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Freire Boullosa L, Van Loenhout J, Flieswasser T, De Waele J, Hermans C, Lambrechts H, Cuypers B, Laukens K, Bartholomeus E, Siozopoulou V, De Vos WH, Peeters M, Smits ELJ, Deben C. Auranofin reveals therapeutic anticancer potential by triggering distinct molecular cell death mechanisms and innate immunity in mutant p53 non-small cell lung cancer. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101949. [PMID: 33812801 PMCID: PMC8113045 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Auranofin (AF) is an FDA-approved antirheumatic drug with anticancer properties that acts as a thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR) inhibitor. The exact mechanisms through which AF targets cancer cells remain elusive. To shed light on the mode of action, this study provides an in-depth analysis on the molecular mechanisms and immunogenicity of AF-mediated cytotoxicity in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line NCI–H1299 (p53 Null) and its two isogenic derivates with mutant p53 R175H or R273H accumulation. TrxR is highly expressed in a panel of 72 NSCLC patients, making it a valid druggable target in NSCLC for AF. The presence of mutant p53 overexpression was identified as an important sensitizer for AF in (isogenic) NSCLC cells as it was correlated with reduced thioredoxin (Trx) levels in vitro. Transcriptome analysis revealed dysregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress response, DNA damage, granzyme A (GZMA) signaling and ferroptosis. Although functionally AF appeared a potent inhibitor of GPX4 in all NCI–H1299 cell lines, the induction of lipid peroxidation and consequently ferroptosis was limited to the p53 R273H expressing cells. In the p53 R175H cells, AF mainly induced large-scale DNA damage and replication stress, leading to the induction of apoptotic cell death rather than ferroptosis. Importantly, all cell death types were immunogenic since the release of danger signals (ecto-calreticulin, ATP and HMGB1) and dendritic cell maturation occurred irrespective of (mutant) p53 expression. Finally, we show that AF sensitized cancer cells to caspase-independent natural killer cell-mediated killing by downregulation of several key targets of GZMA. Our data provides novel insights on AF as a potent, clinically available, off-patent cancer drug by targeting mutant p53 cancer cells through distinct cell death mechanisms (apoptosis and ferroptosis). In addition, AF improves the innate immune response at both cytostatic (natural killer cell-mediated killing) and cytotoxic concentrations (dendritic cell maturation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Freire Boullosa
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Jinthe Van Loenhout
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tal Flieswasser
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christophe Hermans
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lambrechts
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Correia AS, Gärtner F, Vale N. Drug combination and repurposing for cancer therapy: the example of breast cancer. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05948. [PMID: 33490692 PMCID: PMC7810770 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a set of extremely complex diseases, which are increasingly prominent today, as it affects and kills millions of people worldwide, being the subject of intense study both in its pathophysiology and therapy. Especially in women, breast cancer is still a cancer with a high incidence and mortality. Even though mortality rates for this type of cancer have declined in recent years, it remains challenging at the treatment level, especially the metastatic type. Due to all the impact on health, cancer therapy is the subject of costly and intense research. To enrich this therapy, as well as decrease its underlying high associated costs, drug repurposing and drug combinations are strategies that have been increasingly studied and addressed. As the name implies, drug repurposing presupposes giving new purposes to agents which, in this case, are approved for the therapy of other diseases (for example, cardiovascular or metabolic diseases), but are not approved for cancer therapy. Therefore, a better knowledge of these therapeutic modalities for breast cancer therapy is crucial for improved therapy. In this particular review, we will discuss some relevant aspects of cancer and, particularly, breast cancer and its therapy. Also, drug combination and repurposing will be highlighted, together with relevant examples. Despite some limitations that need to be overcome, these methodologies are extremely important and advantageous in combating several current problems of cancer therapy, namely in terms of costs and resistance to current therapeutic modalities. These approaches will be explored with a special focus on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Salomé Correia
