697-1705. [PMID: 37286642 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-023-02961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Simulation-based training allows surgical skills to be learned safely. Most virtual reality-based surgical simulators address technical skills without considering non-technical skills, such as gaze use. In this study, we investigated surgeons' visual behavior during virtual reality-based surgical training where visual guidance is provided. Our hypothesis was that the gaze distribution in the environment is correlated with the simulator's technical skills assessment. METHODS We recorded 25 surgical training sessions on an arthroscopic simulator. Trainees were equipped with a head-mounted eye-tracking device. A U-net was trained on two sessions to segment three simulator-specific areas of interest (AoI) and the background, to quantify gaze distribution. We tested whether the percentage of gazes in those areas was correlated with the simulator's scores. RESULTS The neural network was able to segment all AoI with a mean Intersection over Union superior to 94% for each area. The gaze percentage in the AoI differed among trainees. Despite several sources of data loss, we found significant correlations between gaze position and the simulator scores. For instance, trainees obtained better procedural scores when their gaze focused on the virtual assistance (Spearman correlation test, N = 7, r = 0.800, p = 0.031). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that visual behavior should be quantified for assessing surgical expertise in simulation-based training environments, especially when visual guidance is provided. Ultimately visual behavior could be used to quantitatively assess surgeons' learning curve and expertise while training on VR simulators, in a way that complements existing metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soline Galuret
- LTSI - UMR 1099, Univ. Rennes, Inserm, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Vallée
- LTSI - UMR 1099, Univ. Rennes, Inserm, 35000, Rennes, France
- Orthopedics and Trauma Department, Rennes University Hospital, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Alexandre Tronchot
- LTSI - UMR 1099, Univ. Rennes, Inserm, 35000, Rennes, France
- Orthopedics and Trauma Department, Rennes University Hospital, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Hervé Thomazeau
- LTSI - UMR 1099, Univ. Rennes, Inserm, 35000, Rennes, France
- Orthopedics and Trauma Department, Rennes University Hospital, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Jannin
- LTSI - UMR 1099, Univ. Rennes, Inserm, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Arnaud Huaulmé
- LTSI - UMR 1099, Univ. Rennes, Inserm, 35000, Rennes, France
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9
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Arjomandi Rad A, Hajzamani D, Sardari Nia P. Simulation-based training in cardiac surgery: a systematic review. INTERDISCIPLINARY CARDIOVASCULAR AND THORACIC SURGERY 2023; 37:ivad079. [PMID: 37220905 PMCID: PMC10435415 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increase in the complexity of operations, the rising quest for improved outcomes and the scrutiny of surgical practice and its associated complications have led to a decreased educational value of in-patient surgical training within cardiac surgery. Simulation-based training has emerged as an adjunct to the apprenticeship model. In the following review, we aimed to evaluate the currently available evidence regarding simulation-based training in cardiac surgery. METHODS A systematic database search was conducted as per PRISMA guidelines, of original articles that explored the use of simulation-based training in adult cardiac surgery programs in EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane database and Google Scholar, from inception to 2022. Data extraction covered the study characteristics, simulation modality, main methodology and main outcomes. RESULTS Our search yielded 341 articles, of which 28 studies were included in this review. Three main areas of focus were identified: (i) validity testing of the models; (ii) impact on surgeons' skills; and (iii) impact on clinical practice. Fouteen studies reported animal-based models and 14 reported on non-tissue-based models covering a wide spectrum of surgical operations. The results of the included studies suggest that validity assessment is scarce within the field, being carried out for only 4 of the models. Nonetheless, all studies reported improvement in trainees' confidence, clinical knowledge and surgical skills (including accuracy, speed, dexterity) of trainees both at senior and junior levels. The direct clinical impact included initiation of minimally invasive programmes and improved board exam pass rates, and creating positive behavioural changes to minimize further cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS Surgical simulation has been shown to provide substantial benefits to trainees. Further evidence is needed to explore its direct impact on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Arjomandi Rad
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dorfam Hajzamani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peyman Sardari Nia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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10
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Dong J, Wang F, Xu Y, Gao X, Zhao H, Zhang J, Wang N, Liu Z, Yan X, Jin J, Ji H, Cheng R, Wang L, Qiu Z, Hu S. Using mixed reality technique combines multimodal imaging signatures to adjuvant glioma photodynamic therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1171819. [PMID: 37534312 PMCID: PMC10392826 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1171819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) promotes significant tumor regression and extends the lifetime of patients. The actual operation of PDT often relies on the subjective judgment of experienced neurosurgeons. Patients can benefit more from precisely targeting PDT's key operating zones. Methods We used magnetic resonance imaging scans and created 3D digital models of patient anatomy. Multiple images are aligned and merged in STL format. Neurosurgeons use HoloLens to import reconstructions and assist in PDT execution. Also, immunohistochemistry was used to explore the association of hyperperfusion sites in PDT of glioma with patient survival. Results We constructed satisfactory 3D visualization of glioma models and accurately localized the hyperperfused areas of the tumor. Tumor tissue taken in these areas was rich in CD31, VEGFA and EGFR that were associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. We report the first study using MR technology combined with PDT in the treatment of glioma. Based on this model, neurosurgeons can focus PDT on the hyperperfused area of the glioma. A direct benefit was expected for the patients in this treatment. Conclusion Using the Mixed Reality technique combines multimodal imaging signatures to adjuvant glioma PDT can better exploit the vascular sealing effect of PDT on glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyun Xu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuwei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang Ji
