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Chiarot E, Pizza M. Animal models in vaccinology: state of the art and future perspectives for an animal-free approach. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 66:46-55. [PMID: 34953265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine discovery and development is mainly driven by studies on immunogenicity and safety based on the appropriate animal models. In this review we will describe the importance of animal models in vaccinology, from research and development to pre-licensure and post-licensure commitments with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitations of each animal species. Finally, we will describe the most modern technologies, the new in vitro and ex vivo models and the new advances in the field which may drive into a new era of 'animal free' vaccinology.
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McElhaney JE, Verschoor CP, Andrew MK, Haynes L, Kuchel GA, Pawelec G. The immune response to influenza in older humans: beyond immune senescence. Immun Ageing 2020; 17:10. [PMID: 32399058 PMCID: PMC7204009 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread influenza vaccination programs, influenza remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Age-related changes in multiple aspects of the adaptive immune response to influenza have been well-documented including a decline in antibody responses to influenza vaccination and changes in the cell-mediated response associated with immune senescence. This review will focus on T cell responses to influenza and influenza vaccination in older adults, and how increasing frailty or coexistence of multiple (≥2) chronic conditions contributes to the loss of vaccine effectiveness for the prevention of hospitalization. Further, dysregulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators contributes to a decline in the generation of an effective CD8 T cell response needed to clear influenza virus from the lungs. Current influenza vaccines provide only a weak stimulus to this arm of the adaptive immune response and rely on re-stimulation of CD8 T cell memory related to prior exposure to influenza virus. Efforts to improve vaccine effectiveness in older adults will be fruitless until CD8 responses take center stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E. McElhaney
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 5J1 Canada
| | - Chris P. Verschoor
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 5J1 Canada
| | - Melissa K. Andrew
- Department of Medicine and Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Laura Haynes
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, UConn Health Center, Farmington, CT USA
| | - George A. Kuchel
- University of Connecticut Center on Aging, UConn Health Center, Farmington, CT USA
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 5J1 Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Klausberger M, Leneva IA, Egorov A, Strobl F, Ghorbanpour SM, Falynskova IN, Poddubikov AV, Makhmudova NR, Krokhin A, Svitich OA, Grabherr R. Off-target effects of an insect cell-expressed influenza HA-pseudotyped Gag-VLP preparation in limiting postinfluenza Staphylococcus aureus infections. Vaccine 2020; 38:859-867. [PMID: 31718898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and historical data underscore the ability of influenza viruses to ally with Staphylococcus aureus and predispose the host for secondary bacterial pneumonia, which is a leading cause of influenza-associated mortality. This is fundamental because no vaccine for S. aureus is available and the number of antibiotic-resistant strains is alarmingly rising. Hence, this leaves influenza vaccination the only strategy to prevent postinfluenza staphylococcal infections. In the present work, we assessed the off-target effects of a Tnms42 insect cell-expressed BEI-treated Gag-VLP preparation expressing the HA of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) in preventing S. aureus superinfection in mice pre-infected with a homologous or heterologous H1N1 viral challenge strain. Our results demonstrate that matched anti-hemagglutinin immunity elicited by a VLP preparation may suffice to prevent morbidity and mortality caused by lethal secondary bacterial infection. This effect was observed even when employing a single low antigen dose of 50 ng HA per animal. However, induction of anti-hemagglutinin immunity alone was not helpful in inhibiting heterologous viral replication and subsequent bacterial infection. Our results indicate the potential of the VLP vaccine approach in terms of immunogenicity but suggest that anti-HA immunity should not be considered as the sole preventive method for combatting influenza and postinfluenza bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Klausberger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina A Leneva
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Egorov
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia; Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Florian Strobl
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Irina N Falynskova
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Poddubikov
- Department of Microbiology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nailya R Makhmudova
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Krokhin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Oxana A Svitich
- Department of Virology, I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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Daoud A, Laktineh A, Macrander C, Mushtaq A, Soubani AO. Pulmonary complications of influenza infection: a targeted narrative review. Postgrad Med 2019; 131:299-308. [PMID: 30845866 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1592400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza infection represents a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Several clinical syndromes that involve a number of organs may be associated with Influenza infection. However, lower respiratory complications remain the most common and serious sequel of influenza infection. These include influenza pneumonia, superinfection with bacteria and fungi, exacerbation of underlying lung disease and ARDS. This review analyzes the available literature on the epidemiology and clinical considerations of these conditions. It also provides an overview of the effects of type of influenza, antiviral therapy, vaccination and other therapies on the outcome of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asil Daoud
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Amir Laktineh
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Corey Macrander
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Ammara Mushtaq
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Ayman O Soubani
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
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Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Oberg AL, Zimmermann MT, Grill DE, Poland GA. Immunosenescence-Related Transcriptomic and Immunologic Changes in Older Individuals Following Influenza Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:450. [PMID: 27853459 PMCID: PMC5089977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of annual influenza vaccination is to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with this disease through the generation of protective immune responses. The objective of the current study was to examine markers of immunosenescence and identify immunosenescence-related differences in gene expression, gene regulation, cytokine secretion, and immunologic changes in an older study population receiving seasonal influenza A/H1N1 vaccination. Surprisingly, prior studies in this cohort revealed weak correlations between immunosenescence markers and humoral immune response to vaccination. In this report, we further examined the relationship of each immunosenescence marker (age, T cell receptor excision circle frequency, telomerase expression, percentage of CD28− CD4+ T cells, percentage of CD28− CD8+ T cells, and the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio) with additional markers of immune response (serum cytokine and chemokine expression) and measures of gene expression and/or regulation. Many of the immunosenescence markers indeed correlated with distinct sets of individual DNA methylation sites, miRNA expression levels, mRNA expression levels, serum cytokines, and leukocyte subsets. However, when the individual immunosenescence markers were grouped by pathways or functional terms, several shared biological functions were identified: antigen processing and presentation pathways, MAPK, mTOR, TCR, BCR, and calcium signaling pathways, as well as key cellular metabolic, proliferation and survival activities. Furthermore, the percent of CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells lacking CD28 expression also correlated with miRNAs regulating clusters of genes known to be involved in viral infection. Integrated (DNA methylation, mRNA, miRNA, and protein levels) network biology analysis of immunosenescence-related pathways and genesets identified both known pathways (e.g., chemokine signaling, CTL, and NK cell activity), as well as a gene expression module not previously annotated with a known function. These results may improve our ability to predict immune responses to influenza and aid in new vaccine development, and highlight the need for additional studies to better define and characterize immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Iana H Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Diane E Grill
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Department of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
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