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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BALKAN BM, MERAL Ö, KİSMALİ G, SEL T. Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Ascorbic Acid and Selenium Applied Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.724117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Enhanced Anticancer Effect of Adding Magnesium to Vitamin C Therapy: Inhibition of Hormetic Response by SVCT-2 Activation. Transl Oncol 2019; 13:401-409. [PMID: 31901552 PMCID: PMC6940627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, AA) is known as an antioxidant, but at high concentrations, AA can kill cancer cells through a prooxidant property. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter family-2 (SVCT-2) determines the cellular uptake of AA, and the activity of SVCT-2 is directly related to the anticancer activity of AA. Cancer cells that showed high SVCT-2 expression levels were more sensitive to AA treatment than cancer cells with low SVCT-2 expression levels. Cells with low SVCT-2 expression showed a hormetic response to a low dose of AA. Magnesium ions, which are known to activate SVCT-2, could increase the Vmax value of SVCT-2, so we investigated whether providing magnesium supplements to cancer cells with low SVCT-2 expression that had shown a hormetic response to AA would elevate the Vmax value of SVCT-2, allowing more AA to accumulate. To evaluate the effects of magnesium on cancer cells, MgSO4 and MgCl2 were screened as magnesium supplements; both forms showed synergistic anticancer effects with AA. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that magnesium supplementation enhanced the anticancer effect of AA by inhibiting the hormetic response at a low dose. This study has also demonstrated that AA treatment with magnesium supplementation provided more effective anticancer therapy than AA treatment alone.
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Synergy between Auranofin and Celecoxib against Colon Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo through a Novel Redox-Mediated Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070931. [PMID: 31277230 PMCID: PMC6678510 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent study suggests that auranofin (AF), a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, has selective anticancer activity in various experimental models. Its clinical applications in cancer treatment, however, have been hampered due in part to its relatively moderate activity as a single agent. In this study, we performed a high-throughput screening of the FDA-approved drug library for clinical compounds that potentiate the anticancer activity auranofin, and unexpectedly identified an anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib (CE) that potently enhanced the therapeutic activity of AF in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, AF/CE combination induced severe oxidative stress that caused ROS-mediated inhibition of hexokinase (HK) and a disturbance of mitochondrial redox homeostasis, resulting in a significant decrease of ATP generation. The CE-induced ROS increase together with AF-medicated inhibition of thioredoxin reductase cause a shift of Trx2 to an oxidized state, leading to degradation of MTCO2 and dysfunction of the electron transport chain. Our study has identified a novel drug combination that effectively eliminates cancer cells in vivo. Since AF and CE are FDA-approved drugs that are currently used in the clinic, it is feasible to translate the findings of this study into clinical applications for cancer treatment.
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Liu X, Wang W, Yin Y, Li M, Li H, Xiang H, Xu A, Mei X, Hong B, Lin W. A high-throughput drug screen identifies auranofin as a potential sensitizer of cisplatin in small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:1166-1176. [PMID: 30825105 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly lethal malignancy with the 5-year survival rate of less than 7%. Chemotherapy-resistance is a major challenge for SCLC treatment in clinic. In the study, we developed a high-throughput drug screen strategy to identify new drugs that can enhance the sensitivity of chemo-drug cisplatin in SCLC. This screen identified auranofin, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug used therapeutically for rheumatoid arthritis, as a sensitizer of cisplatin. Further study validated that auranofin synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin in chemo-resistant SCLC cells, which was accompanied by the enhanced induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The synergistic action of auranofin and cisplatin was through ROS overproduction, thereby leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. Furthermore, in vivo study demonstrated that the combination treatment of auranofin and cisplatin dramatically inhibited tumor growth in SCLC. Therefore, our study provides a rational basis for further clinical study to test whether auranofin could enhance the sensitivity of cisplatin-based therapy in SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Yin
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xiang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Mei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Hong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenchu Lin
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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