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruiqi Cheng
- Heilongjiang Tuomeng Technology Co., Ltd, Harbin, China
| | - Lihai Wang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaowen Qiu
- College of Information and Computer Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaoshan Hu
- Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Nakazawa A, Iwamoto M, Kurazume R, Nunoi M, Kobayashi M, Honda M. Augmented reality-based affective training for improving care communication skill and empathy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288175. [PMID: 37428739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important for caregivers of people with dementia (PwD) to have good patient communication skills as it has been known to reduce the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) of PwD as well as caregiver burnout. However, acquiring such skills often requires one-on-one affective training, which can be costly. In this study, we propose affective training using augmented reality (AR) for supporting the acquisition of such skills. The system uses see-through AR glasses and a nursing training doll to train the user in both practical nursing skills and affective skills such as eye contact and patient communication. The experiment was conducted with 38 nursing students. The participants were assigned to either the Doll group, which only used a doll for training, or the AR group, which used both a doll and the AR system. The results showed that eye contact significantly increased and the face-to-face distance and angle decreased in the AR group, while the Doll group had no significant difference. In addition, the empathy score of the AR group significantly increased after the training. Upon analyzing the correlation between personality and changes of physical skills, we found a significant positive correlation between the improvement rate of eye contact and extraversion in the AR group. These results demonstrated that affective training using AR is effective for improving caregivers' physical skills and their empathy for their patients. We believe that this system will be beneficial not only for dementia caregivers but for anyone looking to improve their general communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Iwamoto
- Department of Advanced Fibro-Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurazume
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Nunoi
- School of Human Sciences, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Division of geriatric medicine, Rochester Regional Health System, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Miwako Honda
- Division of Geriatric Research, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Valls-Esteve A, Adell-Gómez N, Pasten A, Barber I, Munuera J, Krauel L. Exploring the Potential of Three-Dimensional Imaging, Printing, and Modeling in Pediatric Surgical Oncology: A New Era of Precision Surgery. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050832. [PMID: 37238380 DOI: 10.3390/children10050832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric surgical oncology is a technically challenging field that relies on CT and MRI as the primary imaging tools for surgical planning. However, recent advances in 3D reconstructions, including Cinematic Rendering, Volume Rendering, 3D modeling, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and 3D printing, are increasingly being used to plan complex cases bringing new insights into pediatric tumors to guide therapeutic decisions and prognosis in different pediatric surgical oncology areas and locations including thoracic, brain, urology, and abdominal surgery. Despite this, challenges to their adoption remain, especially in soft tissue-based specialties such as pediatric surgical oncology. This work explores the main innovative imaging reconstruction techniques, 3D modeling technologies (CAD, VR, AR), and 3D printing applications through the analysis of three real cases of the most common and surgically challenging pediatric tumors: abdominal neuroblastoma, thoracic inlet neuroblastoma, and a bilateral Wilms tumor candidate for nephron-sparing surgery. The results demonstrate that these new imaging and modeling techniques offer a promising alternative for planning complex pediatric oncological cases. A comprehensive analysis of the advantages and limitations of each technique has been carried out to assist in choosing the optimal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Valls-Esteve
- Innovation Department, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Núria Adell-Gómez
- Innovation Department, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Albert Pasten
- Pediatric Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ignasi Barber
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Josep Munuera
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucas Krauel
- Medicina i Recerca Translacional, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- 3D for Health Unit (3D4H), SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Pediatric Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Universitat de Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Arjomandi Rad A, Subbiah Ponniah H, Shah V, Nanchahal S, Vardanyan R, Miller G, Malawana J. Leading Transformation in Medical Education Through Extended Reality. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1421:161-173. [PMID: 37524987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30379-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Extended reality (XR) has exponentially developed over the past decades to incorporate technology whereby users can visualise, explore, and interact with 3-dimensional-generated computer environments, and superimpose virtual reality (VR) onto real-world environments, thus displaying information and data on various levels of the reality-virtuality continuum. In the context of medicine, VR tools allow for anatomical assessment and diagnosis, surgical training through lifelike procedural simulations, planning of surgeries and biopsies, intraprocedural guidance, and medical education. The following chapter aims to provide an overview of the currently available evidence and perspectives on the application of XR within medical education. It will focus on undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, medical education within Low-Middle Income Countries, key practical steps in implementing a successful XR programme, and the limitations and future of extended reality within medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Arjomandi Rad
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Healthcare Leadership Academy, London, UK
| | | | - Viraj Shah
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sukanya Nanchahal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Vardanyan
- The Healthcare Leadership Academy, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - George Miller
- The Healthcare Leadership Academy, London, UK
- University of Central Lancashire Medical School, Preston, UK
| | - Johann Malawana
- The Healthcare Leadership Academy, London, UK.
- University of Central Lancashire Medical School, Preston, UK.
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State of the Art and Future Prospects of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Veterinary Medicine: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243517. [PMID: 36552437 PMCID: PMC9774422 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality and augmented reality are new but rapidly expanding topics in medicine. In virtual reality, users are immersed in a three-dimensional environment, whereas in augmented reality, computer-generated images are superimposed on the real world. Despite advances in human medicine, the number of published articles in veterinary medicine is low. These cutting-edge technologies can be used in combination with existing methods in veterinary medicine to achieve diagnostic/therapeutic and educational goals. The purpose of our review was to evaluate studies for their use of virtual reality and augmented reality in veterinary medicine, as well as human medicine with animal trials, to report results and the state of the art. We collected all of the articles we included in our review by screening the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Of the 24 included studies, 11 and 13 articles belonged to virtual reality and augmented reality, respectively. Based on these articles, we determined that using these technologies has a positive impact on the scientific output of students and residents, can reduce training costs, and can be used in training/educational programs. Furthermore, using these tools can promote ethical standards. We reported the absence of standard operation protocols and equipment costs as study limitations.
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Yoo SJ, Hussein N, Barron DJ. Congenital Heart Surgery Skill Training Using Simulation Models: Not an Option but a Necessity. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e293. [PMID: 36193641 PMCID: PMC9530313 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart surgery (CHS) is technically demanding, and its training is extremely complex and challenging. Training of the surgeon's technical skills has relied on a preceptorship format in which the trainees are gradually exposed to patients in the operating room under the close tutelage of senior staff surgeons. Training in the operating room is an inefficient process and the concept of a learning curve is no longer acceptable in terms of patient outcomes. The benefits of surgical simulation in training of congenital heart surgeons are well known and appreciated. However, adequate surgical simulation models and equipment for training have been scarce until the recent development of three-dimensionally (3D) printed models. Using comprehensive 3D printing and silicone-molding techniques, realistic simulation training models for most congenital heart surgical procedures have been produced. Newly developed silicone-molded models allow efficient CHS training in a stress-free environment with instantaneous feedback from the proctors and avoids risk to patients. The time has arrived when all congenital heart surgeons should consider surgical simulation training before progressing to real-life operating in a similar fashion to the aviation industry where all pilots are required to complete simulation training before flying a real aircraft. It is argued here that simulation training is not an option anymore but should be a mandatory component of CHS training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Joon Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Nabil Hussein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, England, UK
| | - David J Barron
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Hatzl J, Böckler D, Meisenbacher K, Barb A, Hartmann N, Henning D, Uhl C. Mixed Reality in der Gefäßchirurgie – ein Scoping Review. Zentralbl Chir 2022; 147:439-446. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1939-7686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund „Mixed Reality“ (MR) erlaubt die Projektion von virtuellen Objekten in das Sichtfeld des Anwenders durch ein Head-mounted Display (HMD). Im gefäßchirurgischen
Behandlungsspektrum könnten MR-Anwendungen in Zukunft einen Nutzen darstellen. Im folgenden Scoping Review soll eine Orientierung über die aktuelle Anwendung der genannten Technologien im
Bereich der Gefäßchirurgie gegeben und Forschungsziele für die Zukunft definiert werden. Material und Methoden Es erfolgte eine systematische Literaturrecherche in PubMed (MEDLINE)
mit den Suchbegriffen „aorta“, „intervention“, „endovsacular intervention“, „vascular surgery“, „aneurysm“, „endovascular“, „vascular access“ jeweils in Kombination mit „mixed reality“ oder
„augmented reality“. Die Suche erfolgte nach PRISMA-Leitlinie (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) für Scoping Reviews. Ergebnisse Aus 547
Literaturstellen konnten 8 relevante Studien identifiziert werden. Die Suchergebnisse konnten in 2 Anwendungskategorien eingeteilt werden: (1) MR mit dem Ziel des Informationsmanagements und
zur Verbesserung der periprozeduralen Ergonomie gefäßchirurgischer Eingriffe (n = 3) sowie (2) MR mit dem Ziel der intraoperativen Navigation bei gefäßchirurgischen Eingriffen (n = 5). Die
Registrierung des physischen Patienten mit dem virtuellen Objekt und das Tracking von Instrumenten in der MR-Umgebung zur intraoperativen Navigation ist dabei im Fokus des wissenschaftlichen
Interesses und konnte technisch erfolgreich am Phantom- und Tiermodell gezeigt werden. Die bisher vorgestellten Methoden sind jedoch mit hohem infrastrukturellem Aufwand und relevanten
Limitationen verbunden. Schlussfolgerung Der Einsatz von MR im Bereich der Gefäßchirurgie ist grundsätzlich vielversprechend. Für die Zukunft sollten alternative, pragmatische
Registrierungsmethoden mit entsprechender Quantifizierung des Positionierungsfehlers angestrebt werden. Die entwickelten Soft- und Hardwarelösungen sollten auf das Anforderungsprofil der
Gefäßchirurgie angepasst werden. Das elektromagnetische Instrumenten-Tracking erscheint als sinnvolle, komplementäre Technologie zur Umsetzung der MR-assistierten Navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hatzl
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Dittmar Böckler
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Katrin Meisenbacher
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Alexandru Barb
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Niklas Hartmann
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Daniel Henning
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Christian Uhl
- Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und Endovaskuläre Chirurgie, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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Thumerel M, Belaroussi Y, Prisciandaro E, Chermat A, Zarrouki S, Chevalier B, Rodriguez A, Hustache-Castaing R, Jougon J. Immersive Three-dimensional Computed Tomography to Plan Chest Wall Resection for Lung Cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2022; 114:2379-2382. [PMID: 35963442 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chest wall resections for lung cancer treatment remain difficult to plan using standard two-dimensional computed tomography. Although virtual reality headsets have been used in many medical contexts, they have not been employed in chest wall resection planning. DESCRIPTION We compared preoperative planning of a chest wall surgical resection for lung cancer treatment between senior and resident surgeons who used an immersive virtual reality device and a two-dimensional computed tomography. EVALUATION Chest wall resection planning was more accurate when surgeons used virtual reality versus computed tomography analysis (28.6% vs. 18.3%, p = 0.018), and this was particularly true in the resident surgeon group (27.4% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.0025). Predictions regarding the need for chest wall substitutes were also more accurate when they were made using virtual reality versus computed tomography analysis in all groups (96% vs. 68.5%, p < 0.0001). Other studied parameters were not affected by use of the virtual reality tool. CONCLUSION Virtual reality may offer enhanced accuracy for chest wall resection and reconstruction planning for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Thumerel
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Yaniss Belaroussi
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elena Prisciandaro
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anaelle Chermat
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Zarrouki
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Chevalier
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Rodriguez
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Romain Hustache-Castaing
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Jougon
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Haut Lévêque Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital and Bordeaux University, ave de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, Bordeaux, France
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Nikolaidis A. What is Significant in Modern Augmented Reality: A Systematic Analysis of Existing Reviews. J Imaging 2022; 8:jimaging8050145. [PMID: 35621909 PMCID: PMC9144923 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) is a field of technology that has evolved drastically during the last decades, due to its vast range of applications in everyday life. The aim of this paper is to provide researchers with an overview of what has been surveyed since 2010 in terms of AR application areas as well as in terms of its technical aspects, and to discuss the extent to which both application areas and technical aspects have been covered, as well as to examine whether one can extract useful evidence of what aspects have not been covered adequately and whether it is possible to define common taxonomy criteria for performing AR reviews in the future. To this end, a search with inclusion and exclusion criteria has been performed in the Scopus database, producing a representative set of 47 reviews, covering the years from 2010 onwards. A proper taxonomy of the results is introduced, and the findings reveal, among others, the lack of AR application reviews covering all suggested criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Nikolaidis
- Department of Informatics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, International Hellenic University, 62124 Serres, Greece
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